Chibvumirano chenzanga ndeimwe yepfungwa dzinogara zvikuru uye dzinopesvedzera muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwokuMadokero. Pamusoro pacho, chinobvunza mubvunzo uri nyore nenzira inonyengera: chii, sevanhu vamwe navamwe, chatinobvumirana chose chose kana kuti zvakajeka apo tinoumba nzanga ndokuzviisa pasi pekudzora kwayo? Mhinduro dzinopiwa kwamazana amakore dzakaumba chinjo, mitemo, uye mutauro umene tinoshandisa kukurukura kodzero, misengwa, uye ruramisiro. Nyaya ino inonzvera midzi yenhau, tsananguro huru, uye masangano azvino unoenderera mberi erondedzero yetsika dzenzanga, uye inonzvera izvo chibvumirano chinoreva nokuda kwevagari vemo vanochinja kuoma kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri maviri.

Mavambo Edzidziso Yemagariro Evanhu

Mufungo wokuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinotorwa mukubvumirana kwavadzorwi hauna kuumbwa zvizere muzana ramakore rechigumi namanomwe. Vafungi vapakuvamba vakadai saPlato, mumabasa akafanana Republic, inokarakadzwa pabvumirano yenheyo pakati pavagari vemo, asi chibvumirano chazvino uno chenzanga chakaumbwa mukati meNyereso. Nguva ino yakapupurira kutama kubva paumambo hwakarurama hwoumwari kuchimwe chinhu chakajeka zvikuru, murangariro womunhu oga wohunhu noune hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Chivako ndechecho pamberi pechinongeri hurumende yakarongwa inodana vazivi kuti chisiti yetsika yechisiko [FLT]] [FLT]] [F:3] vanhu vaivapo pasina chiremera chavose. Mumigariro iwoyo, zvichitsamira pamusiano woutsinye, mukuwirirana nebvumirano choutsinye. Chikamu chitsatichidzo chavanhu chinorondedzera kubatirana kutsinhirano chomugarikanwa chavanhu. Chipfumitezo chinobva mumugariro wenzanga chinoitwa kutsinhirano chavanhu.

Hofori nhatu dzegamuchidzanwa racho(Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, naJean-Jacques Rousseau) dzakagadzira shanduro yakasiyana yebvumirano yacho, dzichiita mhedziso dzakasiana zvikuru pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu vamwe navamwe. Mifungo yadzo inopfuurira kusimbisa nharo pamusoro porusununguko, chiremera, uye ruramisiro nhasi.

Vazivi Vanokosha Nezviono Zvavo

Thomas Hobbes: Kuchengeteka Kunopfuura Zvose

Anyora pakati penyongano yeHondo yavagari vemo yeEngland, Thomas Hobbes akabudisa Leviathan muna 1651, sezvinooneka nhevedzano yakanakisisa yesimba rakakwana rati rambobudiswa. Mhaka yechisiko ihondo yakaenzana, vanhu vakazviitira hanya vaitungamirirwa namakwikwi, makwikwi, maBHED, uye mbiri. Pasi pesimba rimwe chete rokuchengeta kukudzwa kwavo, iye akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira, upenyu ndi , urombo, unotyisa, uye hupfupi.[FLT] Mumugariro wakadaro, hapana chinhu, hapana ruramisiro, hapana bhizimisi rinorwisana navose.

Kuti vapukunyuke iyi nhamo. Hobbes anotaurirana kuti kuedza kupi nokupi kurwisana nekodzero dzavo dzomuzvarirwo kumunhu anotonga kana kuti mutongi mumwe chete. “Ane chiremera haashandisi chiremera chose. Chirevo hachisi chikwata kubvumirano; vanhu vanotamisira kodzero dzavo kumunhu, anozorayira kuti vateerere nokuda kworugare nechengeteko. Hobbes anotaurira kuti kuedza kupi nokupi kurwisana nouchangamire (hw) kunze kwokungova nengozi dzomuzvarirwo dzoupenyu hwomunhu kana kuti gungano. Chiono ichi chinotyisa chinoisa nhevedzano kupfuura zvose, chinoruramisa kunyange udzvinyiriri sechinotsiva chikanganiso. Vatsoropo vakaresa kutaura kuti Hobbs anopa dziviriro duku nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu, asi kurwisana chako chavanhu kunoramba kuri kunyevera kukuru mukurukurirano yechengeteko yehurumende yenyika yemigariro yose neyamunyuko.

