Gavhuna vamire sechiremera chikurusa chehurumende mukati memiganhu yehurumende nenharaunda, vachibatanidza mukaha pakati poudzori hwehurumende yomunzvimbomo nehurumende yorudzi. Kunyange achisarudzwa nevhoti yakakurumbira kana kuti akagadzwa nechiremera chapakati, gavhuna ane nzvimbo yechienzi inobatanidza utungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika, utarisiri, uye basa retsika. Uku kukura kwebasa iri kunosiyana zvikuru munyika dzakasiyana- siyana negadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, asi basa guru rinoramba richitsinhirana: kushandisa mitemo, kutarisira zvinhu zvavose, uye kumirira fariro dzenharaunda. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera kusuma kwakakwana kumitoro yezvamatongerwe enyika, masimba, uye miganhuro yemibato.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Nokushanduka - shanduka kwaGavhuna

Murangariro wagavhuna une mavambo makuru enhau, uchibva kuvatarisiri vehurumende inodzorwa navatongi veEurope vakagadzwa navatongi vehurumende kuvakuru vakuru vanozvidavirira muhurumende yanhasi. MuUnited States, nzvimbo yagavhuna ndirimwe ramasangano ekaresa ezvamatongerwe enyika, achiva mutungamiriri. Gavhuna wehurumende dzapakuvamba dzakava nechiremera chikuru, kazhinji kazhinji achibatira pamufarwa waMambo, uye simba ravo rakanga riri manyuko makuru erwisano anotungamirira kuChinjo yeAmerica.

Nguva yapashure pekuchinja kwakaitika kugadziridzwa kwamaune kwebasa ragavhuna. Mabumbiro emitemo apakuvamba, achirwisana nesimba roumambo, akasika vatongi vasina simba vane masimba akaganhurirwa, achipa chiremera chikurusa mudzimba dzehurumende. Mumazana amakore echi19 nerechi20, zvisinei, kuchinja kwakaitika. Kuchinja kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuchinja kwemitemo kuisa mitemo yakadzikwa, kubvisa miganhu yenhambo mune dzimwe zviitiko, uye kupa magavhuna simba reveto, kusimbisa basa ravo sebazi rechitatu rehurumende rechokwadi. Iyi mhindumupinduko inoratidzira kuchinja kunzwisisa kudzora, apo mukuru mukuru mukuru anoonekwa sea zviri madikanwa nokuda kwokutarisira mamiriro ezvinhu anobudirira uye anobudirira.

Nhasi, gavhuna anoshanda mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende rakaoma kunzwisisa, iro rinoshanda somutemo mukuru wehurumende. gwaro iri rinotaura masimba chaiwo, mabasa, uye ganhuriro dzebasa, richigadza gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo mukurwisana nedare rehurumende nedare. Kunzwisisa iyi nheyo yebumbiro remitemo kunokosha kuti unzwisise chiremera chepamutemo chegavhuna upi noupi.

Masimba Nemabasa aGavhuna

Mitoro yagavhuna yakafara uye ine zvakawanda, inobata anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavanhu mukati mehurumende. iyi mabasa anowanzoiswa mumabasa avakuru vakuru, emitemo, uye okutonga, achienzanisira kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba pamwero wehurumende.

Masimba Omutemo

Rimwe ramativi anooneka zvikurusa ebasa romubati ibatano yavo nedare rehurumende. Vatongi vane pesvedzero huru pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemitemo uye gadziriro yokuita mirau. Masimba makuru okutonga anobatanidza:

  • Hurumende yeAdiresi reHurumende: Yakapiwa pakutanga kworusando rwemitemo, iyi hurukuro inorondedzera zvinhu zvinokosha zvomubati, zvikarakadzo, uye zviono zvenguva yemberi yehurumende. Inogadza chimiro chegore rezvamatongerwe enyika uye inogona kutsigira tsigiro yavose seri kwemimwe mirau.
  • Simba reVETO: Mumaruwa mazhinjisa, gavhuna anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare rehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa gavhuna chinhu chakasiyana wiromu , kuchivabvumira kuramba gadziriro chaidzo dzeapproprice pasina kuisa mutemo wose.
  • Chiremera chemabhuru: Gavhuna ane mutoro wakatanhamara wokunyora nokupa bhajeti yehurumende inokarakadzwa kuimba yomutemo. Iyi chinyorwa kutaura kwakazara kwezvoukombi hwemari hwehurumende, kuisa mari kudzidzo, tarisiro youtano, zvikwaniriso, uye kotsekano yavose.
  • Kuronga Zvikamu chaizvo: Apo nhau dzokukurumidzira dzinomuka dzisingagoni kumirira rusando rwenguva dzose rwenguva dzose rwemitemo, gavhuna ane chiremera chokudana mutezo wechirongwa chemitemo kupinda murusando chairwo, achigadza purogiramu dzakananga nokuda kwerusando irworwo.

