Sumo

Gadziriro dzokutonga kupota nyika inoratidzira misiano mikuru youzivi pamusoro porupo nokushandiswa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Pakati pemienzaniso yakasiana zvikurusa pane Democratic Centralism nePluralist Democracy. Democratic Centralism, yakavakirwa murondedzero yesangano reLeninin, inoisa chinzwano nechirango mukati mebato ravancure, nepo Prustist Democracy Democracy, yakatorwa mumufungo wehurumende yehurumende inoregeredza, inosimbisa makwikwi amapoka efariro akasiyana - siyana. Iyi nzvero inonzvera mavambo, zvishandiso chaizvoizvo zvenyika chaiyoiyo, mano, uye utera hwemuenzaniso mumwe nomumwe, zvichipa kuenzanisa kwakakwana nokuda kwavadzidzi uye vanoshandisa sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chii Chinonzi Kuda Kudzora Nyika?

Democratic Centralism inheyo yesangano romukati rakatanga kurondedzerwa naVladimir Lenin mubhukwana rake ra1902 Chii Chiri Kufanira Kuitwa? Yakaumba gadziriro yenheyo yeBolshevik Party uye gare gare yakava nheyo yokuronga nokuda kwamasangano echikomonisiti munyika yose. Murangariro wacho unova pazvinhu zvina zvikuru: rusununguko rwekurukurirano pamberi pechisarudzo, chinzwano chechiito pashure pechisarudzo, sarudzori rwemiviri yose inotungamirira kubva pasi, uye kuzvidavirira kwemitumbi iyi kumitezo. Zvisinei, “democraticism" rutivi kazhinji kazhinji rwave rwuri pasi poudzori pakati, zvikurukuru pasi pehurumende dzeStalian.

Muchimiro chayo chakakodzera, Democratic Centralism inobvumira mitezo kukurukura nhevedzano pachena mukati medaviti rokuita chisarudzo. Kana vhoti yangoitwa bedzi, zvisinei, vashomanene vanosungirwa kugamuchira chisarudzo chikuru ndokuchishandisa pasina kumwezve kupesana. Ikoku kunovimbisa chiito chinokurumidza, chakabatanidzwa (a betsero huru nokuda kwemapoka anotarisana nokudzvinyirirwa kwehurumende. Muenzanisiro unodawo kuti mitezo yose yebato, kubva kumasero omunzvimbomo kusvikira kudare rapakati, isarudzwe nemitezo, sezvinonzi inogovera kuzvidavirira kwemidziyo youswa.

Munhau dzakaitika, Democratic Centralism yakatangwa muSoviet Union, People’s Republic of China, Cuba, uye dzimwe nyika dzine chikamu chimwe. Mune idzi nyika, nheyo yacho yaiwanzochinja kuva gadziriro yokudzora yakakwirira, nokusabvumirana kudzorwa kupfurikidza nokuchenesa, kuongororwa, kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti “democratic" inova chitarisiko chapamberi apo vatungamiriri vebato vanodzora miitiro uye vanodzvinyirira mirangariro.

Mativi Anokosha Ari Mukushandiswa

  • Chisarudzo chakaitwa: Mitemo mikuru inosarudzwa nedare rapakati kana kuti polituro, ine mwero yakaderera inokarirwa kuwirirana.
  • [ Chirango: Mitezo inofanira kutsigira pachena zvisarudzo zvakaitwa pakare; chibvumirano chinorambidzwa.
  • Mutemo weOligarchy: Pasinei zvapo nezvisarudzo, simba rinokombamira kuisa ngwariro muboka duku routungamiriri, sezvinorondedzerwa naRobert Michels.
  • Chirevo chakarongwa: Boka rinotonga bedzi rinobvumirwa, uye manzwi etsoropodzo anoderedzwa.

Chii Chinonzi Utongi Hworuzhinji Hwevatongi?

