Chii Chiri Chiziviso Chorusununguko?

Declaration of Independence igwaro iro rakagura nenzira yakajeka batano dzezvamatongerwe enyika pakati penzvimbo dzine gumi nenhatu dzeAmerica neGreat Britain. Rakatenderwa neSecond Continental Congress pana July 4, 1776, rakazivisa kuberekwa kworudzi rutsva rwakavakirwa panheyo dzorusununguko rwomunhu oga nehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo ichiwanzochengetwa semashoko okuvamba epfungwa dzeAmerica, Declaration yakabatirawo donzo rinoshanda: kunyika ye(* uye kushamwari dzinobvira dzakafanana neFrance (10) nyika dzakaruramiswa mukutora zvombo mukurwisana neHurumende.

Atemerwa zvikurukuru naThomas Jefferson, nemuuyo wakabva kudare iro raibatanidza John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, uye Robert Livingston, chinyorwa chacho chakanga chiri muuyo wekurukurirano huru. Jefferson akawana pavafungi vokuNzverwa vakadai saJohn Locke, vane rondedzero pamusoro pekodzero dzomusikirwo nebvumirano yenzanga dzakagovera pfundo rouzivi. Simba reChibvumirano chacho riri kwete bedzi mumitsetse yaro yokutanga yakakurumbira asiwo mundaza yaro yacho ine udzame yokunyunyutira mukurwisana naMambo George III, iyo yakavamba nhau yechinjo yemhure yaidzoro inopfuura zvikuru nyika dzose.

Nhasi kopi yedehwe rokutanga iri muNational Archives muWashington, D.C., yakadzivirirwa nemagirazi asingapindi mabara uye yakaongororwa kuti mhoteredzo ive nani.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Nei Vaifanira Kuzvimiririra?

Kuti anzwisise Chiratidzo chacho, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa kusawirirana kwakanga kwavapo kwemakore anopfuura gumi. Pashure peHondo yeFrance neIndia (1754-1763), Britain yakanga yava nechikwereti chikuru uye yakavamba kuisa mitero mitsva panzvimbo dzinodzorwa pasina kuzvipa mumiririri muParamende. Mayeresa akafanana neStamp Act (1765), Townshend Acts (176773), uye Tea Act (1773) yakamutsa kuramba kuwedzera. VaColon vakatsigira chirevo chokuti “Hana mutero pasina kumiririra."

Zvinoitika zvikuru zvakawedzera rwisano yacho:

  • Boston Masscre (1770): varwi veBritain vakapfura muboka, vachiuraya vagari vashanu vomuruwa, vakashandiswa navapatriot sechishandiso chine simba cheparadziro.
  • Boston Tea Party (1773): Mukuramba Tea Act, varwi vakarasira mabhokisi 342 etii muBoston Harbor. Britain yakapindura neCoercive Acts (Mabasa Anobvumirwa muAmerica), iyo yakapfiga chiteshi chengarava, yakabvisa Massachusetts ehurumende, uye mauto akakamura misha yavanhu.
  • Hondo dzeLexington neConcordar (April 1775): [[FLT 1775] Rwisano yezvombo yakavamba apo mauto eBritain akaedza kutora migove yehondo yehurumende. “Mutambo wakanzwa munyika yose” wakaratidzira mavambo eHondo yemhindumupindu.
  • Common Sense (Jan. 1776):[[FLT] bhukwana raThomas Paine rakataura nenzira yokunyengetedza nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwakazara, richibvisa murangariro wavanhu kuyananisa kuparadzana.

Pakazosvika matsutso a1776, pfungwa muContinental Congress yakanga yachinja zvakasimba. Pana June 7, Richard Henry Lee weVirginia akatanga chisarudzo chokukumbira kuzvimirira. Dare rakagadzwa kuti riite chibvumirano, uye kudhindwa kweJefferson kwakapiwa musi waJune 28. Pashure pemazuva okukurukurirana nokugadziridzwa kwechinenge chikamu chimwe muzvina chemagwaro apakuvamba, kubatanidza chikamu chinoshora kutengeswa kwevaranda .Nyama yeCongress yakagamuchira shanduro yokupedzisira pana July 4.

Mifungo Huru Yeziviso Yacho

Chiziviso Chokuzvimirira chakavakirwa panheyo huru dzouzivi dzakaumba pfungwa yezvematongerwe enyika yeAmerica kwemazana anopfuura maviri emakore.

