Nheyo Dzeruramisiro: Haasi Murangariro Wapamutemo

Pfungwa yeruramisiro yakapokanidzwa navazivi, vatongi, uye vagari vemo kwezviuru zvamakore.Pamusoro peruramisiro inheyo yokururama kwetsika, ruramisiro, uye kubata vanhu kwakaenzana mukati menzanga. Inobatira sechinhu chinovakwa pakavakirwa gadziriro dzemitemo, chinotungamirira kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inodudzirwa, uye inodzorwa sei. Pasina nzwisiso yakagoveranwa yeruramisiro, mutemo unova mungozi yokuzvifungira kana kuti kubatira bedzi vane simba.

Ruramisiro haisi pfungwa inopesana. Inobatanidza mipimo mizhinji, kubatanidza [[FLT: 0] ruramisiro inosimudzirwa (kugoverwa kwepfuma), ruramisiro [[FLT]] inobatanidza (kugovera kururamisira [kudzorwa kwezviwanikwa]), [kudzosera kupfurikidza neyananiso). Mitemo yemitemo inobatanidza mativi maviri: mutemo wevagari vemo neutsotsi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoratidzira mativi akasiana eruramisiro nemitemo yapamutemo mukuita zvakarurama, nekuita zvakavanzika kwapachivande, nemitemo youtsotsi inosimbisa pamutemo.

Mitemo inodzora kusawirirana kwevanhu inoita kuti zvibvumirano, zvinhu, mhuri, uye kukuvara.

Mutemo Wehurumende: Kupedza Kusawirirana Kwevanhu Pachivande Kupfurikidza Noupfambi

Mutemo wavagari vemo unonangana nerwisano pakati pezvikwata zvavanhu voga(nzi). Kusafanana nomutemo woutsotsi, unobatanidza hurumende inotonga mutadzi, mutemo wavagari vemo unotangwa nebato ravanhu voga (mupomerwi) iro rinoti rakakuvadzwa nerimwe boka. Vavariro yacho haisi chirango asi chisarudzo: kutsiva vakuvadzi, kusimbisa musengwa, kana kuti kudzivisa kuvadziko yomunguva yemberi.

Chinangwa Nekukura

Chinangwa chikuru chemutemo wehurumende ndechokutsigira kodzero dzevanhu uye kugadzirisa zvinhu kana kodzero idzodzo dzikatyorwa chinoshanda panheyo yokuti vanhu vanofanira kuitwa kuti vanyatsokwana pashure pokutambura nemhaka yokurasikirwa nemabasa kana kuti kuregeredza.

Mutemo wevagari vemo unofukidza kukakavadzana kwakawanda:

  • [[FOLT:0] Kukakavadzana: apo mumwe munhu anokundikana kuita mashoko anobvumiranwa.
  • [[[FURO:0] Zvikanganiso zvevagari vomunyika zvakadai sokuregeredza, kuzvidza, kana kuti kuvadziko yomunhu oga.
  • [[[FOL:0] Kukakavadzana:[ Nhau, rwisano dzapanzvimbo, kana kuti kukumbira kuva muridzi.
  • [[[FL:0] mutemo wemhuri:[ kurambana, kuchengetwa kwavana, uye kurerwa navabereki vasiri vavo.
  • [[IT] Mutemo wokusabvumirana: Kuparadza kwakaipa, rusaruro, kana kuti kubhadhara makakatanwa.