Puralist Democracy muenzaniso wehurumende umo simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoparadzirwa pakati pamapoka akawanda anokwikwidzana, zvikamu zvezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano, mubatanidzwa wavashandi, uye masangano enzanga. Nheyo dzerondedzero dzakatangwa navafungi vakadai saJames Madison (Feralist N. 10), uyo akapikisa kuti republic huru ine mapoka mazhinji yaizodzivisa rondedzero imwe ipi neipi inodzorwa. Rondedzero yezvino uno yezvikamu zvezvamatongerwe enyika yakatangwa naRobert Dahl, uyo ane basa ra1961 ndivanaani? vakaratidzira kuti simba mumaguta akawanda eAmerica rakapararira panzvimbo pezvo kuiswa muboka rimwe.

Mugadziriro yezvokuvhota, vagari vemo vanotora rutivi kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kukumbanira mapoka ezvisarudzo, kunyunyuta, uye kubatanidzwa muhurukuro yavose. Miuyo yemiitiro inobva mukutaurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati pamapoka, nehurumende ichishanda somutsigiri. Muenzaniso unorangarira kuti fariro dzose dzinokosha dzine banza rokuronga nokupesvedzera zvisarudzo, kuchidzivisa vakuru vakuru vechigarire kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakaiswa mumitezo kuti vasadzora.

Utongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu hunosarudzwa nevanhu hunonyanya kuonekwa nokuongorora kwebumbiro remitemo uye kudzikamisa, matare evatongi anozvitonga, mavhota akasununguka, uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu.

Michina

  • Makwikwi eGroup: Mapoka akapoteredza fariro dzemari, dzenzanga, dzetsika, kana kuti dzorudzidziso uye kupesvedzera hurumende nokuda kwemiitiro yakanaka.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Sarudzo yenguva dzose dzinobvumira vagari vemo kutsiva vamiriri, kuvimbisa kupindura.
  • [ Kuparadzaniswa kwaMasimba:[[FL:1] Chirevo, chigaro, uye mabazu anotonga zvinonzverana, zvichidzivisa kuisa simba.
  • Civil Society: Mubatanidzwa mukuru wamasangano asiri ehurumende, zvinobudisa nhau, uye mapoka enzanga anoyamura kutora rutivi.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa Kwemienzaniso Yokutonga

Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati peDemocratic Centralism nePlaralist Democracy kunoda kunzvera mipimo inoverengeka: miitiro yokuita zvisarudzo, kutora rutivi, kugoverwa kwesimba, kuzvidavirira, uye kuchinjika. Ndaza iri pasi apa inopfupikisa misiyano mikuru, asi kunzvera kukuru kunotevera.

Kuisa chisarudzo: Kumusoro- Hasi v. Decentralized

MuDemocratic Centralism, kuita chisarudzo inhau inodzorwa. Nhevedzo huru dzemitemo dzinoiswa noutungamiriri hwapakati, kazhinji kazhinji pashure pekurukurirano yapakati yakaganhurirwa. Chinzvimbo nefaira zvinokarirwa kushandisa nhungamiro pasina kupanikira. Uyu muenzaniso unoshanda apo chiito chokukurumidza chinodikanwa (somuenzaniso, mukati mechinjo kana kuti nguva yehondo. Zvisinei, inodzivisa chinetso chokugadzira zvinhu uye inogona kutungamirira kuzvikanganiso zvine ngwavaira apo vatungamiriri vanodzivisirwa padaviso. Tsitsi reSoviet kungwavaira yeChernobyl muna 1986herboxhel hexis, sezvo zviremera zvomunzvimbomo zvaishaiwa simba rokuita chiito nokukurumidza.

Democracy yavanhu vanotora hurumende inoyera, mukupesana, inogovera zvisarudzo mumapoka akawanda anoberekana. Mitemo inobuda mukurukurirano pakati pemapoka ezviwaro, matare emitemo, masangano ehurumende, uye pane dzimwe nguva inonangidzira vhoti dzevagari vemo. Iyi nzira inodzorwa inononoka asi inobvumira gadziridzo huru nedzinowedzera. Kuchinja kwezvoutano kweAmerica, kunobatanidza makumi amakore ekurukurirano pakati pevabudisi, vagoveri, mapoka anoshivirira, uye vezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinoenzanisira kuoma kwekuita chisarudzo chemitengo.

Kupindura Pachena: Kudzora mitsetse.

