Rwendo rwokuNorthern Ireland kubva makumi amakore erwisano yamasimba masimba kusvikira kurugare rusina kusimba rwakaumba zvikuru gadziriro dzarwo dzokushanda kwegadziriro dzemitemo neruramisiro. Good Friver Accounting ya1998 yakatanga nhevedzano yegadziridzo dzakarongeka kusiana pakusika masangano asingasaruri, anozvidavirira, uye anovimbwa nenzanga dzose. Asi, anopfuura makumi maviri amakore gare gare, denho dzinokosha dzinosara. Zvichemo zvenhau zvakadzika, tyisidziro dzinopfuurira dzechengeteko dzinobva kuvagari vemo vanopandukira hurumende, kuparara kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye nhando dzisingagadziriswi zvinopfuurira kuodza nhamburiko dzokuchinja. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinetso zvinopfuurira kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa basa rokuvaka chitengidzo, nzanga chakaisvonaka muNorthern Ireland nhasi.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Nhaka Yokusavimbana

Chinotangira njodzi yemapurisa muNorthern Ireland mukamukwanwa weIreland muna 1921 uye kuumbwa kweRoyal Ulster Consabulary (RUC) muna 1922. RUC yakanga iri simba rePurotestendi rine zvombo zvikuru raishanda mukudzorwa nehurumende yeSangano rePucial Act. Nokuda kwenzanga yeKaturike yezvourudzi, RUC yairangarirwa semuchengeti wemutemo nenhevedzano, asi sechishandiso chedzvinyiriro yehurumende. Iyi pfungwa yakasimbiswa namakumi amakore echidhiscriminator, kubatanidza kushandiswa kweMasimba chaiwo paSponsont, pasina kutongwa, uye kusarura kwakarongwa mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro.

Kupinda muNhamo (11994-1988) kwakakudza uyu musiyano. Mukati merwisano, RUC yakanga iri pamberi pehondo pakati pemauto eRepublic, mapoka echiRwiti, uye Uto reBritain. Zviratidzo zvakanga zvakakwirira — vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vanopfuura 300 vakaurawa. Mugariro wechengeteko wakamanikidzira Ruuc kubatira munzanga dzine nzanga dzehondo, dzinowedzera kuva dzakasiana norudzi. Pakasvika nguva yegadziriro yorugare, mukurumbira wemapurisa wakanga wakashata kwazvo zvokuti chinjo yakanga isati iri inongovawo zvayo inorumbidzwa asi inokosha nokuda kwokugarwa kupi nokupi nokupi nokupi kunogara kusingaperi.

The Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, yakaiswa naChris Patten, yakabudisa mushumo wayo wechiratidzo wenhau muna 1999. Patten Report yakarumbidza kunyanyovakwa kwakakwana: zita idzva (Basa ramapurisa reNorthern Ireland – PSNI), chiratidzo chitsva neyunifomu, mutemo 50:50 wokunyoresa kuti usvike simba guru rinomiririra, uye simbiso yakasimba pakodzero dzevanhu nehurumende zvenzanga. Chido chakanga chiri chokuchinja chiteshi chamapurisa kubva muchiratidzo cheboka kuva muenzaniso wokuzvidavirira uye unyanzvi.

Chinetso Chikuru Pakuchinja Zvinhu

Kuvimbazve Nenzanga

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inokosha — PSNI zvino ine inenge 30% yeKaturike pakati pavakuru vakuru vayo, ichienzaniswa ne8% muRUC — kuvimba kunoramba kusina kufanira. [[FLT: 0]2022 nzvero yakaitwa neNorthern Ireland Policing Board yakawana kuti nepo chivimbo chose chose muPSNI chakakwirira pakati pavaPurotesitendi, inova yakajeka zvikuru pakati pavaKaturike, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzinoshanda dzesangano renyika. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika dzinochengeterwa nyika, PSNI ichiri kurangarirwa nenyumwiro, uye vakuru vakuru vanozengurira kutenderera pasina motokari dzinodzivirira.

Nhano dzemapurisa enzanga dzave dziri huru kumuenzaniso wokuchinja, asi fambiro mberi inononoka. Chivimbo chinovaka hachidi bedzi kuvapo kunooneka asi mubatanidzwa wechokwadi navanhu vomunzvimbomo. Ikoku kwakaoma zvikuru munharaunda umo mauto — ose ari maviri nyika yapamutemo neakavimbika — anopfuurira kushandisa udzori, achishanda zvimiro zvawo amene zve "ruramisiro" uye anotyisidzira avo vanobatira pamwe namapurisa. PSNI inofanira kuronga mutsetse wakaisvonaka pakati pomutevedzero nebvumirano yenzanga, kazhinji kazhinji nepfuma isina kukwana.

