Sumo

Democracy inopfuura gadziriro yehurumende inotonga mipimo inoumba kuti nzanga dzinogovera sei simba, dzinodzivirira rusununguko, uye dzinopedza rwisano. Panheyo yadzo, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inzvimbo dzinotonga vanhu, vanoshandisa chiremera ichocho nenzira yakananga kana kuti kupfurikidza navamiriri vakasarudzwa. Iyi nyaya inonzvera nheyo, mafambiro enhau, betsero dzenhau, zvinodenha, uye kushanda kwehurumende inodzorwa neinopfuura hafu yamarudzi enyika nhasi. Kunzwisisa ubati ushe hwhiya hunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi asi nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kutora rutivi rune revorevo.

Nheyo Dzamanyoro Dzoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu dzichisiyana zvikuru mumasangano adzo uye miitiro yadzo, dzinogoverana nheyo dzakavakirwa dzinodzisiyanisa negadziriro dzinodzvinyirira kana kuti dzinodzvinyirira.

Uchangamire Hwakakurumbira

uchangamire hwakakurumbira hunodavira kuti kuva pamutemo kwehurumende kunotorwa mukubvumira kwavadzorwi. Hapana mutongi, dzinza roumambo, kana kuti vakakwirira vanogona kutaura chiremera pasina tendero yavanhu. Iyi nheyo inosimbiswa muzvinyorwa zvakadai seUnited States Constitution (“Isu Vanhu”) uye French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Kuenzana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mugari wemo wose anofanira kuva nomukana wakaenzana wokupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvamatongerwe enyika.Izvi zvinoreva munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe; kukwanisa kushandira nzvimbo kwakaenzana; uye dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Kutonga Kukuru Nekodzero Dzouduku

Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nevoruzhinji, asi vakuru havagoni kuderedza kodzero dzinokosha dzevanhu vashoma. Uku kudzikama kunodzivisa “vadzvinyiriri voruzhinji” avo vanofunga saJohn Stuart Mill vakanyevera pamusoro pavo. Kudzivirirwa kweBumbiro remitemo, kuongororwa kwemitemo, uye zvikwereti zvekodzero dzinodzivirira mapoka evoruzhinji kuti arege kunyaradzwa kana kudzvinyirirwa.

Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe Norusununguko

Miganhu inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga rwakati, kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, runobudisa nhau, gungano, rudzidziso, uye kuva woga. Iyi maruramiro haapiwi nehurumende asi anorangarirwa kuva omuzvarirwo kuchiremera chohunhu. matare eependero negadziriro dzapamutemo zvinomanikidzira idzi dziviriro, zvichivimbisa kuti vagari vemo vanogona kutsoropodza hurumende pasina rutyo rwokutsiva.

Kutonga kwoMutemo

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, hapana munhu anopfuura mutemo() kunyange vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Mitemo inofanira kuva yakajeka, yavose, uye inoshandiswa zvakaenzana kuna vose. Kutonga kwomutemo kunodzivisa kushandisa simba kwoudzvinyiriri uye kunogovera gadziriro yokupedza nayo makakatanwa norugare. Iyi nheyo yakabatana zvikuru nokuparadzana kwemasimba nedare ramagariro.

Marudzi Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Masangano akasiyana - siyana anoshandisa misiyano inoratidzira nhau yawo, tsika, uye ukuru hwavagari vemo. Kunzwisisa aya marudzi kunobetsera kujekesa kuti kudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunogona sei kugadziridzwa kukuwirirana namapfundo akasiana - siana.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, vagari vemo vanovhota pachavo panzvimbo pokupa zvisarudzo kuvamiriri. Athens yekare yakashandisa chimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nechepamusoro umo vagari vemo vechirume vakaungana muGungano kuzokurukura uye voga pamitemo. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza kushandiswa kwemadherekiti nezvirongwa mumitemo yakadai seSwitzerland neCalifornia, umo vagari vemo vanogona kutendera kana kuti kuramba mutemo zvakananga. Democracy yakananga inoshanda zvakanakisisa munzanga duku kana kuti nokuda kwenhau dzakananga, asi inova isingashandi nokuda kwenzanga huru, dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Democracy youmiriri, inonziwo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu isina kunanga, ndiyo nzira yakapararira zvikurusa nhasi. Vagari vakasarudzwa kuti vamiririre fariro dzavo mumasangano emitemo. Ava vamiriri vanozvidavirira kupfurikidza nesarudzo dzenguva dzose, dzapachena, uye dzinoruramisira. Nyika dzakafanana neIndia, United Kingdom, Germany, uye Japan dzinotsamira pamasangano avamiriri. Betsero ndeyokuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanogona kunangidzira ngwariro pakudzora nguva yakazara, kutanga unyanzvi, uye kudzora kuoma kwehurumende dzazvino uno.