John Locke: Kodzero Dzezvakasikwa Nehurumende Yakaganhurirwa

John Locke chibvumirano chenzanga, chakataurwa mu Treasuress mbiri dzeHurumende (1689), zvinomira mukupesana kukuru neHobbes. Mhaka yechisiko haisi hondo yavose. Panzvimbo pezvo, imamiriro ezvinhu erusununguko rwakakwana anodzorwa nomutemo wechisiko, izvo zvinozivisa: [[FLT:] hapana munhu anofanira kukuvadza mumwe muupenyu hwavo, utano, kana kuti zvinhu. Kodzero dzine mhoshoro dzomusikirwo . Vanhu vane kodzero dzomusikirwo idzo hurumende inopfurwa, maruramiro ezvokurarama, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Chinetsoro mumugariro wechisiko hachisi chakapararira asi [FLT] [FFF] [5]

Naizvozvo, vanhu vanobvuma kuumba nzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokutanga hurumende ine masimba akaganhurirwa, ezvemari. Basa guru rehurumende nderokudzivirira maruramiro omusikirwo, zvikurukuru zvinhu. Crucily, chibvumirano chinoumba ukama hune mhesano: kana hurumende ikaputsa chivimbo chacho ($nakutora chinhu pasina kubvumirana, kudzora nenzira yamaune, kana kuti kushandisa zvisina kufanira simba rayo (jere) vanhu vane maruramiro okuchibvisa nokuvaka hurumende itsva. Mifungo yaLocke yakachinja zvikuru vaNgezi veAmerica; Gumi reFrence rinopfumisa reva mitauro yake mukodzero dzinotsaurwa uye maruramiro echinjo. Chiono chaLocke chinoramba chiri chisaririra chetsika chetsika yemitemo yemitemo, kutendera mutemo, uye simba rehurumende.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Mukuru Wevatongi Nerusununguko Rwechokwadi

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Contract yeSocial (1762) inopa kubuda kukuru kubva kuzvose zviri zviviri Hobbes neLocke. Rousseau anovamba nomutsetse wakakurumbira: “Munhu anoberekwa akasununguka, uye kwose kwose iye ari muketani. nokuda kwaRousseau, mugariro wechisiko wakanga uri mugariro une rugare, uri woga umo vanhu vakatungamirirwa nokuzvidzora vamene uye kunzwira tsitsi. Zvinetso zvakamuka nokubudirira kwenzvimbo yomunhu oga, kurima, uye kusangana nechinhu, uko kwakaparira kusaruramisira, makwikwikwi, uye kutsamira pachako.

Chigadzikiso chaRousseau hachisi kudzokera kumugariro womuzvarirwo asi chimiro chesonganiro inochengeta rusununguko rwenhengo imwe neimwe. Iye anokarakadza chibvumirano chenzanga umo munhu mumwe nomumwe anoparadzanisa maruramiro ose kunzanga sechikamu chose, achiumba boka. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] chisaririra chichava chitsama chezvido zvomunhu asi musengwa wezvaanogoverana kuzvakanaka. Nemhaka yokuti mugari wemo mumwe nomumwe anotora rutivi mukuita kuda, kuteerera mutemo chimiro chokuzvitonga. Rousseau anotaura kuti munhu upi noupi anoramba kuteerera mutemo wake wose “achasununguka kusununguka. [[[FLT] chitsauko chamashoko anotambudza gare gare gare. Rouscey, anopesvedzera uchangamire, anonyandura rondedzero yokutonga kwavose pamusoro pehurumende yehurumende yehondo yehondo yehondo yehondo yepasi, uye kupesvedzera pesvedzero yehurumende yehurumende yakashata inosimudzira pamutemo yake yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga. Rose. Rose. Roastery anoenderera mberi kuzivisa pamusoro penyika

Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga Mupfungwa Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Dzazvino Uno

Pashure paRouss, rondedzero yenzanga yakarasa kwenguva yakati, yakatsoropodzwa navazivi vakafanana naJeremy Bentham uyo akairamba sengano. Zvisinei, zana ramakore ramakumi maviri rakapupurira kumutsidzira kunoshamisa, zvikurukuru mubasa re John Rawls[. Rabhedl]. Chibvumirano [[[FLT:] [2] [1] [7] [7] [1] chinomutsa chibvumirano sechinhu chokuwana nheyo dzeruramisiro. Anotikoka kufungidzira nzvimbo [[[FLT]] yerifa , yakagadzirirwa migariro yemari, kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru. (mutengwa]) nokuda kwemitengo.

