Uchangamire Hwomubatanidzwa hweAmerica Yenzanga

United States gadziriro yapamutemo inoshanda muchimiro chakajeka chouchangamire huviri hunozivikanwa sehurumende. Ichi chivako, chakavhengana muBumbiro remitemo, chinoumba ukama hwakaoma nehune simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzine makumi mashanu. Vadzidzi navadzidzi vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinodzivirirwa sei, kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa pakati pehurumende nehurumende yehurumende hakusi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo, uye kusawirirana kunopfuurira kunoitwa kuti kudzivirira kodzero dzehurumende kushande nesimba repamutemo. Féderalis inorosess inobvumira kubatana nemhatsano dzenyika imwe chete nehurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Nyaya ino inoongorora zvirongwa zvemitemo, miraudzo yedare, uye kusawirirana kunopfuurira kurondedzera kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzehurumende mugadziriro yeAmerica.

Chizvarwa chakavamba chakakakavadzana zvinotyisa pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira yesimba. Anti-Federalists yakatya hurumende iri kure, ine simba, nepo Federalists vakaitirana nharo mubatanidzwa wakasimba unokwanisa kuchengetedza rusununguko nokutengeserana. Kubvumirana pane zvapachaguma napo (panoguma negadziriro inopesana) uko hurumende dzenyika nehurumende dzine chiremera chakananga pavagari vemo. (8) Kunzwisisa tsika iyi kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoedza kudzora nyika, kutsigira kuchinja, kana kuti kungoshandisa maruramiro avo nenzira inobudirira.

Kuumbwa Kwekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Bhizi Rekodzero Ne Amendedzero Yechi14

Hwaro hwedziviriro yekodzero muU.S. hunozivikanwa zvikuru muBumbiro reMitemo. Gwaro rapakuvamba, parutivi peBill of Rights (kugadziriswa kwegumi kwokutanga, kwakasimbiswa muna 1791), rinosimbisa muganhu werusununguko urwo hurumende isingagoni kuputsa. Iyi dziviriro inobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, uye kukumbira (Fost Amendmentmentment), maruramiro okutakura zvombo; dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfupiti-pfuure-pfuurence; uye kodzero dzokudzivisa kuzvidzora pachamupidiro (Fourth Amendmentment); uye maruramiro okudzivisa kuzvidzora.

Zvisinei, Mutezo we10 wePendekosti unojekesera kuti masimba asina kupiwa United States neBumbiro reMitemo anopa nyika chiremera chikuru chokugadzira dziviriro dzayo dzapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji achitambanudza kupfuura uriri hwehurumende hwakarongwa neCongress kana kuti Dare Gurusamende. Ukama pakati pehurumende nesimba rehurumende hwakachinjwa zvikurukuru nokuchinjwa kweGavhura Hurumende kwe14 muzana reMitemo muna 1868. Kudzivirira kwaro kwaMasangano aMostate neGumbiro Clausces kwakagadzira chishandiso chine simba chokushandisa mipimo yehurumende kumabasa enyika. Indiotration Doctive Confective Doctive, yakakukura zvishoma nezvishoma kupfurikidza nezvisaru zvedare rePromendementstions, inoshandisa gadziriro zhinji dzeHurumende kupfurikidza neGagence 14, ichivimbisa kuti hurumende iwiswe neiyi inodzo inodzo huru. Iyi yakanga isingangoitwa nenhauro inosarudzwa nehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Kufurwa Nemakoko

Supremacy Claus (Article VI, Claus 2) inozivisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo nemitemo yehurumende zvakaibatanidza i "Mutemo wapamusoro weNyika". Iyi nheyo idiro yetsika yetsika yechinzwano chorudzi, inosimbisa kuti mitemo yehurumende haigoni kukurira kugadza kwehurumende kwapamutemo. Apo hurumende nemitemo yehurumende zvicharwisana zvakananga nemutezo. Kutemerwa kunogona kuratidzwa, apo Congress inotaura zvakajeka vavariro yayo yokugara munda, kana kuti inoreva, apo chirongwa chemitemo yemubatanidzwa chenyika chinoshatisanisa. Kana kuti isati ichisiya nzvimbo yehurumende inorwisana zvakananga nechinodikanwa chomubatanidzwa. Kunzwisisa kushatisa kunokosha yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo inoreva kuyera pamutemo munzvimbo dzakapoteredza kudzorwa kunzvimbo dzokupinda munyika.