Nhaka Yamasimba Masimba Nokuzvidavirira

Zvichida hapana nhau yakazadzwa zvikuru kupfuura nzira yokugadzirisa nayo zvakaitika. Zvinetso zvakasiyiwa zvinopfuura 3 600 zvakafa uye makumi ezviuru zvakakuvadzwa. Vazhinji vaavo vakaurawa vakanga vari mumaoko emauto echengeteko, kubatanidza Ruc neBritish Army. Kuvanyajambwa navapukunyuki, kuzvidavirira chinodikanwa nokuda kweyananiso. Bva hurumende dzinotevedzana dzakarwisa kuwana gadziriro inogutsa mapoka ose.

Historical Enquiries Team (HET), yakatangwa muna 2005 kuti iongorore matambudziko akabatana nenzufu, yainetsana. 2013 kuongorora kwakaitwa neHer Monaster’s Inpectorate of Consataling yakawana kuti HET yakanga yashandisa mipimo yakasiyana pazviitiko zvaibatanidza mauto aienzaniswa nemauto, zvichideredza kuvimbika kwayo.

Muna 2021, hurumende yeUK yakabudisa Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Bill, iyo inokarakadza mutemo weganhuriro nokuda kwemhosva dzakaitwa pamberi pa1998 uye kondirakiti itsva yakazvimirira nokuda kwokunaya mashoko. Chibvumirano chacho chave chiri chakashurikidzwa zvakasimba namasangano ekodzero dzevanhu [, mapoka avanyajambwa, uye hurumende yeIreland. Vatsoropodzi vanoramba kuti chisaririra chevapo chevapari uye kuramba mhuri kodzero yezvokwadi neruramisiro mukuwirirana neKokorodzano yeEurope yekodzero dzevanhu.

Zvikamu Zvezvamatongerwe Enyika Nezvipingamupinyi Zvemasangano

Chinjo inodzorwa muNorthern Ireland haingagoni kutsaurwa kubva kumashoko akapoteredza ezvematongerwe enyika. Masangano anobvisa simba naanodzora paSponsont akamiswa kanoverengeka, nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikurusa kubva muna 2020 kusvikirazve ku 2022 kusvikira kumavambo a2024. Mukati menhambo idzi dzokuoma kwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvisarudzo zvine mupimo pakushanda — kubatanidza mabhajeti, tarisiro, uye kugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru — zvakasiyiwa mudangwe.

Uyezve, mapoka maviri makurusa, Democratic Union Party (Dupu) naSin Féin, ane nzvimbo dzakasiana zvikuru pakuchinja mapurisa. Nepo Sinn Féin zvino achitsigira PSNI uye anokurudzira varwi kuti vabatane, mubato unoramba uchitsoropodza mitemo yakati uye wakada kuti pave nokuzvidavirira kukuru. Dupu, pari zvino, yakadzivisazve kuvandudza, ichitaura kuti kurumbidza kwePaten kwave kwaitwa zvizere uye kuti kurangarira kwacho zvino kunofanira kuva kwokushanda.

Kupesana kwezvematongerwo enyika uku kunoita kuti zviome kubvumirana panhau dzinoita kuti vanhu vafunge zvakadai sokufamba, mireza, uye kuyeuka — zvose zvinogona kukonzera nyonganyonga yenzanga uye kuongorora kusasarura kwemapurisa.

Kutyisidzira Kwechengeteko Kunopfuurira Kunobva Mumapoka Asina Kubatana

Nepo kumira kweIRA nokubviswa kwesimba zvakagumisa nhimbe huru yeRepublic, mapoka maduku akatsemuka akadai seIRA, ÓGLAING na hÉirean, uye Nhevedzo IRA ichiri kushanda. Vanoita tyisidziro inopfuurira asi yakaderera, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzemiganhu uye munharaunda dzeRepublic yeBelfast neDerry/Londonderry. Kudenha kunobatanidza kubhomba, kupfura, kurova, uye kudenha vakuru vakuru vamapurisa nemhuri dzavo.

Maererano ne PSNI inoyera , kwakanga kune zvinoitika zvinobatanidza chengeteko 81 mugore kusvikira kuna March 2024, kubatanidza 13 jasi rehondo nokudenha kwamauto 40. PSNI zvino inoyera mwero wetyisidziro kubva kuhurumende dzinopandukira muNorthern Ireland se "ede," zvinoreva denho ingabvira zvikuru.