Mukupesana, Robert Nozick[FL:1] yakadzivirira shanduro yekondirakiti mu [FLT:] Akharchy, State, uye Utopia [774]. Nozick anotaura kuti mugariro upi noupi wakakura zvikuru kupfuura “wusiku hwan’ana] nyika inodzivirira pasimba, kunyengera, uye kuba. Iye anowana maruramiro enyika kubva kumiganhu yokuzvidira kupfurikidza namasangano okuzvidira, achisimbisa kuti tsigiro yemisvuro inowirirana namabasa anomanikidzirwa. Chibvumirano chaNozick chinobvumiranisa kudzivirira sangano rinobatira simba, asi hachisi chibvumirano chakakura.

Zvimwe zvinopa mipiro zvazvino uno zvinobatanidza David Gauthier, anoedza kudzika tsika mukunzwisisa kushandisa rondedzero yemhuka nepfungwa ye bvumirano”[ isiri hurumende. [FLT] Jürgen Habermas [ anopa shanduro yehurukuro yechibvumirano apo kuva nomukurumbira kunooneka, kurukurirano ino mufungo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti gamuchidzanwa renzanga harisi chinhu chicherekedzo chamapfuundi asi chipenyu pamusoro pokufunga kwakakodzera, batirana, uye munzanga dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Kudzokera Kune Zvakawanda: Mutevedzeri Mupenyu

Panzvimbo pokuva muitiro wouzivi wokufungidzira, chibvumirano chenzanga chinozivisa zvakananga zvinetso chaizvoizvo zvenyika. Vagari nehurumende vari kuramba vachibatanidza dzikamo pakati porusununguko rwomunhu oga nechengeteko yavose, pakati pekodzero dzavose nezvinhu zvavose, uye pakati pemisengwa yenyika nemitoro yevanhu.

Kuchengeteka, Kuwanda Kwemari, uye Kugamuchira Kwomushonga

Zvichida nzvimbo yekoshero yapanguva imwe cheteyo yekurukurirano dzenzanga ichengeteko yenyika. Pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, Hurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakakudzwa namasimba okunzvera, dzinoderedza vaHabeas corpus, uye chiremera chavakuru vakuru. Vagari varo vakabvuma nokusadisa kupinda kwehurumende kukuru mukutsinhana nokuda kwougandanga. Gakava rinonyandurazve kushambadzira kweTende dzebhizimisi-rokusiya: rusununguko rwakawanda sei rwatinoda kutera nokuda kwechengetekano? Vatsoropotedzi, vanonyandura Poropote, vanonyandura Poropoka, vanonyandura Pokana kuti masimba akadaro anowanzova zvhozhozhozhozho uye vanobatwa zvisina kufanira mumibato pamusoro pemibato yenzanga. Zviiwo zvacho zvinopa bvumirano zvoutano zvinotsigira kubudirira?

Mibatanidzwa Yemakombiyuta Nemagariro Evanhu

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwagadzira zvimiro zvitsva zvebvumirano yenzanga zvinoshanda kunze kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo unosaina nokuda kwechikamu chesociation, unogamuchira mashoko echibvumirano chesociation (a anowanzosaverengeka, kondirano. Uku kubatana kwemitauro kwamakombiyuta kunodzora zvaunogona kutaura, kuti mashandisirwo enhau dzenzanga anopedzwa sei. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti izvi zvibvumirano ndezvechikamu chimwe, kushandisa mashoko uye kusiya vashandisi vane simba shoma. Kukwira kwechikuvaratichi chinoparira kudana chibvumirano chenzanga [[FLT: 0]] kuti bvumirano chenzanga inogadziriswa sei. iyo ichaita kuti kunyorwa kwapamhindwa, kuoneka kwamashoko, uye kubvumira kusimba kukuru. European Union’s The Detection Reg (DR) ioperatectionsss) inogona kuonekwazve sebvumirano chavanhu vose.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze uye Kururamisira Kwemarudzi

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze inomutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pebvumirano yenzanga muzvizvarwa zvose. Zvisarudzo zvazvino pamusoro pekubudiswa kwemibato, kushandiswa kwamanyuko, uye gadziriro zvinotapura zvinotapura vanhu vasina inzwi mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika wanhasi. Zvizvarwa zvinoda kubatana munzanga zvinogona kubatanidza zvisati zvaberekwa here? Vazivi se John Rawlts[[[FLT]] uye [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2] rondedzero iyi inodenha mirangariro yayo yetsika. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinorangarira ruramisiro dzenzanga dzinoshanda.[FET]

Kupindirana Kwenzanga Mutsika Dzakasiyana

Kunyange zvazvo tsika dzechibvumirano chenzanga dzichiwanzotaurwa sechinhu chakaitwa kuMadokero, tsika dzakawanda dzakatanga pfungwa dzokusabvumirana dzakabva munhoroondo dzadzo nemaonero enyika.