Mitemo Yehurumende Sechinoitirwa Kodzero Zvorudzi

Mitemo iyi inoshanda zvakafanana munyika yose, ichigadza mutemo watinofanira kutevedzera.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokupesana

Chibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha1946 chimire sechinoitika chikuru mumutemo wehurumende. Chakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mubasa (Tit VII), pokugara pavose (Tit II), uye mapurogiramu anotsigirwa nehurumende (Tit Learth VI). Ichi chiito chakatenderwazve kuAmerica kupfurikidza nokurambidza rusarura uye kubatwa zvisina kuvimbika. Chibvumirano chekodzero dzamaruramiro avanamatutsi cha1991 chakasimbisa idzi dziviriro gare gare gare kupfurikidza nokubvumira nokuda kwemireza uye kukuvadza muzvinoitika zverusarura rwemaune. Federal antil anti-dicration anodzorongerwa nomutemo unodzorwa nemutemo unodzorwa nemitemo yeSangano yefaunzi yefar House ye 1968 ya1968, inorambidza kusarura mukutengeserana, kurenda, uye kubhadha dzimba dzokugara.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana

Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakabvisa mhinganidzo dzakare pakuvhota, dzakadai senzvero dzokunyora nokunyora, mitero, uye tyisidziro. Gadziriro yayo ine simba zvikurusa yakanga iri Chikamu 5, iyo yaida kuti pave nedzosero ine nhau yorusaruro ku "preblicolar" chinjo dzipi nedzipi dzokuvhota nehurumende yehurumende. Nepo chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa renhau mu Shelby County v. Haker [202013]) zvakabvisa nenzira inobudirira kusarura mavambo, dziviriro huru pamusoro petsika inowirirana nero yapambeudzo yapambwa nero yakaramba ichichengetwa pasi peChikamu 2 cheChikamu cheChitako.

Kodzero Dzinoshatisa Nebanza Redzidzo

VaMitemo yeChecking Education Act (IDEA) uye Chikamu 504 cheRehabilitation Act ya1973 vanovimbisa kuti vadzidzi vane urema vagamuchire dzidzo yapachena yapachena uye yakakodzera mumhoteredzo isina kuganhurirwa. VaAmerica vane urema hweADA ya1990 vakatambanudza dziviriro huru kuvanhu vane urema mubasa, pokugara, zvokufambisa, uye zvokufambisa, vanoda pokugara zvine mufungo kuti vave nemukana wakafanana. ADA Amendments Act ya200, inozivikanwa seAAAAA, yakawedzera kuzivikanwa serondedzero yourema kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti dziviriro yakatengwa neADA yaidiwa yaizoshandiswa zvakafara.

Mitemo yeHurumende Senhamba dzokuvandudza

Mutongi Louis Brandeis anorondedzera nenzira yakakurumbira matauriro okuti "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu." Munzvimbo yedziviriro yekodzero, ikoku kwakabvumikisazve kuva kwakarurama. Nepo mutemo wehurumende uchiisa uriri, mitemo yehurumende inowanzovaka denga rakakwirira, kuedza mitemo iyo gare gare ingapesvedzera mipimo yenyika.