Mavara Makuru Omutemo Wenyika

  • [ Parapitiff [ Plaintiff (boka rakaiswa mungozi) mukurwisana naicho (mutadzi akagadzwa).
  • Inititititi: Pakavikapo anoisa mhaka; Hurumende haisati iri muchuchisi.
  • Bhinji yechibvumikiso: Mupurisa anofanira kubvumikisa mhaka kupfurikidza ne “kungwarirwa kwoufakazi”" kunoreva kuti kungabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti mukwirirwi akafanirwa. Uyu mupimo wakaderera kupfuura mumhaka dzoutsotsi.
  • Mirairo: Kazhinji kazhinji kuvadziko dzemari (chibhadharo, murango, mishonga inowirirana yakadai semirairo yedare yokumisa mufambiro) kana kuti kuita chaiko (kuraira pati kuita chibvumirano).
  • Mitambo: Inowanika mune dzimwe nhau dzehurumende, zvikurukuru idzo dzinobatanidza kutaura kwemari kunokosha, asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinoregwa nokuda kwemiedzo yebhenji (inosarudza).
  • Appal:[ Mapoka ose ari maviri angada zvisarudzo zvakaipa, asi kukumbira kunowanzoganhurirwa kuzvikanganiso zvomutemo panzvimbo pekakavadzano dzeidi.

Zvinotaurwa Nevanhu Vose: Kubva Pakunyunyuta Kuenda Kurutongeso

Gadziriro yevagari vemo inovamba apo mupurisa anoisa dare nyunyuto, achionesa hwaro hwapamutemo hweshoko racho neyamuro itsvakwa. Mukwirirwi ipapo anopindura, kazhinji kazhinji nemhinduro kana kuti chiito kuti adzingwe. Mukati mokuwanwa, mativi ose ari maviri anotsinhana ufakazi, anotora mirandu, uye anokumbira magwaro. Kana mhaka yacho isingagadzirisi zviitiko zvehurumende zvakawanda (hwuzhinji) husati hwatongwa, apo ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu, uye mutongi kana kuti mutongi anopa mutongo. Kana mukwirirwi akawanikwa ane pembedzo, mirango yedare kana kuti mirairo inogamuchirwa.

Kutsiva: Kuisa Pfungwa Pakubatanidzwa

Chiratidzo chikuru cheruramisiro yehurumende kuisa pfungwa pakudzorera munhu wacho panzvimbo yaangadai asina kukuvara. Kurangwa, nepo kusingawanzoitiki, kunobvumirwa mumhosva dzokuregeredza kwakakomba kana kuti mufambiro wakaipa nemaune (asi kunyange izvozvi zvinobatira kudzivisa chakaipa chomunguva yemberi panzvimbo pokutsiva kwechiito chaicho. Uku kusimbisazve kunosiyanisa mutemo wehurumende nomutemo woutsotsi, uko kunoisa pachine nechirango nokusadzora.

Mutemo Weutsotsi: Kudzivirira Songaniro Kupfurikidza Nokuzvidavirira

Mutemo weutsotsi unonangana nomufambiro unorambidzwa nemhaka yokuti unotyisidzira chengeteko yavose, tsika, kana kuti kushanda kwakarongwa kwehurumende. Apo mumwe munhu anoita mhaka, inorangarira kuva mhaka munzanga imene. Naizvozvo, hurumende(m) kupfurikidza navachuchisi (jeresa) inounza pomero pamuripo. Madonzo omutemo woutsotsi anobatanidza kuvhara mhaka (utsotsi hwokusatenderwa), kuisa jambwa (kuvamba mhaka kupfurikidza nokuiswa mutorongo), kugadziridza (kudzoserazve vapa mhaka), uye kutsiva (chirango chemhosva).

Chinangwa Nekukura

Kusiyana nemutemo wehurumende, uyo unoda kupedza kusawirirana kwevanhu voga, mutemo wematsotsi unotsvaka kutsigira kufarira kugarisana kwevanhu zvakanaka uye kuchengeteka.

  • [[FOLT: 0] Tsamba:[ mhaka dzakakomba dzakadai sokuponda, kuba, kubata chibharo, uye kuranga, kutakura zvirango zverinopfuura gore rimwe mutorongo kana kuti kunyange rufu.
  • Misdemers: Thongonene dzemhosva dzakakomba dzakadai sekuba tunhu tuduku, kudenha kuri nyore, kana kuti kusafamba zvakanaka, kurangwa nerinosvika gore rimwe mujeri kana kuti faindi.
  • Kupunza kuduku: Kupunzika kuduku kwakadai sematikiti emotokari, kazhinji kazhinji kunorangwa nefaindi uye kusingabatanidzi nguva yomujeri.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinoshandiswa Nomutemo Wematsotsi