Democratic Centralism inoganhurira kutora rutivi kumitezo yebato, uye kunyange mukati mebato, pesvedzero ine revo inoganhurirwa kuvakakwirira. Vagariwo zvavo vanokarirwa kutsigira mitemo yebato kupfurikidza namasangano makuru asi havapiwi simba rokuidenha. MuSoviet Union, sarudzo dzakanga dzisingakwikwidziri, nemutsigiri mumwe bedzi pachigaro chimwe. Iyi gadziriro yakaderedza kupesana asi yakaparadzanisawo vagari vemo kubva muudzori, kuchiparira kuva nomutemo wakaderera.

Democracy yezvoutongi inokurudzira kutora rutivi kwakapararira kupfurikidza nemikoto mizhinji. Vagari vanogona kuvhota, kukumbanira mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika, kuronga mapoka ezviwanira mhindu, kupinda horo dzemataundi, kusaina zvikumbiro, kana kuti kumhanyira kunzvimbo. Chikarakadzo ndechokuti vagari vemo vakapikirwa vanochengeta kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Zvisinei, kutora rutivi kazhinji hakuenzaniswi; vanhu vakapfuma uye vakadzidza zviri nani vanotora rutivi, kuchitungamirira kukufungira mirangariro kumiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yevapfumi vakapfuma . Gilens nePage (200[FFF:1]]]]

Kuparadzirwa Kwesimba: Kupa ngwariro nezvinopesana.

Democratic Centralism inonangidzira simba mubato rimwe kana kuti sangano routungamiriri. Masangano ebato anodzora nyika, chiuto, upfumi, uye zvinobudisa nhau. Uku kungwara kunogona kuita kuti pave neindasitiri dzinokurumidza kana kuti kuunganidza kwenyika (sezvinoonekwa muzvirongwa zvaMao’s China kana kuti Stalin zvegore mashanu) asi pakurasikirwa kukuru. Kushayikwa kwemasangano akazvimirira kunoreva kuti pane nzvero shomanene pakubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Democracy yavose inoparadzira simba pakati pamapoka mazhinji namasangano. Hurumende inokamurwa kuva mapazu, uye vatambi vavanhu voga (mabhizimisi, masangano, NGO) vanobata zviwanikwa zvakazvimirira. Uku kupararira kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti boka ripi neripi rikurire, asi kunogonawo kutungamirira kukuronga kana kuti kubata kupfurikidza neboka duku. Mancur Olson’s rechiito cheboka rimwe chete[[ kutsanangura kuti fariro huru, huru kazhinji kazhinji dzinokurira sei.

Kuchinjika uye Kuchinjika

Democratic Centralism inooma nokugadzira. Chirango cheboka chinoda kuvimbika kuzvisarudzo kunyange apo zvinobvumikisa kuva zvisina kururama. Uku kuoma kunogona kudzivisa gadziridzo dzetsika; somuenzaniso, kunamatira kunopfuurira kugadziriro huru yeSoviet Union pashure penguva refu pashure pokunge manyuko ayo avapo pachena akanga ari pachena murutivi nemhaka yokudzikamisa kwepfungwa. Mukupesana, gadziriro dzokuti vanhu vazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinobvumira kuchinja kwapashoma napashoma kupfurikidza nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Zvisinei, kuchinjika kunogonawo kuguma nemitemo yakasiana apo fariro zhinji dzinopesvedzera mumipimo yakasiana.

Nzvero Yenhau

Democratic Centralism muSoviet Union

Soviet Union yakaenzanisira Democratic Centralism kubvira muna 1917 kusvikira muna 1991. Musangano weLenin, wakabvumira kurukurirano yakaganhurirwa mukusawirirana mukati mamakore apakuvamba, asi Stalin akabvisa kusabvumirana kwose ne 1930. Komonisiti yeCommunist Party yeSoviet Union (CPSU) yakadzora rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu, Polituro ichiita zvisarudzo izvo panguva iyeyo zvakanga zvaiswa nerabha nebato rakaderera rechelon. 1936 “Stalin Constitution yakavimbisa nenzira yapamutemo kodzero, asi mukushanda, boka racho rakachengeta udzori hwakakwana kupfurikidza negadziriro yenomenklatura, mapurisa akavanzika, uye kudzorwa kwechishoro. Muenzanisiro wokubudirira yapakuvamba muHondo yehondo yenyika II wakabetserawo kukunda, kudzorwa kukuru kwezve mune zvemari, uye pakupedzisira kuparadzwa.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu muUnited States