Kuwedzera Kudzivirira Kuvengana

Mutemo unodzivisa kusasarura unodzivirira rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, uye mavambo orudzi. Manyika akawanda akakudza mirau yawo inorwisana neshanje kuti abatanidze zvakajeka dziviriro dzakavakirwa pamanyuko evatano nezivikanwo yavakadzi. Nyika dzakadai seNew York, California, uye Illinois dzakapa mitemo inovimbisa kuti LGBTQ yakadzivirirwa pabasa, dzimba, uye dzimba dzavose. Nenzira yakafanana, mamwe maruwa akaisa mitemo inodzivirira dziviriro pamanyuko emari inotsamira pamanyuko evatano nevatano nevatano.

Kuva Woga Kwoupiyona uye Kuchengeteka Kwemashoko

Mukushayikwa kwomutemo wehurumende wezvakavanzika uno udzame, masangano akatungamirira mukutungamirira kuvandika mashoko. California Consumer Ancy Act (CPA), yakaitwa muna 2018, inopa vatengi udzori husati hwamboitwa pamashoko avo omunhu oga, kubatanidza maruramiro okuziva kuti imashokoi ari kuunganidzwa, kodzero yokuabvisa, uye kodzero yokusarudza kutengeswa kwayo. Iyi mitoo yenyika yakamanikidzira makambani enyika neamarudzi ose kurangarirazve miitiro yavo uye akabatira somuteveri wetevedzeri wemimwe mitemo yedzimwe nyika uye kunyange mutemo wehurumende unobvira. United States seVirginia neColoradow yakatevera makwate nezvirongwa zvayo zvakavanzika zvakavanzika zvakavanzika.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nokupomera Chinjo

Hurumende dzine chiremera chikuru pamusoro pomutemo woutsotsi. Ikoku kwakabvumira mhatsa huru mumiitiro yokutonga, miitiro yemapurisa, uye ruramisiro. Nyika zhinji dzakaita kuti dzive nokunyoresa kana kuti kubvisa mbanje, muitiro unorwisana zvakananga neGuiced Substances Act asi unoratidzira mirangariro yehurumende inochinja paruramisiro youtsotsi norusununguko rwomunhu. Nyika dzave dziriwo pamberi pechinjo yokuchinja, kuderedza kuvimba nebhegi, uye kushandisa zvitsauko zvokuisa musungo nokuda kwemhosva dzisina masimba. Izvi zviito zvinoratidzira kuti mitemo inogona sei kutaura nekodzero neruramisiro munzira idzo dzinoratidzira mipimo yomunzvimbomo nezvinodikanwa.

Kudzika Mibatanidzwa Pakati Pehurumende Nomutemo Wehurumende

Ukama pakati pomutemo wenyika nowehurumende ndimo umo kuoma kwehurumende yeAmerica kunooneka zvirokwazvo.Supremacy Claus anovimbisa mutemo womubatanidzwa mukurusa, asi kunze kwenharaunda dzakasunungurwa, hurumende inoshandisa chiremera chikurusa chakabatana.

Chiremera Chazvino Uno Nechibvumirano Chokushandira Pamwe

Munzvimbo zhinji dzemiitiro, mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inoshanda parutivi. Mutemo wemhoteredzo unowanzoratidzira batano pakati peNzvimbo dzinodzivirira njodzi nehurumende. Nyika dzinogona kugadza mipimo yakatsiga yokushatisa kupfuura hurumende yehurumende, sezvo California yakaita nemipimo yemotokari pasi pechishandiso chaicho cheChenac Air Act. Nenzira yakafanana, mipimo yebasa yakafanana nomuripo muduku inoiswa nomutemo wehurumende, asi nyika dzakawanda dzinoraira mari yakawedzerwa, kushandisa chiremera chadzo chakabatana kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru dzavashandi. Kofessimu yehurumende inobatanidza kutsigirana nokutarisira, sezvinoonekwa muMedid, umo nyika dzinoshandisa purogiramu pasi penhungamiro huru yehurumende.