Kubatanidzwa Kwoutongi Hwose

Kubatanidzwa muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunopfuura kukurudzira kubatanidzwa kunopfuurira mumiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo.Izvi zvinogona kubatanidza misangano yehoro yetaundi, matare omunharaunda, kutongwa kwavose, uye bhajeti yokugovera mari, sezvinoshandiswa mumaguta akadai saPorto Alegre, Brazil. Nharidzano ndeyokuita kuti kudzora kuve kunogamuchira zvikuru uye kunobatanidza kupfurikidza nokupa vanhuwo zvavo inzwi rakananga munhau dzinotapura upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.

Ubati Ushe Hwokutonga Hwose Hwomuzvarirwo

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunosimbisa kurukurirano nekurukurirano pamberi pezvisarudzo zvisati zvaitwa. Panzvimbo pokungorega kuvhota, vagari vemo navamiriri vavo vanopinda mumuitiro wokurangarira kwakanangidzirwa kusvika bvumirano kana kuti kuvandudza murangariro wavose. Mienzaniso inobatanidza zvikwata zvavagari vemo, nzvero dzinodzorwa, uye magungano ebumbiro remitemo. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunotsvaka kuita zvisarudzo izvo zvisati zviri bedzi zvenhau huru asi zvakasanoumbwa uye zvapamutemo.

Utongi Hunosarudzwa Nehurumende Hunosarudzwa Nehurumende

Utongi hunosarudzwa nebumbiro remitemo hunoshanda pasi pebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kana kuti risina kunyorwa rinogadza miganhu pasimba rehurumende uye maruramiro makuru. Ikoku kunoganhurira udzori hwomutemo mukuru kupfurikidza nokuda kuti nheyo dzakati kuti “zvakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, muitiro wakafanira, uye maruramiro ezvinhu (zvisingagoni kuva nyore nyore. United States, Canada, Australia, uye marudzi mazhinji eEurope adzororwe nemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kukura kwahwo kwemakore ane chiuru, kuine zvinhu zvitsva, zvinovhiringidza, uye kutamburira kuti hubatanidzwe, hakuna kutanga zvachose.

Mavambo Ekare

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunozivikanwa hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hwakatanga kubuda muAthens munenge muna 508 BCE mugadziriro yakananga yehurumende yeAtene umo vagari vose vakasununguka vechirume vaigona kutora rutivi muGungano, Dare ra 500, uye matare akakurumbira. Zvisinei, yakabvisa vakadzi, varanda, uye vokumwe, yakaganhurira urefu hwayo. Roman Republic (50927 BCE) yakaumba mutemo wakavhengana navatongi vakasarudzwa, Dare, uye magungano akakurumbira, zvichipesvedzera mufungo wapashure pehurumende.

Kufambira Mberi KweMiddle Ages Nokuchinja Kwenguva Dzokukura

Pashure pokuwa kweRoma, kudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yakashatiswa zvikurukuru muEurope, kutsiviwa nechiRelifardism nehurumende.

Nguva Yokuvhenekerwa

Zana ramakore rechi17 nerechi18 rakabudisa hwaro hwouzivi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno. John Locke akatsigira kodzero dzomusikirwo nekodzero yavagari vemo yokukurira vatongi vasina kururama. Jean-Jacques Rousseau pfungwa ye “utongi” inosimbisa uchangamire hwakakurumbira. Chinjo yeAmerica (1776) neRevolution yechiFrench (1789) yakashandura iyi pfungwa kuva inoshandiswa, ichiumba marepublic akavakirwa pamiitiro yakanyorwa, zvikwereti zvekodzero, uye masangano anomirira. Kukura kwezvikwaniso zvenhu, zvikwanikiso zvemarudzi, uye ganhuriro zvechikadzi.