Masimba Ane Simba

Somutungamiriri webazi rehurumende, gavhuna ndiye ane mutoro wokuita kuti mitemo yenyika itengwe nokutendeka.

Kugadza nokubvisa: Gavhuna anogadza misoro yamasangano makuru ehurumende namadhipatimendi, zvakadai soMunyori weHurumende, Attorney General (mudzimwe nyika), Vatungamiriri veFomssion, Environmental Protection, uye Services. Ivava vanogadzwa vanoumba dare ragavhuna uye vane mutoro wokushandisa muitiro. Simba rokubvisa pasi pokushanda kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakaipa chishandiso chikuru chokuchengeta kuzvidavirira mukati mebazu ravakuru vakuru.

Mirairo yemitemo: Vatongi vanogona kugovera mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira kushanda kwamasangano ehurumende, kugadzira masimba ebasa, kana kuti kuronga migariro inokurumidzira. Nepo iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo, ivo vari pasi pedenho dzapamutemo noutarisiri hwemitemo. Iri simba rinova rakatanhamara zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi, richibvumira chiito chokukurumidza pasina kumirira tendero yemitemo.

Rock Morcement and Fourced Mrairo weHurumende: Gavhuna anoshanda se mutungamiriri wemauto ehurumende [ emauto ehurumende, anobatanidza mauto eNational Guard nemauto api naapi ehurumende. Munguva dzengwavaira yomusikirwo, kusagadzikana kwevagari vemo, kana kuti njodzi dzoutano, gavhuna anogona kuisa aya matura kuti adzivirire vagari vemo uye vachengetedze nhevedzano. Mapurisa ehurumende nemugwaradhi anowirawo zvakaisvonaka pasi pechiono chamagavhuna.

Masimba Okutonga

Vatongi vane masimba akasiyana - siyana anobatana nebazu rokutonga, zvikurukuru ane chokuita nokupopota.

  • [[FOLT:0] Pradons:[ Gavhuna anogona kupa kanganwiro yakazara, iyo inosunungura munhu woutsotsi ndokudzorera maruramiro avo evagari vemo, akadai sekodzero yokuvhota kana kuti kuva nenzvimbo yavose.
  • [[[FT: 0] Kubatanidza: Simba iri rinobvumira gavhuna kuderedza tongero youtsotsi. Haridzimi kupwiswa asi rinoderedza chirango.
  • Reprievs:[ Kunonoka kwechinguvana mukuitwa kwomutongo, kazhinji kazhinji kunobvumirwa kubvumira kumwezve kuhwirudzurwa kwapamutemo kana kuti kunzwa kwakarurama.

Mumaruwa akawanda, simba resimba ragavhuna rinoshandiswa pakurumbidza kwedare rinobvisa mungozi kana kuti dare rinobetsera, richigovera rutivi rwokuwedzera rwehwirudzuro nounyanzvi.

Miganhu Nekuongorora Simba Rokugomera

Pasinei zvapo nechiremera chavo chinokosha, magavhuna haasi ane simba rose. Gadziriro yakasimba yokunzvera nedzikamo inovimbisa kuti simba ravo rinoshandiswa mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo uye rinogamuchira kuda kwavanhu nemamwe mapazu ehurumende.

mubatanidzwa wemitemo unogovera nzvero yekurumidziro hurusa. Inogona kukurira kumira kwagavhuna netutatu kana kuti chiverengero chetatu mumativi mazhinji enyika mazhinjisa. Dare rinodzorawo "simba rechikwama," rinobata chiremera chokupedzisira pamusoro pemari inotengwa nehurumende. Rinogona kuramba chikarakadzo chemari yagavhuna, mapurogiramu echirongwa, uye kunzvera mubazu rehurumende. Kupfuurirazve, munenge nyika iri yose, chigaro chine simba rokushatsa nokubvisa gavhuna nokuda kwe "mhosva huru uye utsotsi husingaruramisirwi" kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hunorondedzerwa nomutemo.

judiary inobatira seimwe chekero inokosha. Matare anogona kudzosa mirairo yavakuru vakuru inopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo chagavhuna kana kuti kuputsa hurumende kana kuti mutemo wehurumende. Vanogonawo kutonga pabumbiro remitemo rakasainwa nagavhuna. Iyi rondedzero yedare inovimbisa kuti gavhuna ashande mukati megadziriro yemitemo.