Kushandiswa Kwemazano Okunyengera

Kusunungurwa kunomirira ganhuriro huru pachiremera chehurumende. Kusunungura kunoitika apo Congress inobatanidza mutauro mumutemo unozivisa zvakajeka vavariro yayo kumutemo wehurumende unodzikunura. Rwisano dzinoitika apo kuwirirana nemitemo yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende kusingabviri mumuviri. Kusunungurwa kunoitika apo gadziriro yokutungamirira yehurumende inova huru kwazvo zvokuti inosiya pasina nzvimbo nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Kurega basa Mutezo wokuchengetedza Act (ERISA) kwakadudzirwa kuputsa mitemo yehurumende ine chokuita nezvirongwa zvomubato zvinobetsera, kugadzira gadziriro yokutungamirira nyika yose. Kushandiswa kwedzidziso idzi kunowanzovakwa nokungwarira kuongororwa kwedonzo redare uye miuyo yemitemo yehurumende pazvinangwa.

Matambudziko Nenhamo

Dambudziko pakati pezvigaro zvenyika nekubatana kwenyika rinoparira dzimwe dzehondo dzepamutemo dzinokwikwidzana zvikurusa. Kupesana pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika, murairo wemhoteredzo, tarisiro youtano, uye kodzero dzokuvhota kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pakuti hurumende dzakapfuura chiremera chadzo here kana kuti kana hurumende yakadarika miganhu yayo yebumbiro remitemo. Dare Guru rinobatira somupedzi wokupedzisira muidzi nharo, kududzira Bumbiro remitemo nemiraudzo kuti zvirondedzere miganhu yenyika nesimba rehurumende.

Zviratidzo Zvakaumba Kudzikamiswa Kwesimba

Kunzvera mhaka dzedare reDare Rapamusorosoro kunopa murangariro wakajeka zvikurusa wokuti mutemo wehurumende nowehurumende unoshanda sei mukudzivirira maruramiro. iyi nhau inojekesa nheyo dzoukuru, kubatanidzwa, uye kutangwa kwehurumende.

Kugadza Chiremera Chorudzi

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819):[[FLT Dare Gurusa, pasi poMutongi Mukuru John Marshall, rakati Dare rakanga rareva masimba pasi peBhangi renyika uye Hurumende dzisingagoni kubhadhara sangano rehurumende. Iyi mhaka yakasimbisa zvakasimba nheyo yesimba rehurumende.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Mhaka iyi yakawedzera simba reCongress pasi peChemmerce Clause, ichiita kuti chiremera ichocho chehurumende pamitemo yezvokutengeserana yenyika inorwisana. Yakaisa hwaro hwesimba rehurumende rehurumende renguva yemberi.

Kudzivirira Munhu Mumwe Nomumwe Pakusunungurwa Nehurumende

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Ichi chisarudzo chakatanhamara chakazivisa mitemo yehurumende inogadza zvikoro zvavose zvavanhu vatema navachena zvisati zviri zvibvumirano pasi peProfection Exfligie yePramendment yechi 14. Yakachinja "kuparadzanisa asi yakaenzana" dzidziso ye PNY. Genberson ndokuva chiteshi chamanyunguro chekodzero dzavagari vemo.
  • Dare rapamusorosa rakasarudza kuti Dare re14 rePramende rePremende rinoraira kuti migariro yose ye 14 itenderedze michato yevatano ndokuziva roorano dzinoitwa mudzimwe nharaunda. Iyi chisarudzo chakarerutsa mitemo yehurumende inoganhurira roorano kuvakwanyina vevatano vakasiana-saizi, kuratidzira kuti kududzira kwemitemo kwehurumende kunogona sei kuraira wirirano pakati pemitezo.

