Bhishopi yekodzero dzavanhu inomira sechinhu chinokosha cherusununguko rweAmerica, chitsama chebumbiro remitemo chinorondedzera ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nevagari vayo. Yakasimbiswa muna 1791, idzi bvumirano gumi dzokutanga kugadziriswa kuU.Constitution yakanga isiri chinhu chaifungwa asi dziviriro yamaune. Yakabuda munharo huru pakati paFederalists naAntifederalist, vanotya kuti hurumende itsva, yakasimba zvikuru yorudzi yakanga isina dziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu vamwe navamwe. Kunzwisisa Bill of Rights mumutauro wakajeka kunokosha nokuda kwomugari ari wose (8) kuziva zvaunogona kutaura pasina kutya, asi nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti aya magariro anoitwa sei namasangano ezuva nezuva omutemo, matare, uye hurumende imene.

Chii Chiri Bhizi Rekodzero?

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights iunganidzwa yezvinogadziriswa gumi zvinoganhurira simba rehurumende yehurumende painenge ichichengeta rusununguko rwakananga. Kunyange zvazvo mutumbi mukuru weBumbiro remitemo wakatanga gadziriro yehurumende(8) mapazu matatu, masimba awo, uye muitiro wokuita mitemo (inobatanidza dziviriro shoma zvikuru nokuda kwavanhu. kokorodzano dzakawanda dzehurumende dzaida maruramiro asati atendera Bumbiro remitemo. James Madison, pakutanga achipanikira kudikanwa kwendaza yakadaro, pakupedzisira akanyoresa kudzivirira ndokudzifudza kupfurikidza neDare.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakatenderwa pana December 15, 1791, apo Virginia akava nyika yechigumi nemimwe yokuzvitendera. Nhasi, idzi maruramiro dzakasimbiswa zvikuru mutsika dzeAmerica nomuitiro wapamutemo. Anofukidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rworudzidziso, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, dziviriro pakutsvaka kusina mufungo, maruramiro evanopomerwa, uye kugoverwa kwemasimba enyika kuvanhu. Bhishopu yekodzero dzinoshanda zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende, asi kupfurikidza neGazenyuko re145 Demendment's Claus, zhinjisa dzedziviriro dzayo dzaka "dzidzwa" kushandira kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Nokuda kwenhetembo yakazara yenhau, National Archives inogovera rugwaro rwapakuvamba nebhukwana rekubatanidza.

Kodzero Huru Dzinodzivirirwa Mudziri Dzemitemo Gumi Yokutanga

Kugadziridzwa kumwe nokumwe muBill of Rights kunokurukura nzvimbo chaiyo yeitiro hanya. Nepo gwaro rose rine simba, gadziriro dzakati dzazova dzakatanhamara zvikuru mukurukurirano dzazvino uno dzapamutemo uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Pasi apa pane kuputsika kwedziviriro huru.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Rusununguko Rwokutaura, Rudzidziso, Kubudisa, Gungano, uye Kukumbira

First Amendment inowanzorangarirwa kuva inokosha zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti inodzivirira nzira iyo vagari vemo vanogona kutsoropodza nayo hurumende ndokutsigira chinjo. Inorambidza Congress kuita mutemo upi noupi "kuremekedza kutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende gadziridzo dzezvigumburo. ”

  • [ Rusununguko rwokutaura [ runodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri mirangariro yakakurumbira neyakaipa. Inofukidza kutaura, mashoko akanyorwa, mabasa okufananidzira (sekupisa mureza), uye kunyange marudzi akati okushandisa nhimbe. Zvisinei, kutaura hakusati kuri kwakakwana: kunyandurira kumasimba masimba, kuzvidza, ruzvidzo, uye tyisidziro dzechokwadi hazvidzivirirwi.
  • Rusununguko rworudzidziso rune mativi maviri. Chivako chaClaus chinodzivisa hurumende kutendera kana kuti kugadza rudzidziso, nepo Free Express Claus inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu okushandisa kutenda kwake. Madare anodzikamisa iyoyi apo mitemo inorwisana nemiitiro yorudzidziso.
  • Rusununguko rwepepanhau runobvumira vatori venhau kubudisa mashoko pasina kunzvera kwehurumende kusati kwaitika, kunyange zvazvo ivo vanogona kutarisana nemiuyo nokuda kwokuzivisa kana kuti kubudisa mashoko akarongwa.
  • [ Kukwanisa nokukumbira kunovimbisa maruramiro okuunganidza mumapoka nokuda kwamadonzo avose", masangano, misangano,(*) uye kukumbira hurumende kukurukura zvichemo.