Mafungu Okuora Mwoyo

Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Samuel Huntington akazivisa mafungu matatu okuparadzanya kwedemocracy munhau yazvino uno. Sayenzi rokutanga (120s\-1920) rakaona kupararira kwamasangano edemokrase muWestern Europe, United States, uye dzimwe nyika dzeBritain. Sande rechipiri (1940-1960) rakatevera Hondo yeNyika II, sokuparadza nokukundwa kwechiFascism zvakatungamirira kuhurumende itsva yehurumende yehurumende yemogatorimu muAsia, Africa, uye Latin America. Supercent (1970s-19990) rakaunza democracy kumaodzanyemba kweEurope, Latin America, Eastern Europe pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union, uye mativi eAsia. Nhasi, mukuwirirana ne [FOLD:] Freedom Housem [FF1], mushumo wehurumende yedemocracratic, nyika dzakawanda dzinodzorwa zvikuru, nyika dzinodzorwa kudzorwa kupfura kupfura.

Betsero Dzoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Nyika dzinozvidzora dzinopa betsero dzinooneka dzinobetsera garikano yavanhu, kuterama, uye budiriro.

  • Kubhadharwa nokuratidzira: Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kupindura vanhu vose. Zvinobudisa nhau zvakasununguka, kuongorora kwazvinogara, uye mapoka anoshora anofumura uori nokusakwanisa.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero:[[[FLT: 1] Mabumbiro emitemo, zvikwereti zvekodzero, uye matare akazvimirira anodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokubudisa nhau, rwechitendero, uye rwekuungana, zvichideredza ngozi yokudzvinyirirwa kwenyika.
  • Kufambiswa kworugare kweSimba: Kusarudza kunogovera mutoo usina masimba masimba nokuda kwavatungamiriri vanochinja nemitemo. MaDemocracca haawanzoenda kuhondo nomumwe nomumwe(a kuwana kunozivikanwa serondedzero yorugare yedemokrasi.
  • Kukura kwemari: Hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinowirirana dzinokombamira kusimudzira mhoteredzo dzebhizimisi dziri nani, dzinodzivirira maruramiro ezvinhu, uye dzinoisa mudzidzo negadziriro, zvichitungamirira kumwero wakakwirira wekukura kwenhambo refu.
  • Ruramisiro yeSangano reHurumende: Masangano eDhemocratic anogamuchira zvikuru zvinodikanwa zvamapoka akaderedzwa, achisimudzira miitiro inoderedza kusaenzana nokuwedzera kusvika kuutano, dzidzo, uye dzimba.
  • Chitatisme Chibvumirano: Democracy inokurudzira kutora rutivi munzanga, uko kunovaka dzimbahwe renzanga uye pfungwa yokugoverana mutoro nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavose.

Zvinetso Zvokutonga Kuchido Choruzhinji

Zvinetso zveNguva Inotevera zvinotyisidzira kugadzikana uye kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose.

Uori

Vakuru vakuru vehurumende pavanoshandisa simba ravo kuti vawane pfuma yomunhu oga, kuvimba nesangano rinoparadzwa. Uori hunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: chiokomuhomwe, kupiwa chiokomuhomwe, kuparadzwa kwemabhizimisi, uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemari. Kunosekesa nheyo yokuenzana mune zvematongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokubvumira vapfumi kutenga pesvedzero. Nyika dzine mwero yakakwirira youori kazhinji kazhinji dzinoona muvhoti akaderera uye kuderera kwomutemo.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kupesana kukuru pakati pemasangano ezvematongerwe enyika nemapoka epfungwa kunogona kutungamirira kukusawirirana kwemitemo, kusagadzikana kwenzanga, uye kuputsika kwetsika.Muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, kusabatana kwepfungwa kunokurudzira vavhoti kuti varangarire vavengi panzvimbo pevanokwikwidza.

Kusakendenga Nokusatora Rutivi

Kana vagari vemo vakasarudza kusavhota kana kuti kusabatanidzwa, udzori hunova huduku. Kufamba pasi kazhinji kazhinji kunotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vaduku, varombo, uye vashomanene, zvinhu zvinotanga zvomutemo. Kusakendenga kwemiitiro kungabva mukuodzwa mwoyo, kushaikwa kwamashoko, kana kuti kusashanda kunoratidzika kwetsika.

Kusazivisa uye Kusaziva

Vatambi vokune dzimwe nyika uye mapoka omudzimba vanogona kushandisa pfungwa dzevanhu, kudzvinyirira kana kuti kukurudzira chisimba. Maarufabheti okukurukurirana paIndaneti anowanzoita kuti mashoko anoshamisa anenge aripo asiyane nengano. Kubudisa mashoko enhema kunoda kuti vanhu vazive kuti vanyore, vazvipindurire, uye vasada kunyora nyaya dzepachikuva.