Kodzero Dzemuzvarirwo Nokuenzana

Chikamu chamashoko chakakurumbira zvikurusa chinoti: “Tinorangarira idzi zvokwadi kuva dzinooneka, kuti vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana, kuti vakapiwa noMusiki wavo Kodzero dzakati dzisingaparadzanisiki, kuti pakati paidzodzi pane Upenyu, Rusununguko nokurondwa kwoMufarwa.” Mashoko aya anotaura kuti maruramiro haabvi kuhurumende kana kuti mutemo womunhu, asi kuchisiko kana kuti Mwari.

Chinangwa Chehurumende

Chiziviso chacho chinopikisa kuti hurumende iripo bedzi kuti idzivirire idzi kodzero. Kuva kwayo yapamutemo kunobva mu “kubvumira kunodzorwa” ($ipfungwa huru muzera roumambo. apo hurumende inova inoparadza mugumo iwoyo, vanhu vane kodzero (h_indeed), basa rokuichinja kana kuti kuibvisa ndokutanga itsva.

Kodzero Yokumukira

Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo wacho usingatsigiri kupandukira kwokusangwarira, unotanga gadziriro yetsika yokupandukira: bedzi apo kurovedza kwenguva refu kwokushandisa zvisina kufanira nokubvuta kunoita kuti kutonga zvisina kufanira kuve kusingadzivisiki. Ndaza yezvinyunyuto zvinotevera inoitirwa kubvumikisa kuti vagari vomumakoroni vakanga vapedza mishonga yose ine rugare uye kuti Mambo George III akanga asina kukodzera kutonga vanhu nenzira youdzvinyiriri.

Kuzvitonga Nouchangamire Hwakakurumbira

Chiziviso chacho chinotsigirawo pfungwa yokuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinokwira kubva kuvanhu, kwete pasi chichibva kuna mambo.

Zvikamu Zvikuru zveChinyorwa

Chiziviso chacho chine mativi mashanu akasiyana, rimwe nerimwe richibatira basa chairo rokusada mhinduro kana kuti repamutemo.

Sumo

Sumo inogadza danho, ichitsanangura kudikanwa kwenzvimbo dzinotongwa nehurumende kuti “dzipedze mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika” ayo aiabatanidza neBritain. Iro rinosimbisa“ ruremekedzo rukuru kumirangariro yorudzi rwomunhu” rinoda kutaura zvisakiso zvokuparadzana. Ichi chiito kupamutemo kwamarudzi ose() nyika dzinoda kurangarirwa savatambi vane mufungo, kwete vapanduki vasina mufungo.

2 Chiziviso Chekodzero Dzevanhu

Chikamu ichi chine hwaro hweuzivi: chokwadi chiri pachena, kodzero dzisingataurwi, uye chibvumirano chenzanga. Zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vose vakaenzana mupfungwa yokuti hapana munhu anoberekwa ane kodzero yokutonga vamwe. Hurumende chinhu chakatangwa nevanhu, kwete kugadzwa naMwari.

3. Ndaza Yezvirango

Chikamu chirefusa (inenge 27 yenyunyuto dzakananga) chinorondedzera “kuvadziko dzinodzokororwa nezvinobvuta” zvakaitwa naMambo George III. Izvi zvinobatanidza:

  • Kurevesa mitero pasina kubvuma
  • Vatongi vanoramba kutongwa nehurumende dzavo
  • Kutakura mauto ane zvombo pakati pavo munguva yorugare
  • Kumisa vatongi vehurumende dzokumwe
  • Mukududza “Umhuka Husina Ngozi hweIndia” pamuganhu
  • Vachirwa navo uye vachitsvaga mabasa okutengesa vanhu vokune dzimwe nyika

Zvichemo zvacho zvakanga zvakarongedzerwa kuratidza kuti mambo akanga aputsa chibvumirano chenzanga, nokudaro achisunungura vagari vomuruwa rwavaigara muhurumende mumisengwa yavo yokuvimbika.

4. Kuzivisa Kworusununguko

Pashure pokunge ufakazi hwapiwa, gwaro racho rinozivisa nenzira yakarongwa kuti “aya Masangano eUnited Colonies, uye eChiruramiro anofanira kuva akasununguka naaEdependent States.” Rinozivisa kuti batano yose yezvamatongerwe enyika neBritain inoparadzwa uye kuti nyika itsva dzine simba rakazara rokuita hondo, kuita rugare, kuita zvibvumirano, uye kuita zvimwe zvinhu zvose izvo nyika dzakazvimirira dzingaita.