  • Partition: Hurumende (kutambudza, kunomirira “vanhu” kana kuti“ Hurumende”) inopesana nomukwiridzirirwi (munhu kana kuti sangano).
  • : Hurumende bedzi inogona kuunza pomero dzoutsotsi; vanyajambwa havagoni kunyora mhaka dzoutsotsi zvakananga (kunyange zvazvo vangapesvedzera kurovererwa mhaka kupfurikidza nechipupuriro kana kuti kutaura kwenyajambwa).
  • Chibvumikiso: Kuchuchisa kunofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka “kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo”] mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa wechibvumikiso mugadziriro yapamutemo, kunoratidzira miuyo yakakomba yekutendiswa kwoutsotsi.
  • Kuratidza kusava nemhaka: Mukwiri ari wose anorangarirwa kuva asina mhaka kutozosvikira abvumikiswa kuva ane mhaka. Mutoro unova chose chose pamusoro pomuroveri mhaka.
  • [ Mitoro:[[[FLT: 1] Inobatanidza kuiswa mutorongo, faindi, kuedzwa, basa renzanga, kudzoresa (ripo kuvanyajambwa), uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, chirango chorufu.
  • [[FORT:0] Mitambo:[ Komiti yeMitemo yechitanhatu inovimbisa maruramiro okutonga mhaka dzedare rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba dzoutsotsi. Vatongi vanofanira kusvika chisarudzo chakabatana mumativi mazhinjisa.
  • Appals:[ Vadziviriri vane maruramiro makuru, zvikurukuru pazvikonzero zvebumbiro remitemo (mutoo, kutsvaka kusiri kwapamutemo, zano risingashandi). Vachuchisi havagoni kukwidza chisarudzo chokusava nemhaka nemhaka nemhaka yedziviriro dzakapetwa kaviri.

Muitiro Weutsotsi: Kunzvera Kunotongerwa Mutongo

Mhaka youtsotsi inowanzovamba nokunzvera kunoitwa nemapurisa omutemo, ichiteverwa nokusungwa kana chinobvira chiripo. Mupomeri ipapo anopomerwa (anopomerwa nenzira yakasiana) ndokupiwa mukana wokupinda mukukumbira. Mhaka zhinji dzetsotsi dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nemhesvo dzemitongo inowirirana(8) zvibvumirano zvakabatanidzwa apo mukwirirwi anoteterera mhaka kumhosva shoma mukutsinhana nomutongo wakaderedzwa. Kana mhaka yacho ichienda kunotongwa, muroveridzi anofanira kupa ufakazi hwokuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo. Kana akawanwa mhaka, kutonga kunosarudza chirango, achirangarira zvinhu zvakadai soukombiso woutsotsi, nhau yomupomeri wemhosva, uye munyajambwa.

Kuenzanisa Masangano Eruramisiro Yevagari Vemo Neyoutsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo masangano ose ari maviri achigoverana nharidzano yeruramisiro, anosiana zvikurukuru mugadziriro, muitiro, uye muuyo.

Zvinhu Zvakasiyana - siyana Zvavaivavarira

Mutemo wehurumende unotsvaka kupedza chakaipa chinotapurwa nomunhu neripo. Mutemo wetsotsi unotsvaka kuranga mutadzi nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo wavanhu uye kudzivirira nzanga. Chiito chimwe chetecho chinogona kuparira zvose zviri zviviri mhaka yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, mutyairi akadhakwa anoparira tsaona angatarisana nepomero dzoutsotsi (DuI, kuuraya kwechitsotsi) uye kupomera mhaka yavagari vemo nokuda kwekuvadziko yebato rakakuvadzwa.

Kupinda Mumitambo Kunobatanidzwa

Munhau dzehurumende, vanhu vanobatanidzwa vanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti masangano.Iyi inoratidzira pfungwa yokuti utsotsi hunokuvadza nzanga yose.