Kubudisa Mabhodhoro Nokudzorera Kunosarudzwa Nehurumende

Vatungamiriri vePopulist vanotaura kuti vanomirira “vanhu” vanomirira kudenha kwakashata kunowanzova kudenha nedzikamo, dare rejeri, mapepanhau akasununguka, uye maruramiro maduku. Nepo vangakunda sarudzo, zviito zvavo zvinogona kubvisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mukati macho. Mienzaniso inobatanidza nhamburiko dzokusekesa matare anozvimirira, kubvisa chishoro, uye kupa ngwariro kusimba rapamusoro. Mukuwirirana nechirongwa chaDerciatence (VVEM)[FT:1], nhamba yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu yakaderera mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nenyika dzakawanda dzakawana “kuchinja.

Kusaenzana Kwemari

Kuwandisa kwepfuma kwakanyanyisa kunokanganisa kuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vapfumi vane kukwanisa kukurira kwakawanda kwevezvematongerwe enyika, kukurudzira, uye kubudisa nhau, kuchivagonesa kuumba mitemo kuti ive betsero yavo. Gadziriro dzemari dzemukakavadzani idzo dzinobvumira mari isina kuganhurirwa kugona kuita kuti sarudzo dzive mhindu. Mitero inofambira mberi, kugadziridzwa kwemari yemari, uye mabasa anoitwa navanhu vakasimba zvinogona kubetsera kuderedza iyi miuyo.

Mashandiro Anoita Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora: Masangano Anokosha Nemafambiro

Kunzwisisa nzira dzinoshandiswa nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu kunobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa basa ravo uye simba regadziriro yacho.

Kufamba Kwazvinoita

Zvisarudzo ikokuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Muitiro unobatanidza: kunyoresa kwokuvhota (kuvimbisa bedzi kuva nechokwadi chavagari vemo vanokwaniriswa vhoti); nhimbe (uko vapapatiri navanoda kusarudzwa vanopa zvikuva zvavo); vhoti (kupfurikidza nokuvhotera kwapachivande kudzivisa kumanikidza); kurangarira nokurevererwa; uye ziziviso dzemiuyo. Sarudzo yakasununguka neinosarudzo dzinoda mavhota, kusvika kunzvimbo dzokuvhotera, uye dziviriro mukurwisana nokunyengera kana kuti kutyisidzira. Democracys inoshandisawo kuratidzira kwakarongwa, kuvhotera kwakarongwa, kana kuti gadziriro dzakavhengana kuti zvisarure zviri nani kuti zvishandurire mavhoti.

Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi rehurumende kuva rine simba zvikuru, rinoparadzanisa chiremera chehurumende pakati pechiremera chavakuru vakuru (mitemo inodzorwa), mitemo yemitemo (inoita mitemo), uye kutonga. Uku kuparadzana, kwakabatanidzwa necheki nedzinodzikamo, kunovimbisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuganhurira mamwe. Somuenzaniso, mutezo wehurumende unogona kukunda vapurezidhendi vehurumende, mukuru mukuru anogona kugadza vatongi vanozviisa pasi petendero yemitemo, uye vatongi vejadhikia vanogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa mutemo.

Nzanga Yavagari Vemo Nemapoka Anofarira

Kupfuura hurumende, nzanga yavagari vemo ine simba (kubatanidza masangano avanhu ane simba asiri ehurumende), masangano ezvokutengeserana, masangano enyanzvi, uye mapoka enzanga) inoita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira fariro, kuzvidavirira kwesimba, uye kupa mabasa. Mapoka efariro anogamuchira nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakati, nepo masangano anorinda mufambiro wehurumende ndokuzivisa vanhu.

Mapepanhau Akasununguka Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Manyuko akasununguka uye anozvimirira anowanzonzi “nzvimbo yechina” nemhaka yokuti anoratidzira kusasarura, kuzivisa vagari vemo, uye kugovera nzvimbo yekurukurirano yavose. Kupa mishumo yenhau yezvemari kunokosha nokuda kwokufumura uori uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire. Muhurumende dzakawanda, masangano okubudisa nhau dzavose (seBBC) chinangwa chokugovera mashoko asina chizivano, nepo maredhiyo emunhu oga anopa mhatsa yemifungo. Kukwira kwemichina yekombiyuta kwaita zvose zviri zviviri mashoko anodzorwa uye kuparira zvinetso zvemashoko enhema namakireji.