Miganhu yemitemo inzvero yakananga pakuunganidzwa kwesimba. Mudzimwe nyika, vatongi vanoganhurirwa kumashoko maviri anotevedzana, vachimanikidza kuchinjwa kwenguva dzose kwoutungamiriri. Mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seMexico, vatongi vanorambidzwa nemitemo kusarudzwa kupi nokupi. Murangariro wavose nezvinobudisa nhau zvinoita seganhuriro yamasanga asi ine simba, zvinoita kuti vatongi vazvipikire kumuvhoti. Gavhuna anorasikirwa nechivimbo chavose angakuwana kwakaoma kufambisira mberi purogiramu yavo yemitemo.

Utungamiriri Huri Munjodzi uye Huri Muutungamiriri

Basa ragavhuna rinoedzwa zvikuru munguva yenjodzi. Njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga dzakadai semadutu, mwoto inopisa, mafashamo, uye kudengenyeka kwenyika dzinoda kukurumidza kudzorwa uye kukurumidza kuoneka. Kukwanisa kwagavhuna kutungamirira masangano ehurumende, kutumira National Guard, kukumbira rubatsiro rwehurumende (kusanganisira Purezidhendi weNjodzi), uye kukurukurirana zvakajeka nevanhu ndiko kunokosha pakuponesa upenyu nezvinhu.

Denda reCOVID-19 rakasimbisa mutoro mukuru nokuongororwa kwavanagavhuna. Vaiva panzvimbo dzechigaro choutano hwevoruzhinji, vachiita zvisarudzo zvakaoma pamusoro pekuvharwa kwemitemo, kuvharwa kwechikoro, kuraira kwokuvhara mabhakitire, uye kuvharwa kwezvemari. Iyi njodzi yakasimbisa basa rinokosha revakuru vakuru vehurumende mugadziriro yehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji ichishanda sekurukurirano huru yehurumende yavagari vemo mumugariro wekurumidziro. Dambudziko racho rakaratidzirawo ganhuriro dzesimba rechiremera, sezvo mirairo youtano yakatarisana nezvinetso zvapamutemo uye kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kupfuura njodzi dzakakomba, magavhuna anokosha kubudiriro yehurumende yenguva refu. Vanoshanda somukuru mukuru wefambiro mberi yemari, vachishanda kukwezva mabhizimisi matsva, kutsigira maindasitiri aripo, uye kusimudzira vashandi vane unyanzvi. Vanotanga nzira yedzidzo yedzidzo yapakuvamba, kubva kudzidzo youhwana kusvikira kumayunivhesiti ehurumende. Munhambo yokuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzapasi pezvamatongerwe enyika, basa ragavhuna seasina kubatana rinokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.

Gavhuna MuFederal System (Pfungwa Yako)

MuUnited States, gavhuna anoshanda mukati megadziriro yehurumende yakaoma, achigoverana simba nehurumende yenyika. Uhu ukama hune simba uye hunowanzokwikwidzanwa. Mutoro mukuru wagavhuna kutsigira fariro dzehurumende muWashington, D.C. izvi zvinogona kubatanidza kukurudzira Congress, kusangana nevakuru vehurumende, uye kukurukura naPurezidhendi.

Federal idirect direct replaces restative rescreen restuaid directory resvomhu. Vatongi vanofanira kusarudza kana vachizogamuchira mari yehurumende yewedzero yepurogiramu dzakadai seMedicaid muAffordhable Care Act, kazhinji kazhinji vachiyera betsero dzemari mukurwisana nemigariro yakabatanidzwa nehurumende yenyika. Iyi simba inoparira kurukurirano yenguva dzose pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende yehurumende.

Gavhuna vanoshandawo se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," semushonga weMutongi Louis Brandeis unorondedzerwa zvakakurumbira. Nyika dzinogona kuedza miitiro itsva muzvoutano, mirau yemhoteredzo, dzidzo, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi. Kana inobudirira, kuedza uku kwenzvimbo yehurumende kunogona kuva mienzaniso yemitemo yehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, magavhuna anowanzotungamirira denho dzapamutemo mukurwisana nemitemo yehurumende yaanorangarira seanodarika miganhu yemitemo kana kuti kukuvadza fariro dzenyika yavo.

Kuva Gavhuna: Kusarudzwa uye Kudiwa

Nzira yokuva gavhuna inowanzobatanidza nhimbe huru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo zvikwaniriso chaizvo zvichisiana nehurumende nenyika, zvimwe zvinodikanwa zvinozivikanwa navose zviripo. MuU.S., nyika zhinji dzinoda kuti gavhuna ave ane makore anenge 30 okukura, mugari weU.S. kwenhambo yakati (anowanzova makore 5-10), uye mugari wenyika kwamakore akati pamberi pesarudzo.