Maonero Anoita Vagari Vemo

Vanhu vazhinji vakaberekerwa muNorth America, Australia, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo vakashanda nemiitiro yokutonga yakavakirwa pasungano, zvibvumirano, uye ukama hwemagariro pakati pavanhu, nyika, nenyika yemidzimu. Haudenosaee (Iroquoise) Confederacy, somuenzaniso, inovakirwa paMutemo Mukuru woRugare, bvumirano yemitemo pakati pamarudzi mashanu (pashure pava matanhatu) akatanga dare renyika, mumirimo, uye kuita chisarudzo kupfurikidza nebvumirano. Iyi gadziriro inofambidzana neEurope uye kazhinji kazhinji inodudzwa sepesvedzero paU. Constitution inosarudzo inodzo iri pakati pavanhu vamwe vanhu, mapoka, namarudzi.

Uzivi hwokuMabvazuva

Confucius, iyo yakaumba nzanga dzeEast Asia kwezvinopfuura zviuru zviviri, inosimbisa tsinhirano, nhevedzano, uye kudzorwa kwemibato panzvimbo pekodzero dzomunhu oga. Muchiono chaConfucian, mutongi ane musengwa wetsika wokutarisira vanhu, uye vanhu vane maruramiro ekuvimbika nokuteerera (asi kana bedzi mutongi achitonga nenzira yorudo. [[FLT: 0]]] Kuchinja kweDengaro, kunyange zvazvo kuri mufungo wenzvimbo dzose muChina rudzi rwechibvumirano chenzanga: dzinza rinobatira simba bedzi kana richitonga nenzira yakarurama; ngwavaira dzomusikirwo nemhindurodzo zviratidzo zvokuti chirengo chave chakabviswa. Iyi pfungwa inowirirana neiyi bvumirano yechinjo yetsika dzavanhu vose. Kunyange zvazvo iri bvumirano pakati penyika dzose. MuJapan, murangariro wetsika yenzanga dzechinyakare:[FFoct [2]]

Mabhuku Anotaura Nezvenzanga

Pasinei zvapo nepesvedzero yarwo inogara, gamuchidzanwa renzanga rakapinzwa murumano rwakasimba uye rwakasimba nemativi akawanda.Uku kutsoropodza hakusati kuchiparadza hako pfungwa asi kunotimanikidza kuinatsa, kuziva ganhuriro dzaro dzenhau, uye kuvavarira shanduro dzakawanda dzinobatanidza.

Chinonyandura Vakadzi

Vatsigiri vevatano yevatano [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [1988], vanotaura kuti chibvumirano chakakurumbira chenzanga ndechepanguva dzose. “chinowirirana" muHobbes, Locle, na Rousseau muchakakwana musoro wemhuri. Chibvumirano pakati pavanhu chokuumba nzanga yavagari vemo panguva imwe cheteyo chinoumba [[[FLT:]] chibvumirano chevatano [[FLT: 4.] [i] chinozviisa pasi] pavarume mukati memhene. Vakadzi vanobviswa mubvumirano yavanhu chavanhu chapachivandeivo. Vakadzi vanobviswa chose chose chose chose chose chose chibvumirano uye vanodzorwa kunzvimbo yapamushamba, umo ivo vanhurume vasina kubvumiranisa simba revo simba rehurumende. Chibvumirano chinowanzovakwanwa kupfurikidza kupfurikidza navanhu vose vomunyika inopfuvura pamutemo.