Kuchengeteka uku kunoisa zvinenge zvichidiwa kuvakuru vakuru. Vanofanira kuita basa rokubhadharira nguva dzose pavanenge vakarinda. Kuora mwoyo kunokosha, uye kuora mwoyo kwakawanda kunokonzerwa nenjodzi dzinokonzerwa nePSNI kunoshumwa nevashandi vepashure pekushanda kwepasi pemvura. Kuzvidzora uye kuyeuka zvava nyaya dzakakomba, uye nhamba dziri kuramba dzichiderera mumakore achangopfuura.

Zvinetso Muchinjo Dzeruramisiro

Kubata Nezvakaitika Kare: Miedzo, Kubvunzurudzwa, uye Kupora Kwechokwadi

Gadziriro yeruramisiro muNorthern Ireland inoitwa basa nokubata zviitiko zvinononozeka, zvinorwadza zvokuratidzira Nhaka dzinobatanidzwa. Zvimwe zvaizvozvi zvinobatanidza pomero paaichimbova varwi, vakuru vakuru vemapurisa, uye vamiriri venyika. Kuoma kwekunzvera zvinoitika zvakaitika makumi amakore akapfuura, kazhinji kazhinji neufakazi hushomanene neyeuko dzinodzikira, ihuru. Kuuraya hakuwanzoitiki, uye apo kunoitika, vanogona kudzora kusawirirana kwenzanga.

Chinoitika chaMarine A (Alexander Blackman) uye kurovererwa kwamauto nokuda kwenzufu paSvondo yeBlood mienzaniso inozivikanwa. Panguva ino, Legacy Investigation Branch panguva ino ine mazana enhau dzakazaruka[, zhinji dzadzo dzave dzakavakwa kwamakore.

Kunaya kwechokwadi ndeimwe nhandare.Protocal Institution Abuse Inquiry neNzvero yaAmai naVana Homes inopfuurira nhano dzokubvuma zvikanganiso zvomunguva yakapfuura, asi kondirasi yezvokwadi yakakwana nokuda kweNhamo — sezvinorumbidzwa namapoka akawanda enzanga yehurumende — haina kutongotangwa. Commission itsva yakakarakadzwa yehurumende pasi peRegacy Bill ingashanda zvikurukuru seri kwemasuo akavharwa, ichisimudzira itiro pamusoro pokuvakwa kwechiedza nerudyi kukutonga kwakarurama.

Kuyanana Neruramisiro

Chimwe chenhamo hurusa munzanga dzapashure pokuvanza bvumirano idzikamo pakati peruramisiro inosimudzirwa nokudikanwa kwokuporeswa kwenzanga. MuNorthern Ireland, chisarudzo hachisati chiri bedzi pakati pekuroverera nokuregerera; chiri pamusoro penzira yokuita nayo nguva yemberi inogoverana apo unokudza vanyajambwa. Muitiro worugare wakavakirwa pakubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira: kusunungurwa kwapakuvamba kwavasungwa vezvamatongerwe enyika, kutangwa kwaPolice Ombudsman, uye kuumbwa kweNorthern Ireland Human Rights Commission.

Bva vanyajambwa vazhinji vanorangarira kuti ruramisiro yakaitirwa kutsiga. Vanopikisa kuti hurumende yave isingadi kutambudza mauto ayo imene, nepo mauto akatarisana bedzi nokuzvidavirira kwakaganhurirwa. Chitsama chemashoko chokuti "kodzero dzechiuto" chimene chazova chakadzorwa, nenzanga dzakasiana - siana dzichirondedzera shoko racho munzira dzinorwisana.

Gadziriro dzokuyananisa, dzakadai seidzo dzinodzorwa ne TRAuma Centre namapoka omupano michinjikwa, zvinoshanda pamwero wemidzi. Zvinounza vanyajambwa vanobva kumativi ose kuti vagoverane zvinoitika uye vanovaka nzwisiso. Kunyange zvazvo nhamburiko idzi dzichiva duku mukuenzaniswa noukuru hwemarwadzo aripo.

Kuzvimirira Kwakarongwa Nokubudirira

Chinjo dzapashure pa1988 dzakaita masangano matsva kuti atarisire mapurisa neruramisiro: Policence Board, Police Ombudsman, Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, uye Dare reMari yeHungwe reRevoiform. Kuzvimirira kwavo kunokosha, asi kazhinji kazhinji vakatarisana nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika neganhuriro dzemari. Mapurisa Ombudsman, somuenzaniso, ave ari panzvimbo yenharo pamusoro penhau dzawo, nokutaura kwefungira mano akaipa kubva kuvose vari vaviri vakabatana navatsigiriri venyika.