5 Chisaini

Chinyorwa chacho chinoguma nesaini yavanhu 56 yakakurumbira zvikuru kupfurikidza nokusaina, varume vacho vakapandukira Hurumende, vakarangwa norufu. Vazhinji vakatambura: vamwe vakarasikirwa nezvinhu zvavo, vanoverengeka vakatapwa, uye vashomanene vakafa muchengeteko yeBritain.

Kukurumidza Kuchinja Kwezviziviso Zvacho

Chiziviso Chokuzvimirira hachina kukunda hondo, asi chakapa rwisano donzo rakajeka retsika nerezvamatongerwe enyika. Chakashandura kupandukira kwehurumende yehurumende kuva kurwira nheyo dzapose pose. Gwaro racho rakaraviwa zvinonzwika munzvimbo dzavose, rakadhindwa mumapepanhau, uye rakatumirwa kuEurope. Rakabetsera kupwisa France kupinda muhondo sechinhu chikuru mukukunda kwokupedzisira paYorktown muna 1781.

Pamusha, Chiziviso chakabatanidza nyika dzacho nechisakiso chakafanana. koroni imwe neimwe zvino yaikarirwa kuronga bumbiro rayo imene, uye hurumende itsva dzehurumende dzakavamba kunzvera nheyo dzehurumende.Mutauro wacho wakapesvedzerawo mamwe masangano okumukira, kubva kuRhulumuko yeFrance (1789) kusvikira kurwisano yokuzvimirira yeLatin America muzana ramakore rechi 19.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro penzira iyo Mutemo wacho wakagamuchirwa nayo kune imwe nyika, ona Nzvero yeNational Archives yerevo yechinyorwa chacho[[FLT: 1].

Chipikirwa Chisina Kutsaurwa: Kuenzana Neganhuriro Dzako

Chiratidzo cheChibvumirano chokuti “vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana” vairamba zvikuru, asi vanyori vayo havana kushandisa nheyo yacho yose. Uranda hwaibvumirwa mumarudzi ose ane gumi namatatu, uye vasaindisi vakawanda (kubatanidza Thomas Jefferson(vaizviti varanda). Rondedzero yepakuvamba yaibatanidza chikamu chinoshurikidza kutengeswa kwouranda, asi yakabviswa pakuomerera kwenhume dzeSouth Carolina neGeorgia. Bhuku racho nokudaro rakanga rine pokanidzano yaizotambudza rudzi kwamazana amakore.

Vakadzi, MaIndia okuAmerica, uye vanhu vasina zvinhu vakabviswawo pamaruramiro akazara ayo Chiziviso chakaziviswa. Bva mutauro wokuenzana wakabvumikisa kuva usingabviri kuva nawo. Vazivi vezvibvumirano saFrederick Douglas vakashandisa Chibvumirano kukwikwidzanisa nokuda kwokuva mutezo. Mapepa akadai saElizabeth Cady Stanton akaenzanisira chipikirwa cha 1848 cheSentiments parugwaro rwaJefferson, achisimbisa kuti “varume navakadzi vose vakasikwa vakaenzana.” Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero chekodzero chezana ramakore rechi20 chakavakwawo nevimbiso chokukumbira ruramisiro.

Nhasi nyanzvi dzinopfuurira kukurukura kana Ziviso yacho yakanga yakaitirwa donzo rekodzero dzechisiko chose kana kuti kungoruramisa kuzvitonga kwehurumende inotongwa nehurumende. Pasinei hapo, mashoko ayo akanyandura rwisano dzisingaverengeki dzorusununguko munyika yose. Library of Congress inogovera murangariro wakaisvonaka [[[FLT: 0] wepesvedzero yenyika yose yeChibvumirano chacho.

Kutsungirira Nhaka muAmerica Yazvino Uno

Pesvedzero Yepamutemo Neyezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chiziviso Chokuzvimirira hachisi rugwaro runosungisa pamutemo, (*) haruna simba romutemo webumbiro remitemo remitemo (8) asi nheyo dzacho dzakaumbwa mutsika yokutonga kweAmerica. Murangariro wekodzero dzisingasarurwi pasi peBill of Rights. Pfungwa yokubvuma kudzorwa ikokusipo kwehurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States pane dzimwe nguva rinodudza Declaration mumirangariro yavo, zvikurukuru pamibvunzo yerusununguko neuenzani.