United States inowanzorangarirwa somuenzaniso mukuru wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. James Madison’s Federal List No. 10 yakataura kuti republic huru ine mapoka akawanda yaizodzivisa udzvinyiriri hwamasimba mazhinji. Kuparadzana kweBumbiro reMitemo yeSinai reHurumende, rehurumende, uye Bill of Rights yakatanga mapfundo akawanda okuwana mapoka ezvisakiso. Mumazana amakore, mapoka anomirira basa, kodzero dzavagari vemo, mhoteredzo, uye zvimwe zvikonzero zvakaumba muitiro. Bva nyanzvi dzakafanana Gilens nePagen dzinopikisa kuti zviremera zvemari nefamberi dzebhizimisi zvine pesvedzero inodenha kwezvakaenzana muuzhinji. Kunyanguvezvo, tsika yakaratidzira kugadziridza nokuchinja, sechibvumirano chamagariro echivomumubatanidzwa muTrevomuno yeChika cha 1964, chikamuka chika chamagaro chakabuda muboka chapa.

Utongi Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu muIndia

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, inoshanda mugadziriro yakasiana--- siyana yamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano akavakirwa pamapoka echiHindu, mapoka orudzidziso, uye fariro dzomunharaunda. Gadziriro yehurumende, hurumende dzakabatana, uye nzanga yavagari vemo yakasimba zvinogonesa kukurukura pakati pamapoka anokwikwikwidzana. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvinobatanidza kusaenzana kukuru, uori, uye masimba omunzanga anowanzoedza nheyo dzezvokupesana. Chinoitika cheIndia chinoratidza kuti kupesana kwemapoka kunogona kushanda kunyange munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru, asi kushanda kwadzo kunotsamira padziviriro dzesangano.

Betsero Nedzipi Dzinodzokororwa

Betsero Dzechiuto

  • Kudzikama: Kuitwa kwapakarepo kwemiitiro pasina kukurukurirana kwakakomba.
  • [[FT:0] Usina kururama: Nhevedzo imwe yezvamatongerwe enyika inoderedza kukamukana nenyongano yavose.
  • Kuisa panzvimbo yazvo : mano okubatanidza zviwanikwa zvenyika nokuda kwemabasa makuru echiyero (umh., mapurogiramu enzvimbo, mafashoni).
  • [[FT:0] Kutsakatika: Kudzongonyedzwa kwekudzivisa kuvhiringika, zvikurukuru mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzechiuto

  • Dzvinyiriro yeKusabvuma: Vatsoropodzi vanotarisana nechitambudzo, kuchitungamirira kukurasikirwa nokuvandudza nokuzvidavirira.
  • Rack of difault: Vagariwo zvavo vemo vane inzwi rakaganhurirwa; muitiro ungafuratira zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo.
  • Kupa simba rakarongwa risingatarisirwi kunoparira kubatana nokusatarisira.
  • Legitamite Deficit: Vanhu vangabva mutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchitungamirira kuparadzano.

Betsero Dzoutongi Hunosarudzwa Navanhu Vasina Kutsarukana

  • [[FT:0] Kutsigisa: Mapoka akawanda anogona kutsigira fariro dzakasiyana, kusimudzira kumirira.
  • [[FT:0] Ubhangi: Kusarudzwa uye muchina wokutsikirira wapachena unonzvera simba rehurumende.
  • [ Tsika: Tsika dzinogona kugadziridzwa kupfurikidza nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nokuchinja.
  • Kuchinja: Makwikwi epfungwa anokurudzira kugadziridza zvinetso zvenzanga.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzoutongi Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

  • Gridbock: Mitsetse inopfuura mwero inogona kudzora mutemo uri madikanwa.
  • [ Kuenzana kweHuriro:[ kudzora miuyo yemiitiro, kuchisekesa kutora rutivi kwakaenzana.
  • Kunatsiridza kwenhambo nenhambo: ganhuriro dzechinyakare dzinoita kuti mitemo ive yebetsero dzapakarepo kupfuura kuisa mari mumari kwenguva refu.
  • [[FFL:0] Fragment: Fariro zhinji zvikuru dzinokwikwidzana dzinogona kuparira muitiro wokusawirirana uye kushata kwezivikanwo yenyika.