Mufundisi Nokutonga kwoMutemo

Matare muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu anofanira kuva akazvimirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Basa rawo rinobatanidza kududzira bumbiro remitemo, kuratidzira makakatanwa, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvehurumende zvinogara mukati memiganhu yapamutemo. Kuhwirudzura dare kunobvumira kurova mitemo isina murairo. Kugadza vatongi kupfurikidza nemiitiro ine revo uye kuvadzivirira pakubvisa kusasarura kwavo.

Basa Revagari Vomunyika Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kuda kutora rutivi kwokushingaira, kwokuziva kunobva kuvagari vayo kuti varambe vane utano hwakanaka.

Kushambadza uye Kusarudza

Kutamba kukurusa chiito chekutora rutivi nedemocracy. Vagari vanofanira kunyoresa, vanoda kunzvera nenhau, uye kukanda zvivhoti zvavo musarudzo iri yose(koga, nzvimbo, nharaunda, uye nyika. Mwero yeTurmout inosiana zvikuru pakati penyika; mumarudzi ane vhotera yokumanikidzira kufanana neAustralia, inopfuura 90%, nepo muUnited States inosvika pa 60% nokuda kwesarudzo yapurezidhendi. Kuderera kwemifungo inoitwa necherongedzero shomanene yevagari vemo.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, kodzero dzipi dzinodzivirirwa, uye kuti ungabatanidzwa sei mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika zvinokosha. Zvikoro, maraibhurari, uye masangano enzanga zvine mutoro wokudzidzisa zivo yehurumende nokurangarira kwokutsoropodza. Pasina dzidzo yakakwana yehurumende, vagari vemo vanotapurwa zvikuru namashoko asina kururama uye madzoro.

Kuramba Uchiziva

Vamiririri vanotsamira pavavhoti vane ruzivo. Vagari vanofanira kutsvaka manyuko enhau akavimbika, kurava kupfuura misoro mikuru yenhau, uye kuyera mashoko vasati vaagoverana. Kubatanidzwa nemirangariro yakasiana - siana (kubatanidza ayo anodenha zvitendero zvomunhu amene) zvinobetsera kuvaka tsitsi nenzwisiso yakajeka zvikuru yenhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Kushora Nounyengeri

Apo mitemo kana kuti mitemo inenge isina kururama, vagari vemo vane maruramiro okuungana, kukumbira, uye kutsutsumwa norugare. Nhau inoratidza kuti uswa hunotanga kufambiswa (kuvambira pasangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States kusvikira kusangano reUnitationalism muPoland(ave ari masimba ane simba nokuda kwokuchinja kwedemokrati. Nhimbe dzechibvumirano, manyoro, uye kusangana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa zvinopesvedzerawo kuita chisarudzo.

Kumhanya Nokuda Kwehofisi Nebasa Ravose

Imwe yenzira dzakananga zvikurusa dzokuumba nayo kudzora ndeyokuva mutevedzeri webasa rehurumende dzakawanda dzine miitiro yokukurudzira vagariwo zvavo kuti vabate, kubatanidza mirau yemibato yemari yenhimbe neganhuriro dzeshoko. Kubatira pamabhodhi ezvikoro omunzvimbomo, madare eguta, kana kuti matare okuronga zvivako kunogoverawo pasina kutsvaka nzvimbo yenyika.

mhedziso

Dhimocracy igadziriro inoshanda zvikuru, inoshandura inoita kuti pave nesimba, inotsamira pakutora rutivi kwokushingaira kwevagari vemo vanoziva, masangano akasimba, uye tsika yokushivirira nokukurukurirana. Nepo ichitarisana nedenho dzakakomba(kubatanidza kubvisa rusununguko, kupesana, uye kudzorwa kwehurumende yekoseroruzhinji) ((Dhiyamocracy of theography). Nheyo dzemitemo youchangamire hwakakurumbira, kuenzana, uye utongi hwezvamatongerwe enyika zvinova zvinokosha. Kudzidzisa uye kudzidza nezvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu havasi basa risingarevi basa rinongoitirwa; ibasa rokudzivirira nokuvandudza masangano ehurumende inodzivirira nokuvandudza masangano edu. Sangano yemarudziromarudzirokutonga enyika inopa kusimbisa kururamisira kusimba kwehurumende navanhu vose, uye kupfuudza kupfumisa kutsigira kubatana kwehurumende zvoutongi hwehurumende hwehurumende.