Kunzwisisa Basa raPurezidhendi Nezvirongwa Zvekurumidziro muHurumende Yedu

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda nomugadziriro yakasanogadzirwa yechekeso nedzikamo, nebazu guru richiita basa guru mukuchengetwa kwomutemo nokuitwa kwemiitiro. Pamusoro pebazu rino rinogara Purezidhendi, anoshanda pamwe chete namasangano makuru ehurumende namasangano. Kunzwisisa kuti aya masangano anokosha sei nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei, mitemo inourawa, uye mabasa avose anoitirwa. Nyaya ino inoputsa mitoro yakasiana yaPurezidhendi, mabasa amasangano ehurumende, uye ukama hune simba pakati pavo.

Basa raPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi weUnited States anobatira vose vari vaviri musoro wehurumende nomusoro wehurumende, achibatanidza utungamiriri hwenyika panzvimbo dzomumba namarudzi ose. Masimba emitemo namabasa zvinorongwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinopomera Purezidhendi ne "Kutarisira kuti Mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka." Iyi ndima inoumba hwaro hwechiremera choutungamiriri, kupa Purezidhendi mutoro wokuita kuti mitemo yehurumende ipfuure naCongress.

Kushandisa Mitemo uye Kudzika Mitemo

Rimwe ramabasa makuru aPurezidhendi nderokutarisira kuitwa kwemitemo. Ikoku kunobatanidza kutungamirira masangano ehurumende kushandisa mitemo, kubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira chiito chesangano, uye kugadza mitemo yokutanga kupfurikidza nechikarakadzo chemari chegore negore. Somuenzaniso, apo Congress inopfuudza pamutemo wemamiriro okunze, Purezidhendi anoraira Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kutanga mirau inowirirana nemitemo. Purezidhendi anewo simba pamusoro pomutemo, iro rinoshanda secherekedzo paCongress. Aveto anogona bedzi kupfuudzirwa nevoruzhinji mumakamu ose ari maviri, achiiita chishandiso chine simba mukugadziridza mutemo wenyika.

Kugadzwa uye Masimba Okubviswa

Purezidhendi anogadza vakuru vemasangano ehurumende namadhipatimendi, kubatanidza vanyori vedare, vatarisiri, uye vamiririri. Uku kugadza kunoda kusimbiswa kweDare, muitiro wakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vaminemine vakwaniriswa uye kwete bedzi vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana vasimbiswa, vatungamiriri vamasangano vanoshanda pamufaro waPresidenti, kureva kuti vanogona kubviswa pasina chikonzero. Chiremera chinobvumira Purezidhendi kuronga utungamiriri hwesangano nenzvimbo yokutanga. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi achagadza misoro yesangano kuderedza mitoro.

Nhau dzokumwe uye Mutungamiriri

Pachikuva chamarudzi ose, Purezidhendi anoshanda semumiriri mukuru worudzi, achitaura zvibvumirano (namatare okuparadza) uye achiziva hurumende dzokumwe. Somutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, Purezidhendi anotungamirira mabasa ehondo uye ane chiremera chokutumira mauto, kunyange zvazvo Congress bedzi ichigona kuzivisa hondo. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji akashandisa zvibvumirano zvavakuru vakuru kufuratira muitiro webvumirano, muitiro wakanyandura kurukurirano pamusoro pedzikamo yamasimba ehondo.

Mirayiridzo Yakananga uye metranda

Miraidzo inopiwa naPurezidhendi anotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Vane simba romutemo asi vakaganhurirwa nemitemo iripo nemitemo yebumbiro-mitemo. Purezidhendi Transranda anobatira donzo rakafanana asi nenzira inozivikanwa zvishoma. Maturusi ose ari maviri anogonesa Purezidhendi kushandisa muitiro pasina kumirira chiito chesangano, kunyange zvazvo angachinjwa kupfurikidza nokutungamirira kwapashure kana kuti kudenwa mudare. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru ndiPresidentieuted Order 14008 pakudzora njodzi yemamiriro okunze, ayo anotungamirira masangano kuvamba matsva uye kuisa simba rakachena.