Masangano: Lenin vs. Madison

Democratic Centralism inotora zvikuru murondedzero yaLenin yebato ravanguard. Mu Chii Chiri Chinofanira Kuitwa?, Lenin akataura kuti vashandi, vakaganhurirwa ne “mubatanidzwa," vaida boka rinotsiviwa rokuchinja kuti vavatungamirire kusangano regutsaruzhinji. Iri chiremera chakaruramiswa nechirango chakasimba. Muenzaniso gare gare wakasimbiswa naStalin mu“ The Foundations of Lenicineism" uye kugamuchirwa namasangano echikomonisiti munyika yose.

Puranst Democracy, mukupesana, yakatangwa mugamuchidzanwa rakasununguka. Madison akanyevera pamusoro peidi asi akaona republic huru semushonga wakanakisisa wengozi dzayo. Vapfumi vazvino uno vakafanana naRobert Dahl (] A Preface of Democratic Theory [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]) inosimbisa kuti democracy inoda polycy /3] commandy /rupy /lm navazhinji (ne migariro yakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, manyuko akasiana namashoko, uye kuvanzi vadzose. Vose vari vaviri Lenicen naMagnes vaice vaiitira hanya nokudzivisa udzvinyiriridzori, asi vakawana manyuko: Renictist shantist; Madevison shoust shoust.

Miitiro Yezvinotevera Nemagariro Emahrori

Muzana remakore rechi21, zvimiro zvishoma chaizvo zvemienzaniso zviripo. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvechikamu (China, Vietnam, Laos) zvichiri kunamatira nenzira yepamutemo kuDemocratic Centralism asi zvakatanga kuganhurirwa kwezvemari (zvizivikanwo zvechikomyunizimu) zvichiri kuramba zviri zvoga. “hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose yeChina inoratidzwa sechinjo, asi ichiri kushandiswa, kuita chisarudzo kunoramba kuchidzorwa zvakasimba neKomonisiti yeKomonisiti yeKomonisiti.

Hurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa dzinotarisana nedenho dzinobva murusando rwezvisariranwa, uye kusaenzana kwemitemo yemhindumupinyi zvinokanganisa makwikwi eboka. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kuMadokero dziri kufambira ku “bumbiro remitemo rechiremera rehurumende dzechipavhuru,” umo makwikwi okuwedzera anoramba achikura asi akaderera. Munguva ino, kuedza muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose (g., magungano avagari vemo) kuri kuvavarira kukudza kudzora vanhu vazhinji kupfurikidza nokupa vagariwo zvavo simba rakananga, kuchikurira kudzora.

Mienzaniso inodzora yakadzorwa pane dzimwe nguva inobatanidza zvinhu: somuenzaniso, Singapore inobatanidza sarudzo yamakwikwi noudzori hukuru hwehurumende nerusununguko rwavanhu rwakaganhurirwa, kazhinji kazhinji runorondedzerwa se “hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.” Kusawirirana pakati pekubudirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuwanda kunoramba kuri rutivi rukuru rwekubudirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika munyika yose.

mhedziso

Democratic Centralism nePururast inomirira mativi anopesana ehurumende. Dhipatimende rekare rinoisa miganhu yezvisarudzo, chirango, uye kushanda zvakanaka, kazhinji kazhinji pandyiko dzorusununguko rwomunhu oga nokutora rutivi kwakafara. Mipimo yekupedzisira, kuzvidavirira, uye makwikwi, asi inogona kutambura nepesvedzero isina kuoma uye isina kuenzana. Zvose zviri zviviri zvakabudisa zviitwa zvinooneka nokukundikana kwakakomba. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anopfuurira kukurukura kana synthesis ichibvira (gadziriro inobatanidza chiito chapachokwadi nokutora rutivi rwechokwadi uye kunzvera simba. Nokuda kwavadzidzi vokudzora, kunzwisisa iyi mifananidzo inogovera magiramu anonzvera namasimba akasiana namasangano ezvematongerwe enyika akasiana.