Chiratidzo Chetsika

Musi weChina woga woga waJuly, vaAmerica vanochengeta Chiziviso nemwoto, masvomhu, uye kurava mashoko orugwaro. Gwaro racho rinooneka pamari, muchikoro, uye muhurukuro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvose zviri zviviri ipfuma inoyera yorudzi uye rugwaro rupenyu izvo vagari vemo vanoda kudenha kusaruramisira. Apo Dr. Luther King Jr. akamira pamatanho eChirangaridzo cheLincoln muna 1963, akanokora mashoko Chiziviso: “Ndine fungidziro chokuti rimwe zuva rudzi urwu ruchasimuka ndokurarama mukuwirirana nerevo yechokwadi yarwo: ‘ Tinova nechokwadi ichi kuti tizvionese, kuti vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana. ’

Kutapura Kwamarudzi Ose

Chiziviso chacho chakafuridzira magwaro okuzvimirira kupota nyika, kubva paFrench Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789) kusvikira kuZiviso yeVietnam Yorusununguko (1945) uye kupfuura. Chakava mutevedzeri nokuda kwamarudzi aitsvaka kusununguka mukutonga kwehurumende inodzorwa. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) inoratidzirawo mutauro wechiremera chomuzvarirwo nekodzero dzakaenzana.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukurusa kusvika kwamarudzi ose kweChibvumirano chacho, U.S. Dhipatimendi renhau reHurumende peji [[FLT: 1] rinopa murangariro wekurukurirano.

Mafungiro Anowanzotaurwa Asina Kunaka Pamusoro Pezviziviso

Kutaura zvazviri, vhoti yokuzvitonga yakaitika musi waJuly 2 (John Adams aifunga kuti ndiwo waizova musi waizochengetwa), uye kusaina kwacho kwakavamba pana August 2. July 4 kunoratidza musi wakatenderwa rugwaro rwokupedzisira neDare.

Chimwe chisingafadzi ndechokuti Mutemo wacho wakatanga hurumende, hauna; wakangozivisa bedzi kuparadzana.The Article of Confederation, bumbiro remitemo rokutanga renyika, harina kutenderwa kutozosvikira muna 1781. Bumbiro Remitemo razvino reU.S. rakatanga kushanda muna 1789.

Kupokanidzana kwakaita mashoko aro okutaura nezvokuenzana nouranda kwakaramba kusingagadziriswi kusvikira Hondo yevagari vemo nePendement yechi13.

Kunzvera nhau inooneka yechinyorwa chacho (kubatanidza kugadzirwa kwacho, kuchengetedzwa, uye chinjo dzakaitwa mukati mekurukurirano($FLT: 0] na National Archives paChibvumirano [[[FLT: 1]].

Nzira Yokurava Nayo Ziviso Yacho Nhasi

Kurava rugwaro rwapakuvamba kunogona kuva kunodenha nemhaka yechiperengo che 18 nechimiro chemirara. Asi shoko rinoramba rakajeka. Nzira yakanakisisa ndeyokurirava rose, kucherekedza mugadzirirwo waro: fashoni, ndaza yezvinyunyuto, uye ziviso. Nyatso teerera mutauro wemirangariro (mashoko) akafanana ne “chirevo chamasimba masimba,” uye“ varwi vamauto.” Ivava vakasarudzwa kunyengetedza vose vari vaviri varwi navagari vemo vamarudzi ose.

Vainyora vaiwirirana sei nemashoko avo nokuti vakawanda vavo vaiva varanda; mibvunzo iyi haisi zvikanganiso mugwaro racho; vanotiyeuchidza kuti Mutemo wacho chinhu chakagadzirwa nevanhu, chakanyorwa munguva chaiyo yenhau, nezvinhu zvose zvakaoma uye zvinopesana zvinobatanidzwa.

Nokuda kwekuenzanisa kumativi ose kwemagadzirirwo apakuvamba aJefferson neshanduro yokupedzisira, Founders Muunganidzwa weUniversite[[FL:1] inochengetwa neNational Archives ndichinhu chinokosha.

mhedziso

Chiziviso Chokuzvimirira chinopfuura kungova chinhu chedehwe chairo. Chirevo chipenyu chenheyo chinopfuurira kuumba kuzivikanwa kweAmerica nokukurudzira masangano orusununguko kupota nyika yose. Kunzwisisa zviri mukati mayo, mashoko akapoteredza, uye zvinopesana zvinotigonesa kuita zvapachokwadi nacho (8) tichibvuma zvachinofungidzira asi tichibvuma kuganhurirwa kwazvo kwenhau. Ungave uri mudzidzi akasangana naro kwenguva yokutanga kana kuti mugari wemo anorangarira revo yake muzana ramakore rechi 21, Chiziviso chinoramba chiri chikumbiro chine simba chokutsigira mipimo youenzani, rusununguko, uye hurumende kupfurikidza nokubvumirana.