Hurumende Nemabasa Ayo

Masangano eFederal masangano chaiwo akaumbwa neCongress kana kuti Purezidhendi kuti aite mabasa chaiwo ehurumende. Anoshanda pasi pebazu guru uye anozvidavirira kuna Purezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo akawanda ane masimba evhusi reFisi uye ezvokutongwa. APURCS inogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvidukusa kuva marudzi matatu: madhipatimendi ehurumende (g., Department of Defense), masangano akazvimirira (umr. NASA), uye masangano adzorosaidzoro (m., Securetation and Exchanges Commis).

Kushandiswa Kwemitemo

Basa guru ramasangano mazhinjisa nderokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Apo mutemo usina udzame hwakajeka — uhwo hunozivikanwa navose — masangano anozadza mipata kupfurikidza nokugadzira mitemo. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa mu Federal Register[, kukumbira tsinhiro yavose, uye kuisa mitemo yokupedzisira. Somuenzaniso, Occapational Safety and Health Administration (OSHO) inogadza mipimo yekotsekano yebasa yakavakirwa paOccupational Safety and Health Act. Iyi miraudzo ine simba rimwe chetero yapamutemo semiraudzo, asi inodzorwa kuhwirudzo.

Kutakura Vana Mubasa

Masangano anopawo mabasa zvakananga kuvagari vemo. Sangano reSocial Security Administrations neremara. Department of Veterans Affairs rinopa varwi ruzivo rwezvoutano. Vamiririri vezvokuchengetera vapandege. Mabasa aya anowanzopiwa kupfurikidza nehofisi dzomunharaunda, mahofisi emunda, kana kuti mahofisi epaIndaneti. Kubudirira nokuwanikwa kwemabasa aya kunoyerwa nemasangano uye nematare anotarisira akafanana neHurumende Accouncial Office (GAO).

Kumanikidza Nokudzosera

Masangano akawanda ane masimba okuita kuti pave nechokwadi chokuteerera mitemo nemirau. EPA inogona kubudisa faindi nokuda kwokuputswa kweshatiso. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) inodzika mitemo inorambidza kuchengetera kuvimbika. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inodzora purogiramu yeredhiyo neterevhizheni. Masangano aya anoita nzvero, kudzorwa kwemitemo, uye kuisa zvirango. Zviito zvawo zvokutarisira zvinoshorwa mudare, uye migumisiro yacho inoumba kutsanangurwa kwomutemo weparati.

Kuzvidira Nedenho Yokudzora

Masangano ezvitendero, akadai seFederal Reserve Board neNational Labor Relations Board, akagadzirirwa kushanda nemwero wakati wezvigadziko kubva kudzori vapurezidhendi. Mamishinari avo kazhinji kazhinji anobatira mashoko akatsiga uye anogona bedzi kubviswa nokuda kwechisakiso. Ichi chivako chinovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, chichivabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa paunyanzvi. Zvisinei, chinoparirawo kusawirirana naMapurezidhendi avo vanoda kudzora. Dare rapamusoro raiyera padzikamo iyi, zvikurukuru mu Mutemo LLC v. Consumer Finicial Protection Burection Bureauty [[FLD] 2020]), iyo yairangarira kuti chirongwa cheCFPB chavanhu chakarenjika nemhaka yokubvisa simba rakaganhurirwa.

Kupindirana Pakati paPurezidhendi Negadziriro Dzedu

Ukama pakati paPurezidhendi namasangano ehurumende hwakaoma, hunobatanidza nhungamiro, utarisiri, uye rwisano dzapanhambo nenhambo. Nepo Purezidhendi ari mukuru mukuru, masangano ane zvibvumirano zvawo amene zvemitemo, tsika dzamasangano, uye zvibvumirano. Kubatana kwacho kunogona kuratidzirwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro mikuru inoverengeka.

Mirayiridzo Yavatungamiriri Nemirayiro

Mapurezidhendi anoshandisa zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru kutungamirira masangano kuti aise zviito zvakati. Somuenzaniso, murayiro mukuru ungada kuti masangano ose aongorore mitemo iripo inoda kugadziriswa kana kuti kuchinjwa. Masangano anofanira kuwirirana kutoti murairo wacho uchipesana nezvinodiwa nemitemo. Hofisi yeDzidzo neHofisi (OMB) inoita basa guru mukuronga mirayiridzo iyi, kuongorora bhajeti, uye kuvimbisa kuti mitemo yacho inowirirana nezvirongwa zvaPrezidhendi. OMB inopawo zvikamu zvinotungamirira kutungamirira kutungamirira kuteshi uye kuzviisa pasi.