Makoroni Apashure Penyika Nemagariro Edzinza

Nyanzvi dzehurumende, dzakadai se . Mills mu . . Chibvumirano chedzinza pakati pechiRungu [1997], chinoramba kuti chibvumirano chenzanga hachisi chapose pose asi kuti [] chiratidzo [. Chibvumirano chenzanga chetsika yenzanga yeEurope chakanga chiri munhau pakati pavachena kuti vatange nyika inodzorwa navachena. Chibvumirano chacho chinenge chisina kutongokodzera vanhu vasiri vachena. Chibvumirano chacho chinenge chisati chiri pachena kana kuti chitsarudzore semidzo yavanhu chakazara kana kuti kodzero dzevanhu. Chibvumirano ichi chinoshatsarira pachena mumanyoro echipo, uye chinenge chiri mumabasa okushambadzira mubhizimisi uye chitsarira vanhu vanoshanda muhurumende zvapasi pano. Chibvumirano chinenge chinobatanidza vanhu vose chavanhu chakabatana mumarudzi ose, chinenge chinenge chinenge chikabatanidza vanhu vose, chinenge chinenge chinenge chinenge chikangova chiri chaita mumarudzi

Marx Nemakurukota Anoongorora Zvinhu

Kubva kuruboshwe, Marx navanopandukira vanotsoropodza chibvumirano chenzanga sechisakiso chepfungwa nokuda kwokutonga boka. Karl Marx[FL:1] yakataura kuti hurumende haisi muteveri asi chishandiso cheboka rinotonga. Chibvumirano chinonzi chinosimbisa gadziriro yezvinhu zvemunhu oga zvinonyengera vashandi. Chikaputiwei chinoramba nyika yose, ichiona simba rakawanda. Vatongi vakaita se Prier-Foudhon uye [FLT] na[FLT:] Mikilkhain [FFFoct:5] inotendera vanhu vose kuti vasarumbidze, vanoona simba risingadzorwi.

Chinetso Chokubvumirana Nenyaya uye Yokufungidzira

Chimwe chirambidzo chinopfuurira ndechokuti chibvumirano chenzanga ingano yenhau. Hakuna munhu chaiyeiye akatongosaina chibvumirano chokuvamba nzanga. Hobbes, Locke, uye Rousseau vaiziva izvi; vakapa chibvumirano sechinofungidzirwa kana kuti chiitiko chenhau, kwete chinoitika chenhau. Asi vatsoropodzi vakaita [ David Hume akapikisa kuti hurumende dzose dziripo dzakatanga mukukunda kana kuti kubvuta, hadzibvumi, uye kuti kufadza chibvumirano chokufungidzira hakupi kusungirwa chinhu chaichoi. Vazivi veAteveriyo vakapindura nokusiyanisa pakati pekubvuma (oaths, kuvhotera) uye inoramba kubvumirana nokuda kwechibvumirano chayo.[FLT] (kufadza mufarwa, kana kuti kubvumiranisa kusaziva mamiriro ezvinhu okusarukirwa pasi pomunhu anenge aberekwa.] Hakugona kuto kupiwa.

Mugumisiro: Chibvumirano Chinochinja

Chibvumirano chenzanga hachisi rugwaro rusingachinji rwetsika rwakasainwa kamwe chete uye nokusingaperi. Ipfungwa mhenyu, inokakavadzana yokuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuturikira ndokudzorera. Dzidziso dzapakuvamba dzeHobbes, Locke, uye Rousseau dzinopfuurira kugovera kurangarira kunokosha nokuda kwokuitirana nharo pamusoro pechiremera, kodzero, uye zvakanaka. Vafungi vazvino uno kufanana naBerackls naNozick vakagadziridza ndokudenha mavarame iwayo. Munguva ino, postccollation, uye macritique echisiko chatisunda kukudza denderedzwa raavo vanoonekwa semativi ebvumirano, , kubatanidza vanhu vemavara, dzinza romunguva yemberi, uye nyika yomusikirwo.

Tinobvuma kuti kubatana kwevanhu kunokosha kupfuura kare. Kunokumbira kuti mumwe nomumwe wedu afunge nezvemararamiro atinoita tiri pamwe chete: rusununguko rwatinochengeta, kuchengeteka kwatinotarisana narwo, kungwarira mamiriro okunze, uye kubatana kwemagariro evanhu, zvibvumirano zvenzanga zvinokosha kupfuura zvataiita. Kukumbira kuti mumwe nomumwe wedu afunge nezvemararamiro edu: rusununguko rwatinochengeta, kuchengeteka kwatinoda, kusaenzana kwatinoshivirira, uye misengwa yatine chikwereti kuvaeni, vavakidzani, uye vana. Kuita chibvumirano chenzanga hachisi chinhu chedzidzo chete. Chikamu chinokosha pakuva mugari wenyika inofunga.