Mutoro uye Mupimo Woufakazi

Mupimo weufakazi unosiana zvikuru. Nhau dzevagari vomunyika dzinoda “kungwarirwa kwoufakazi” (unopfuura 50% bviro). Mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinoda ufakazi hwe“ kunze kwepanikiro ine mufungo” (zvinenge zvine chokwadi). Uyu mupimo wakakwirira mumutemo woutsotsi unoitirwa kuderedza ngozi yokupa munhu asina mhaka mhaka mhaka, anopiwa zvirango zvakakomba padanda.

Migumisiro Yacho

Miuyo yavagari vemo zvikurukuru imari kana kuti inowirirana. Mukwirirwi akawanikwa achibhadhara zvisakiso kana kuti kuwirirana nemurairo. Hapano kusungwa mumhaka dzavagari vemo (kunze mumigariro yakaganhurirwa sezvishoro zvevagari vemo). Miuyo yeutsotsi ingabatanidza kurasikirwa norusununguko (kusungwa), faindi inobhadharwa kuhurumende, kana kuti zvimwe ganhuriro zvakadai sekuongororwa. Kutenderwa kweutsotsi kunoparirawo miuyo inowirirana, yakadai sokurasikirwa nekodzero dzokuvhota, kurasikirwa nechinetso chokuwana basa, kana kuti kudzingwa nokuda kwevasiri vaFazen.

Kodzero Dzomupomeri/Mutsigiri

Varevereri mumhaka dzoutsotsi vane dziviriro huru dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza maruramiro ezano, maruramiro okupesana nehumene (Fith Amendment), maruramiro okutonga nokukurumidza uye ruzhinji, uye maruramiro okunangana neZvapupu. Vapomeri vemo vanewo dziviriro dzetsika asi dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo shoma. Somuenzaniso, hakuna kodzero yakakwana kugweta muzvinoitika zvevagari vemo (kunze kwemiganhu yakaganhurirwa zvikuru).

Basa Ramajuri

Majeri anowanzoitwa mumhaka dzeutsotsi, kunyanya dzemhosva dzakakomba dzevagari vemo, nyaya dzedare rinobetsera vatongi dzinovapo asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinobvarura, zvikurukuru mumagakava akaoma ezvokutengeserana kana kuti zviitiko umo mapoka anoda unyanzvi hwomutongi. Ukuru hwematare anosiyanawo: matare emhosva anowanzova nenhengo 12 (mutongo wakakwana unodiwa), nepo matare ehurumende angava nevatongi vashoma sevatanhatu uye nguva dzose haadi kuti vasave vatongi.

Kukwirira

Mumutemo woutsotsi, vachuchisi havagoni kukwidza mutongo wokurevererwa (kwete ane mhaka) nemhaka yenheyo yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri.Vadziviriri, zvisinei, vanogona kukwirira zvitendero pazvikonzero zvapamutemo.Mumutemo wavagari vemo, mativi ose ari maviri anogona kukwidza rutongeso rwakaipa, asi matare anoratidzira kazhinji kazhinji anonzvera zvikanganiso zvapamutemo bedzi, kwete zviwanwa zvechokwadi, kutoti ivo vakakanganisa zvakajeka.

Kupindirana Kwomutemo Wevanhu Newematsotsi

Nepo gadziriro dzavagari vemo namatsotsi dzichishanda dzakazvimirira, kazhinji kazhinji dzinopesana. Chinoitika chimwe chinogona kuparira zvose zviri zviviri mhaka youtsotsi nedare ravagari vemo. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa ndiO.Simpson mhaka: Simpson akasunungurwa paupondi mudare routsotsi (kupomera kwakakundikana kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka kusingapanikirwi kune mufungo), asi pashure paizvozvo dare rehurumende rakamuwana ane mhaka nokuda kwerufu rwakaipa uye achipa kuvadziko huru kumhuri dzavanyajambwa (kushandisa mupimo wakaderera zvikuru). Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti mitoro yakasiana - siana yechibvumikiso inogona sei kutungamirira kumiuyo yakasiana - siana.