Kusarudza uye Kutungamirira

Sezvataurwa, Purezidhendi anogadza vakuru vesangano. Panzvimbo imwe chete, vatungamiriri ava vanogadza nzira yesangano ravo, vachisarudza kuti vangazorongei nokushingaira sei kusimbisa, kana kuti voronga nzvimbo dzakati dzemiitiro, uye kuti vangagovera sei zvinhu. Vakagadzwa vezvamatongerwe enyika, zvisinei, vanofanira kazhinji kazhinji kushanda pamwe chete navashandi vebasa vehurumende vane unyanzvi hukuru uye vane simba rakareba. Iri simba rinogona kutungamirira kubatira pamwe kana kuti kupokanidzana. Somuenzaniso, mukati mokutungamirira Trump, vagadziri vezvamatongerwe enyika muEPA vanosundira nokuda kwekudzosera, nepo vashandi vebasa pane dzimwe nguva vairamba chinjo vairangarira sedziri dzinowirirana nebasa.

Kushandisa Mari Nokushandisa

Purezidhendi anokarakadza bhajeti yehurumende gore rimwe nerimwe, asi Congress inofanira kubvumira. Ikoku kunopa simba reCongress pamusoro pezvirongwa zvesangano. Somuenzaniso, Mutungamiriri weProfesi angakumbira mari yakawedzerwa kuti Dhipatimendi reMaziro ritsigire nzvero yesimba rakachena, asi Congress ingagona kusarudza kugovera mari shoma. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kushanda mukati memari yavo yakakodzera, inoganhurira mano avo okuita zvose zvezvinokosha zvaPrezidheni. Muitiro webhajeti inzvimbo huru yePrente.

Kutarisira uye Kuzvidavirira

Congress inotarisirawo masangano kupfurikidza nokutonga, kunzvera, uye Hurumende yeMasarudzo. Purezidhendi ane maturusi okupesvedzera mufambiro wesangano, asi masangano anozvidavirirawo kuCongress. Uku kuzvidavirira kuviri kunogona kuparira rwisano, zvikurukuru apo Purezidhendi neCongress zvinodzorwa namapati akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, House Ways and Folm Committee inganzvera zviito zvebazu rechiremera, nepo Purezidhendi achisimbisa ropafadzo yechiremera yokudzivisa magwaro. Mharodzidzo dzakadaro dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano kana kuti kudzorwa.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare anoita basa rinokosha mukuumba ukama hwemagariro. Munsi meAdministrative Procedure Act (APA), zviito zvesangano zvinogona kudenhwa mudare rehurumende. Kana dare rikawana kuti sangano rinopfuura chiremera charo kana kuti rinoita nenzira yokuzvidira, rinogona kuchinja chiito. Chisarudzo cheDare repamusorosoro mu [FLT: 0] West Virginia v. EPA rakaganhurira mano eEPA okudzora kupisa kwegasitiri wemo pasi peDenga remo yeCookianher Act, chisarudzo chakadzvinyirira zvose zviri zviviri mamiriro ezvinhu. Kuongorora kunovimbisa kuti masangano agare mumiganhuro yepamutemo, kunyange pakutungamirira Purezidhendi.

Nhoroondo: Kuchinja Kwakaita Ukama Hwacho

Ukama hwazvino uno pakati paPurezidhendi namasangano imhaka yenhau. Republic yapakuvamba yakanga ine masangano mashoma ehurumende; Congress yokutanga yakaita madhipatimendi matatu: State, Treasurence, uye War. Nokufamba kwenguva, sezvo nyika yacho yakakura uye yakatarisana nedenho itsva — kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzepfuma, njodzi dzemari, Hurumende yakagadzira masangano matsva kuti ataure nezvawo. New Deal Erament quare programme, kubatanidza Sacureties and Exchange Commission, National Laborvice Real Board, uye Social Security Board. Zvirongwa zveNhungano yeHurumende yema 1960 zvakawedzera masangano akadai seEPA neHofisi yeEconomic Ovement.