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Dare reChipiri reMillitia rinoti: “Munhau inodzorwa zvakanaka, zvariri madikanwa kuchengetedzwa kweHurumende yakasununguka, kodzero yavanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haisati ichizodziviswa. Iyi gadziridzo yave iri nhau yekurukurirano yakakomba. Munhau inodzorwa zvikuru yeColumbia v. Heller[[FLT]] [2001] [200], Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisa kuti kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo ikodzero yomunhu oga, kwete basa remibatanidzwa. Dare rakacherekedzawo kuti rudyi haruna kuganhurirwa uye kubvumirwa kwezvombo nokuda kwezvibhara kana kuti kurwara mupfungwa, uye kutakura zvombo munzvimbo dzinotariranwa.

Wechitatu: Kubatanidzwa Kwevarwi

Third Amendment inorambidza hurumende kumanikidza varidzi vedzimba kushandira varwi vedzimba munguva yorugare pasina kubvumira kwavo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvakurudza Nokunyengetedza

Chibvumirano cheChina chinodzivirira pa "nzvero isina mufungo nehosha." Kunoda kuti matare apedzerwe bedzi pachisakiso chinobvira, uye kuti arondedzere zvakananga nzvimbo inoda kusechwa uye zvinhu zvinobatwa. Uku kugadziriswa ikoku ichinhu chikuru chemitemo yakavanzika uye inoedzwa nguva dzose muzera remichina. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti mapurisa anowanzoda maruramiro okunzvera chinoitika cheserura kuti asungwe. Kudisisa chinodikanwa kunobatanidza, migariro yakavanzika, uye kunzvera chinoitika kusungwa kwapamutemo.

Kugadziriswa Kwechishanu: Kodzero Dzomupomeri

Findstmendment inogovera dziviriro dzakakomba dzinoverengeka nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotarisana nemhosva dzoutsotsi. Inobatanidza kodzero yokupa mhaka huru yedare rinotonga mhosva dzakakomba, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri (kuidzwa nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo), uye kodzero inopesana nokuzvitsiura pachako (Kukumbira weshanu). Inodawo muitiro wakafanira womutemo hurumende isati yagona kutorera munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma. Pakupedzisira, kutora zvinhu zvapamunhu woga hakugoni kutorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa pachena pasina kubhadharwa, nheyo huru kunhau dzakatanhamara.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka

Dare reSikisi reSikisi rinovimbisa kutonga kwekukurumidza uye kwevoruzhinji, vatongi vasingasaruri, kodzero yokuziviswa nezvemhosva, kodzero yokutaura nezvapupu, uye kodzero yokuva nezano repamutemo. Kodzero yegweta yakakudzwa zvikuru mu Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], iyo inoda kupa zano kuvakwiridziridziridzi vemhosva. Iyi inovimbisa kuti gadziriro yeruramisiro ishande nenzira yakajeka uye isingasarumbidzwi.

Kuchinja Kwenguva Yechinomwe: Kutongwa Mumhosva Dzehurumende Nenzira Yakarurama

Pevente Amendment inochengeta maruramiro okutonga mudare ramatare anobetsera vatongi mumatare avagari vemo anobatanidza gakava pamusoro pemari inopfuura makumi maviri namaviri. Inodzivisawo vatongi kuputsa zviwanwa zvedare redare redare redare renhau. Iyi gadziridzo inoratidzira chivimbo choMuvambi muvagari vemowo zvavo chokupedza rwisano, kunyange zvazvo mukuwirirana nenhau dzakawanda dzehurumende zvino dzichipedzwa kupfurikidza nokutonga kwenzvimbo kana kuti matare ebheji.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare Repamusorosoro rinorambidza mabhero okunyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye “zvirango zvisina kufanira nezvisiri zvenguva dzose. ” Ichi chitsama chakashandiswa kudenha mitoo yokuuraya, migariro yetorongo, uye mitongo iyo inopesana nemhosva. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti zvirango zvinofanira kushanduka - shanduka sezvo mipimo yetsika dzakanaka inokura, uye chakarambidza chirango chorufu nokuda kwepwere navanhu vane urema hwoungwaru.