Imwe mharadzano ipfungwa ye njodzi yakapetwa kaviri,” iyo inoshanda bedzi mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Findth Amendment inodzivisa hurumende kuedza munhu kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Hapana dziviriro yakadaro iri mumutemo wehurumende; munhu anogona kukwidzwa kanoverengeka nokuda kwechinoitika chimwe chetecho (kuganhurirwa kwedzidziso dzakati seres judicata).

Mukuwedzera, miraidzo youtsotsi yokutsiva — uko mutadzi ane mhaka anotsiva nyajambwa wacho — “achikanganisa mutsetse uri pakati pechirango nomushonga wehurumende. ”

Ruramisiro Mundima Dzedzidzo: Chikonzero Nei Ichikosha

Vadzidzi nevadzidzisi vanonzwisisa misiyano iri pakati peruramisiro yevagari vemo neyoutsotsi inopfuura kugadzirwa kwedzidzo. Inoshongedzera vadzidzi nezivo yekodzero dzavo vamene nemitoro. Dzidzo yeCPICO inosimbisa zvikuru kurava nokunyora pamutemo kunoshanda nejeri (*kuziva nzira yokuita nayo dare duku, zvokuita kana ukapomerwa mhosva, kana kuti kududzira chibvumirano. Unyanzvi ihwohwu hunopa vanhu simba rokutora rutivi mune zvedonzo uye kutsigira ruramisiro.

Uyezve, kuongorora zvinhu zviviri kunokurudzira kufunga kwokutsoropodza pamusoro peruramisiro uye mutemo.

Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa rovedzo dzomutemo dzokuenzanisa kuenzanisira nheyo dzakafanana nomutoro wechibvumikiso, muitiro wakafanira, uye musiano pakati pechirango nokudzorera ruramisiro.

Mugumo: Kunzanga Yakarurama Zvikuru

Murangariro weruramisiro unoshanda mose muri muviri mutemo wavagari vemo noweutsotsi, asi mikoto yebazu imwe neimwe iyo inorangarira kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana uye nedonzo rakasiana mundangariro. Mutemo wehurumende unotsamira pakudzorerwa nokuripirwa, uchigovera nzvimbo nokuda kwezvakaipa zvakavanzika kuti zvikurumidze kukurukurwa pasina kukumbira simba rehurumende. Mutemo weutsotsi unotsamira pasimba rokudzivisa nechirango, unoshandisa chiremera chehurumende kudzivirira nzanga uye kuita kuti vanhu vazvidavirire nokuda kwomufambiro unokuvadza.

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunokosha kumunhu wose anoda kushandisa mitemo yepamutemo — kunyange zvazvo ari mugari wemo, mutongi, mutambi wedare, kana kuti mutori wehurukuro yavose achiziva. Sezvo nzvimbo yepamutemo inochinja, nezvimiro zvitsva zveIndaneti, kuchinja kwetsika dzenzanga, uye nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokusungwa nokudzorerwa, kudiwa kwokufunga kwakajeka pamusoro peruramisiro kunova kwokukurumidzira zvikuru.

Kukudza nzwisiso yako, zviwanikwa zvokunzvera zvakadai se Cornell Legal Information yeshoo yemutemo wevagari vemo ne [[FLT]American Bar Association’s kunzira iyo matare anoshanda nayo[. Nokuda kwomurangariro wouzivi, rangarira manyoro aJohn Shawls paractrist ruramisiro kana kuti gadziriro dzokuvandudza ruramisiro dzinosimudzirwa nemubatanidzwa weSangano reSangano reNyika dzose [[FLT:]

Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa muiyi mifungo, tinobetsera kunzanga umo ruramisiro isiriwo zvayo pfungwa isingakoshi asi iri chaiyoiyo inoshanda (inoshandiswa nguva dzose), inokakavadzana nenzira yokufunga, uye yakanatswa kupfurikidza nenhamburiko yavose yavagari vemo vakadzidza.