Sangano rimwe nerimwe idzva rakakudza mitoro yokutonga yaPurezidhendi. Mapurezidhendi akavamba kutsamira pavashandi vari kukura veWhite House kuti vatsinhirane negadziriro. Hofisi yeGuru raPurezidhendi, yakagadzwa muna 1939, zvino inobatanidza OMB, National Security Council, Council of Economic Advisers, uye mamwe masangano. Iyi gadziriro yakapawo vaPurezidhendi vadzori vadzoreri pamusoro pamasangano, asi yakaparirawo shopu yakakura uko kunogona kuva kwakaoma kudzora.

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nharo pamusoro pesimba rapurezidhendi dzakawedzera. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kudzora kwaPurezidhendi pamasangano kunokosha nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende — vavhoti vanosarudza Purezidhendi, uye Purezidhendi naizvozvo anofanira kukwanisa kutungamirira bazu guru.Vamwe vanotaura kuti kudzora kwakawanda zvikuru kwapurezidhendi kunosekesa kuzvimirira kwamasangano enyanzvi, kuchitungamirira kukuita kuti kuchinjika kwechinjo imwe neimwe.

Mienzaniso Inoshanda: Kushanda Kwairi

Rangarira mienzaniso miviri inoratidzira simba raPurezidhendi.

Muenzaniso 1: Muitiro Wemhoteredzo

Purezidhendi akazvipira kugadzirisa kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze anogadza nharidzano yokuderedza kubudiswa kwecarbon ne 50% panosvika 2030. Kuwana ikoku, Purezidhendi anopa murairo wehurumende kuraira EPA kukarakadza mitemo mitsva nokuda kwenzvimbo dzesimba. EPA, inotungamirirwa neDare rinosimbiswa, inoronga mutemo unoda kuti pave nezvinomera zviripo kuti zviite muteshi wecarbon. Mutemo unoita kuti vanhu vapiwe mashoko avose, apo mapoka eindasitiri anoipikisa kuti inodhura, uye mapoka emhoteredzo anoipikisa kuti haina simba. EPA inopa mutemo wacho unokurumidza, asi inodenhwa nokukurumidza mudare. Dare repamusoro gare gare gare gare unodzosa mutemo pazvikonzero izvo Clean Ai Air Act hauna kupa chiremera chakafara chakadaro. Purezidhea womutemo unopa dare idzva reEPA.

Muenzaniso 2: Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Purezidhendi anoda kuisa pakutanga kuisa vanhu vakapiwa mhaka huru panzvimbo imwe chete asi vachidzivirira vamwe. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), inobatanidza Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICO), ine mutoro wokuita kuti itsigire. Purezidhendi anopa mirayiridzo yeIM inopa mitongo mikana yokuisa zvinhu pamasangano akati. Vamiririri vari pasi, zvisinei, vanofanira kududzira murayiro. Vamwe vamiririri vangasa kuti varambe vachikwiriranisa kudzo uye kupfuudzira vanhu kunze kwenhungamiro. Mutungamiriri wesangano angapa nhungamiro yakananga kana kuti chirango. Dare ringachengeta kuti vasarumbidze mitoo yokutarisira. Matare angarangarira kana mutemo uchipfuura simba raPrenteentelligente. Izvi zvinosimbisa zvinetso zvikuru, zvinotonga dare guru, sangano guru.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati paPurezidhendi namasangano ehurumende hunobva kuhurumende yeAmerica. Purezidhendi anogadza nhungamiro yakafara yemitemo, anogadza vatungamiriri vesangano, uye anoshandisa mirairo yehurumende kuronga mabasa esangano nezvinokosha zvokutarisira. Masangano, uyewo anouya nounyanzvi chaihwo, anoshandisa mitemo yakaoma, uye kupa mabasa akananga kuvagari vemo. Uku kubatana hakusi kusingadzoreki nguva dzose — kunoumbwa nemitemo inoganhurirwa, kuongorora kwedare, kuongorora, uye kuoma kwakagarwa kwokutarisira dare. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa simba iri rinokosha mukurangarira kushanda kwehurumende uye kuzviisa pasi pavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Nokuziva kuti basa rebazi, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti mitemo inotapura upenyu hwavo uye mashandire avanogona kushandura.

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