Mugadziridzi Wechine Chine Chine Chinetso: Kodzero Dzisina Kubviswa

Ninth Amendment inotaura kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati muBumbiro reMitemo hakurevi kuti vanhu havana dzimwe kodzero. Iyi gadziridzo yakanyorwa kuti ipedze kunetseka kuti gwaro rekodzero ringarondedzerwa serinogovera kodzero bedzi. Inotsigira pfungwa yokuti vanhu vane kodzero dzinokosha kupfuura idzo dzakajeka, dzakadai sekodzero yokuva voga, iyo Dare Repamusorosoro raizivikanwa mu Griswold v. Connecticut[[FF:1] [65] [65]) uye [FL:] Roe v.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi: Simba Rakachengeterwa kuUnited States

Pesvedzero yeThona inojekesa kuti masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa kunyika, anochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu.Iyi igadziridzo inheyo huru yehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera panhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai sedzidzo, kuchengetwa kwemitemo, uye kushandiswa kwenzvimbo.

Kudzivirirwa Kunoitwa Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Kodzero dzinodudzwa muBill of Rights hadzisi kuzvidzivirira. Dzinoda dziviriro dzinoshingaira kupfurikidza negadziriro yemitemo, rondedzero yedare, uye kuvimbisana kwehurumende. Apo munhu anodavira kuti kodzero dzake dzaputswa, anogona kuunza dare remhosva mudare rehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji achidudza Chikamu 1983 cheU.S. , chinobvumira vanhu kukwirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Vapomerwi vematsotsi vanogonawo kuronga kuti vadzvinyirire ufakazi kana hwakawanwa mukuputswa kweChiteshi Chechina, kana kuti kudenha kusakosha kwamashoko okuzvizivisa kuwanikwa pasina nyevero yaMirda (Gase neChitanhatu).

Matare, zvikurukuru Dare rapamusorosoro reU.S., anoita basa guru mukupa revo kuBill of Rights. Kwamazana amakore, Dare rakatanga nzvero dzapamutemo dzokushandisa idzi maruramiro kumigariro yakati. Somuenzaniso, "kuedza kutaura naparipo" kwakatangwa mu [ Scheck v. United States[FLT] [1919], gare gare yakanatsiridzwa mu "chiito chokusateerera mutemo" muedzo mu Brandenburg v.[FLT:][6]] [12]][1969]). Mufungo we" ra" ramaturo outaririro woungwaro wakavanzika hwechine, unobva [FLT]

Kupfuura matare, masangano okusatendeseka akadai se American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ne American Bar Association basa kudzidzisa vanhu nokuputsa maruramiro.

Kuchinja Kwemazuva Ano: Kuzivikanwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Munguva Yakanyorwa Zvitayera

Nheyo huru dzeBill of Rights dzinoramba dzinokosha, asi kushandiswa kwadzo kuruzivo rwazvino uno kunomutsa mibvunzo inodenha. Gadziriro yeChina, yakagadzirirwa mapepa omuviri nemisha, zvino inodzora kuwanika kwehurumende kumaemail, GPS, uye zviri mukati mefoni. Mu Carperenter v. United States [20208], Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti mapurisa anowanzoda pamutemo wokuwana manyoro enzvimbo yesero, achiziva kuti mashoko ekombiyuta anogona kuzivisa udzame hukuru hwemashandireji pamusoro poupenyu hwomunhu.