Gadziriro yemitemo inorwisanawo nedenho dzinoshanda. Dare muNorthern Ireland richiri kushanda pasina kutonga mhaka kwakakomba kwedare redare, kunozivikanwa se "matare e Diplock," nhaka yeNhamo. Nepo idzodzi dzakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kutyisidzirwa nedare redare, dzinoramba dziripo nokuda kwenhau dzinobatanidzwa nehondo, dzichimutsa nhau dzeruramisiro nechivimbo chavose. Kugadziridza aya matare muitiro unononoka, unotsamira pamugariro wechengeteko nechido chezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nzira Inofambira mberi: International Success and Local Agency

Masangano enyika yose ari kupfuurira kuita basa mukutsigira nhamburiko dzokuchinja. purogiramu yeEuropean Union’s Peace PLUS, inovambira muna 2027, inogovera mari yezvirongwa zvinosimudzira kuyanana, kugadziridzwazve kwezvemari, uye nzvimbo dzinogoveranwa. United States, kupfurikidza neEnvoy yayo Special for Northern Ireland, yavewo iri mutsigiri wechigarire wegadziriro yorugare, inokurudzira vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika kutsigira nheyo dzeGoond Frinth Auvement.

Zvisinei, chinjo inotsigirwa pakupedzisira inotsamira pavatambi vomunzvimbomo. PSNI yakaita fambiro mberi yapachokwadi mukuronga, kugamuchira rovedzo yamaruramiro avanhu, uye kunatsiridza basa rake rokubatana kwenzanga. Kuumbwa kweGaratik Policing and Community Safety Parnestivation shavices kwakapa vamiririri vomunzvimbomo navamiriri venzanga inzwi retsika muzvokuisa mapurisa pakutanga. Bva izvi zvivako zvinogona kushanda bedzi kana kune dzikamo yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Imwe nharaunda umo fambiro mberi inooneka ichiverengero chinowedzera chavakuru vakuru veKaturike. Muna 2023, kwenguva yokutanga, mukuru mukuru weKaturike — Mushandisi Mukuru Mark McEwan — akagadzwa kuimwe yenzvimbo ina dzapamusoro. Mitemo yeChiratidzo, asi inofanira kuperekedzwa nechinjo duku mumabatiro omutoo.

Chimwe chiratidzo chine tariro ichiverengero chinokura chegadziriro dzeruramisiro dzinovakwa nenzanga. Iyi gadziriro, inowanzotarisirwa namasangano omunzvimbomo netarisiro inobva kuPSNI, inogovera chimwe chirango kunzvimbo yezvirango zvehondo nokuda kwemhosva dzakaderera. Vanopa nzanga danda muchengeteko yavo vamene uye vanoderedza pesvedzero yamapoka akasvinurira. Zvisinei, inoramba ichiitiranwa nharo, zvikurukuru pakati pamasangano anopikisa kuti anoisa bato rehondo munzanga.

mhedziso

Denho dzechirongwa chamapurisa neruramisiro muNorthern Ireland hadzisi bedzi unyanzvi kana kuti udzori — ivo vanowiriraniswa zvikuru nokuzivikanwa, yeuko, uye simba. Muitiro worugare wakabudirira mukugumisa masimba masimba makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika, asi hauna kupedza kuputsika kukuru munzanga. Kuvaka basa remapurisa negadziriro yeruramisiro zvinoraira kuti nzanga dzose dzivimbwe ibasa rechizvarwa.

Mhinganidzo huru dzinosara: nzira yokubata nayo nhaka yeNhamo nenzira yakarurama neyakavimbika; nzira yokudzivisa nayo tyisidziro inopfuurira inobva kuvaparabhuriki vanopandukira pasina kutendeukira kugadziriro yehondo; nzira yokuwana nayo bvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika mumusangano unowanzova wakasiyana; uye nzira yokuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano akadai sePolicial Board nematare ose ari maviri akazvimirira uye anobudirira.

Asi kufambira mberi kwamakore 25 apfuura hakufaniri kurangarirwa sechinhu chisina kukwana. Chiono chomukuru mukuru wePSNI wekare weKaturike achifamba achitenderera nyika yeurudzi, kana kuti wezvematongerwe enyika weSinn Féin akagara paNorthern Ireland Policing Board, chaizova chisingafungiki muma 1980. Chinjo yave isina kukwana, yakakwikwikwidzwa, uye isina kukwana — asi yave iri chaiyoiyo. Nzira mberi inoda shiviriro, ushingi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuzvipira kunopfuurira kunheyo dzamaruramiro avanhu, kuzvidavirira, uye kuwirirana kunoumba Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu.

Nokuda kweNorthern Ireland, kurondwa kweruramisiro nechengeteko kunoramba kuri chiito chokusangwarira chokudzikamisa — icho chichasarudza kana rugare ruchizova rwechigarire zvirokwazvo kana kuti runoramba rwuri rune ganhuriro nokusingaperi.