Gadziriro yesarudzo ibasa guru. Vasarudzo vanofanira kutanga vadzivirira chiono chavo chebato, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nesarudzo yokutanga. Ikoku kunoteverwa nenhimbe yevhoti dzavose dzinokwikwidzanwa zvikuru, inoda kubhadharwa kune revo, gadziriro yemitengi, uye sangano rouswa. Mwaka wenhimbe ibanza kuti vadaviridzire chiono chavo chehurumende ndokubatanidza navavhotisi panhau idzo ivo vanowanzova. Mudzimwe nyika, kusarudzo dzamakurukota dzinoitwa mumazera, dzakaparadzana nesarudzo yapurezidhendi, idzo dzinogona kutungamirira kukuderera asi dzinobvumira nhau dzehurumende kudzora kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nzira yebasa rezvamatongerwe enyika yakasiana. Magavhuna akawanda ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira pamberi savatongi venyika, magweta, kana kuti magavhuna. Vamwe vanobva mubhizimisi, mutemo, kana kuti zvimwe migariro yakatanhamara. Mutsetse unozivikanwa navose isimba rokuvaka mubatanidzwa mukuru wetsigiro uye nenzira inobudirira kutarisira sangano guru, rakaoma. Kunzvera zvakadzama munzvimbo yamasarudzo, zviwanikwa zvakadai seBallottepedia zvinogovera mashoko akazara enhau neazvino.

Gavhuna Munyika Yose

Nepo shoko rokuti "governor" rinowanzobatanidzwa neUnited States, basa racho riripo muzvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana munyika yose, rimwe nerimwe rakaumbwa nemamiriro aro ezvematongerwe enyika uye emitemo akasiyana nemamwe.

India: muIndia, gavhuna ndiye mutungamiriri webumbiro remitemo rehurumende, akagadzwa naPurezidhendi weIndia pazano rehurumende yepakati. Irori ibasa retsika, rine simba chairo muMutungamiriri mukuru neDare reVafundisi. Gavhuna anoshanda seyakabatana pakati pehurumende nehurumende yenyika, uye ane simba rokuchengeta zvikwereti nokuda kwokurangarira kwaPurezidhendi.

Mexico: magavhuna eMexico, anozivikanwa se gobernadores, vakuru vakuru vane simba vakasarudzwa. Vanobatira shoko rimwe, risingapindurwizve regore matanhatu. Hurumende yeMexico inovapa chiremera chinokosha pamusoro pechengeteko yenyika, dzidzo, uye kukura kwezvemari. Institution Rhindition (PRI) yakadzora nzvimbo idzi kare, asi matongerwe enyika eMexico azova makwikwikwi anowedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura.

Canada: Basa rinomirirwa naGavhuna we Lieutenant, anogadzwa naGavhuna Mukuru weCanada pazano roMutungamiriri weHurumende. Kufanana naGavhuna Mukuru pamwero wehurumende, basa raGavhuna wePinegavhuna retsika zvikurukuru rinomirira Hurumende muruwa. Vanobvumira mambo kuva anobvumirwa nemitemo yeruwa, zvirongwa zvemitemo zvakazaruka, uye kuita mabasa etsika, asi anoshanda pazano redare reruwa nedare.

NIGERIa: Vatongi veNigeria vanosarudzwa vakuru vehurumende 36 dzenyika. Vane simba guru, vanodzora pfuma yehurumende, chengeteko, uye muitiro. Basa racho rinopesvedzera zvikuru, uye sarudzo dzamagabhuro anokwikwidzana zvikuru.

Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kuwanda kwakafara kwesimba rehurumende, kuvambira pamuitiro wakaoma zvikuru kusvikira kuukuru hwakakwirira.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi kwaGavhuna

Hofisi yagavhuna inoramba iri chimwe chezvinokosha zvikuru muhurumende yazvino uno. Somukuru mukuru akasarudzwa zvikurusa munyika kana kuti ndima, gavhuna anogara pawirirano yemiitiro, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye utarisiri. Vanoshandura zvipikirwa muzvokuronga bhajeti, kuita chimwe chemigariro inodenha kuidza utungamiriri hwavo, uye vanomirira kuzivikanwa nefariro zvavanhu vavo vari pachikuva chenyika. Basa racho rinoraira mubatanidzwa usingawanzowaniki wounyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, mushandiri wehurumende, uye kuzvidavirira kwavose.

Kunzwisisa masimba neganhuriro zveiyi hofisi kunokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoziva. Sezvo nyika dzichipfuurira kubata nedenho dzakaoma(kubva pakuchinja mamiriro okunze kuchinjika kwemitengo yezvemari kuende kumurairo wemitengo iri kubuda(8) basa ragavhuna somupedzi wechinetso, mutungamiriri, uye mukuru mukuru mukuru webasa richangokura bedzi muukoshi. Gavhuna haasati achingova zvake purezidhendi wenzvimbo yapamusoro wehurumende, asi nzvimbo yakasiana ine nhau yakapfuma nenguva yemberi inokosha mukuvakwa kwehurumende yehurumende yedemocracy.