First Amendment inoedzwawo neInternet, mwero wesocial network, uye mutemo wehurumende wekutaura pamichina. Mibvunzo pamusoro pemakambani anokurukurirana nezvemasangano enhau dzinodavirwa nevanhu i "state mediation" inodzorwa neFirst Amendment, uye kana mitemo yakadai semitemo yesocial derderciation yeFlorida neTexas inoputsa kodzero dzekutaura dzechikuva, inoramba ichienderera mberi kuita misoro yenhau. Kudzivirira kodzero dzisina kuiswa muhana kwakataurwa munharo pamusoro pemagariro, mashoko emunhu oga, uye maonere epabo.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakadzama kwenhau dzeMwedziso Yechina munhambo yemitauro, Cornell Legal Information Institute [[FLT: 1] inopa kupetwa kuzere kwomutemo wenhau wazvino uno.

Mafungiro Anowanzotaurwa Asina Kunaka Pamusoro Pekodzero Dzevanhu

Kukanganisa Pfungwa 1: Bhuku Rekodzero Rinokupa Kodzero Dzisina Kuganhurirwa

Hamungatongopiwi simba, kunyange norusununguko runotendwa zvikurusa runemiganhu. Hamungadanidziri mwoto muimba yemitambo yakazadzwa navanhu, muchizvidza mumwe munhu nenhema, kana kuti kushandisa kutaura kuti vanyandure masimba masimba pakarepo. Hurumende inogona kudzora nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo wokutaura pachena, chero bedzi mirau yacho ichigutswa nokusatongosiya mikoto yokukurukurirana.

Pfungwa Isina Kunaka 2: Bhishopi Yekodzero Dzevanhu Inodzivirira Vagari Vemo Bedzi

Kodzero zhinjisa muBill of Rights dzinoshanda ku "vanhu," kwete bedzi vagari vemo. Vatami vasina kunyorwa, somuenzaniso, vanogona kukumbira dziviriro yeFine Amendment panzvero isina mufungo nemaruramiro eFishanu eMwedziyo yokusarudza. Zvisinei, dzimwe maruramiro, kufanana nekodzero dzokuvhota mumasarudzo ehurumende, anochengeterwa vagari vemo.

Kukanganisa 3: Kodzero dzeMiranda Dzinofanira Kukurumidza Kuverengwa Pakusungwa

Chinodikanwa chokurava nyevero Miranda chinoshanda bedzi pashure pokunge munhu ava muchitokisi uye abvunzurudzwa. Kana ukangomiswa bedzi mumugwagwa ( "Kumira kwekudzora), mapurisa haafaniri kukuravira kodzero dzako. Nyevero yacho imene idziviriro yetsika yeFirefute Amendment yedziviriro pakugombedzerwa kwokuzvimanikidza uye maruramiro eT6 Echinjo yeSande kurutsoro.

Pfungwa Isina Kururama 4: Kuchinja Kwechipiri Kunorambidza Mitemo Yose Yepfuti

Seizvo Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakajekesa Heller uye McDonald v. Guta reChicago (2010), Dare rechipiri Rekudzonga rinoziva kodzero yomunhu oga kuchengeta pfuti mumusha nokuda kwokuzvida. Zvisinei, Dare rakataura zvakajeka kuti ichi rudyi hachina kuganhurirwa uye kuti zvirambidzo zvakawanda zvakarefu, zvakadai sezvipo, zvisaririra zvendangariro, uye zvibharo munzvimbo dzinotapurwa.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Chikamu chinotsanangura kuenzana kuri pakati pesimba rehurumende norusununguko rwomunhu. Zuva riri rose, mumatare, kusangana kwamapurisa, kunyunyuta kwavose, uye zvikuva zvepaIndaneti, izvi zvinochinja zvinhu zvinoumba zvinhu zvoupenyu hweAmerica. Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako mumutauro wakajeka kunokupa simba rokudzisimbisa, kuziva padzinenge dziri mungozi, uye kutora rutivi mune revo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Ungava uri mudzidzi, mushingairi, kana kuti mugari wemo bedzi anopfuurira kuita muitiro wako wezuva nezuva, Bhishopi yekodzero dzavanhu inhoo yako.Ikurukure.