Kudzivirira Romato Kwazvino Uno

  • Shelby County v. Hoker (2013): Dare rakamisa nzira yokufukunura yaishandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoi hurumende dzaidzorwa nehurumende pasi peProvice Rights Act. Chiratidzo chacho chakagumisa nenzira inobudirira chinodikanwa chekare, kudzosa chiremera chikuru pamusoro pechinjo dzemitemo yokuvhota kunzvimbo nenzvimbo. Mhaka iyi inoratidza kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pomuteshi wehurumende nouchangamire mukudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (202): Dare rakatonga [[FLT:] Roe v. Wade[ na [[FLT]][FLT]] . Casey[[FLT] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [kachipo], rina kuti Dare haripi maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. Chisarudzo chacho chakadzorera chiremera kudzora kubvisa pamuviri kumaruwa, kuchiguma nebasa remitemo inovambira pakurambidzwa kwakakwana kuti idzivirire. Chino chinomirira muganhu chikuru mudzikamo pamusoro pekodzero dzomubatanidzwa pamusoro pemitezo nemuviri.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Edzidzo Yakagadzirwa Nemabhii uye Kudzidzisa

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, chimiro chikuru chounani hunopa chishandiso chokudzidzisa chine simba. Chinoratidzira kuti dziviriro yekodzero haisi mugariro wakasiana asi muitiro unopfuurira wekurukurirano, mutemo, uye kujekeswa. Kunzwisisa kwokutsvaka kutsiva nokuda kwokuputswa ($nonova mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende) ndihwo unyanzvi hunoshanda.

Zvirongwa Zvokuunza Kushanda Kwehurumende Muupenyu

Vadzidzisi vanogona kubatanidza mibato yakasiana - siana mugadziriro dzavo dzepashure kuti vawedzere nzwisiso yehurumende nedziviriro yamaruramiro. Kubatanidza gakava pamusoro pezvinoitika zvazvino uno zvine chokuita nedziviriro yehurumende kana kuti kutangazve hurumende kunobvumira vadzidzi kurwisana nenhamo chaidzoidzo dzenyika. Kutongwa kwemapoka uye kurota kwedare zvakavakirwa panhau dzedare rePurtaintures dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinogona kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa nharo dzapamutemo uye kurangarira mitemo yehurumende uye kuenzanisa Hurumende yeMitemo yemitemo mudziviriro dzamaruramiro munyika yose. Vakurukuri vanobva kumasangano akadai seganhuro renyika yeAmerican Liberies Union, hofisi yavose inodzivirira vanhu vose, kana kuti hofisi yedare rehurumende inogona kugovera nzwisiso yezvipo kuti dziviriro zvapamutemo zvivei zvii zvigadziro mukuita.

Basa Remasangano Okuva Mufundisi

Masangano asingapinzi purofiti anoita basa rinokosha mugadziriro yehurumende. Mapoka akafanana neACLU, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, uye masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo anopa mvumo yenhau dzehurumende nehurumende kuti apedzedzedzedzedze kupfuudzira nokuwedzera maruramiro. Anopindawo mumitemo yokudzika pamutemo, achivavarira dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru pamativi ose ari maviri ehurumende. Kunzwisisa basa reaya masangano kunopa vadzidzi nzwisiso chaiyo yenzira yepamutemo yokuchinja kunoitika nayo mukati mamiriro ezvinhu enyika.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende mukudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende rutivi runorondedzera rwekudzora kweAmerica. Igadziriro yakagadzirirwa kuva inogamuchira zvose zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo nemipimo yenyika, ichisimudzira kuvandudzwa nepo ichitsigira musiyano weruramisiro nokuda kwavose. Mutemo weFrederal unogovera uriri hufanani hwekodzero idzo dzinogona kuputsa, nepo mutemo nemitemo yomutemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinopa mirwi yedziviriro yakakwirira. Suprey Claus inovimbisa chinzwano yorudzi, asi Suprey Claus Amendment negadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo zvinochengeterati yechiremera kuhurumende, kuumba kubatana kukuru kunoumba nzvimbo yepamutemo nokuda kweAmerica iri yose. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi, kukudziridza nzwisiso yakakwirira youyu mutambo inheyo yokuziva nyika inodzorwa nokubudirira munyika inoumba pamutemo.