Fandesheni yeHurumende yeU.S.: Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yakasanorongwa yamasimba akaparadzana nenzvero nedzikamo. Ichi chivako, chakasimbiswa muBumbiro remitemo, chinokamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana: Masimba, Gurukuro, uye Juji. Nharidzano ndeyokudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora mamwe, nokudaro ichichengeta pesvedzero yehurumende yehurumende yenyika nedziviriro. Kunzwisisa kuti mapazi aya anoshanda sei kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuoma kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica uye kuti muitiro, mutemo, uye ruramisiro zvinoumbwa sei.

Pfungwa yacho, inonzi yakatorwa nomuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika weFrance Montesquieu, yakagamuchirwa navaFramers veBumbiro reMitemo, vaitya kuiswa kwesimba. Vakaronga bazu rimwe nerimwe nemitoro yakasiyana nemitoo yokudzivisa nayo mimwe. Uku kuwirirana kukuru hakugari pamwe chete; kunochinja nguva dzose kupfurikidza nomutemo, zviito zvedare, uye zviito zvapurezidhendi. Nyaya inonzvera bazi rimwe nerimwe zvakadzika ndokuenzanisira kuti vanobatira pamwe sei uye vanorwisana sei kuchengeta nyika inoshanda.

Bazi Romutemo: Dare Rokuronga

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa masimba ose emitemo kuCongress yeUnited States, iyo iri chirongwa chebhimeral. Ichi chivako chemitumbi miviri chemabharameya (jenameya) iri) Imba yeVamiririri neDare (H) chakanga chiri kubvumirana pachinhu chimwe pakati penyika huru neduku. Basa guru reCongress kuita mitemo, asi rinewo masimba anokosha okutarisira, anodzora bhajeti rehurumende, uye ane chiremera chokuzivisa hondo.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yakagadzirirwa kumirira vanhu zvakananga. Ine mitezo 435 inovhota, nokugoverwa kwakavakirwa pavagari vehurumende imwe neimwe sezvinosarudzwa nenhamba inoverengwa vanhu. Mumiririri mumwe nomumwe anobatira shoko ramakore maviri, achiita kuti Imba ive nzvimbo inogamuchira zvikurusa kumurangariro wavose. Imba ine simba rakakwana kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, kupfurikidza nevhoti yakapfava. Inewo chiremera chose kutanga zvikwereti zvemari, ichivimbisa kuti bhadharo inovamba navamiriri vavanhu.

Utungamiriri hweImba yacho hunosanganisira Speaker of the House, anosarudzwa nebato reruzhinji uye wechipiri mumutsara wedare. Imba inoshanda pasi pemitemo yorumano inoganhurira kurukurirano, ichiigonesa kuita mutemo nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura Dare. Matare makuru, akadai seGray and Ash Committee yeJudicary Committee, uye Appropriation Committee, inobata basa rakajekachatesa pamusoro pemitero, nhau dzemitemo, uye mari inotengwa. Nokuda kwokutarira zvikuru pachivako cheDzi, shanyira imba yomukuru weSangano yeVamiririri .]

Dare

Dare rinomirira nyika zvakaenzana. Nyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo, inotumira vaSenator vaviri, nokuda kwehwerengedzo yemitezo 100. Vatongi vanosarudzwa kumirayiro yegore matanhatu, netatu imwe yeDare rinokwidzwa nokuda kwokusarudza makore maviri ari ose. Iyi gadziriro inodzedzereka inogovera kupfuurira uye inobvumira vasaruri kuva nemurangariro murefu pamusoro penhau dzenyika. Dare rine mitemo mishoma zvikuru pamusoro pekurukurirano, iyo inobvumira filiusbusters , apo mutambi anotaura nourefufu kuvhara vhoti yemageti ye 60 yevhoti inoreva kupera kwekurukurirano.

Dare rine masimba akasiyana ayo Imba haisati. Inosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vehurumende, uye vatongi veDare rapamusoro, kupfurikidza navazhinjisa. Dare rinobatanidzawo zvibvumirano namarudzi okumwe kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri. Mukuwedzera, Dare rinotonga kutongwa pashure pekutongwa kweHouse inonatsa; vazhinjisa vanodikanwa kuti vatonge ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru panzvimbo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoshanda saPrezidhendi weDare asi anovhota kuti aputse tati. Mashoko pamusoro pemakurukota namatare azvino anogona kuwanikwa pawebsite ye

Kuva Kunoita Bhiri Yakahwa Mutemo: Kuramba Kuchikura

Kuti chibvumikiso chive mutemo, chinofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana uye ipapo kusinwa naPurezidhendi (kana kuti kupfuudzwa kwapaburi retsono). Muitiro wacho unowanzovamba mudare, umo kunzwa nokuombera kunoitika. Pashure petendero, bhiriti racho rinoenda kunzvimbo yakazara nokuda kwekurukurirano youriri uye vhoti. Kana ikaiswa kune imwe kamuri, apo ingagadziridzwa. Kupesana pakati peImba neDare kunopedzwa nedare. Kubvumirana pasi pedare kwokupedzisira kunodzokera kudzimba dzose nokuda kwehoterano yorusarudzo kutumira kuPustrente.

Muitiro uyu haushandi nemaune, wakarongedzerwa kuderedza mitemo uye kukurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Rinochengeta Mitemo

Chikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa Bazu roUkuru, rinoshanda nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress. Mutungamiriri webazu iri ndiPrezidenti weUnited States, uyo anobatira savose vari vaviri vakuru venyika uye mukuru wehurumende. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga kupfurikidza neElectoral College uye anobatira nhambo yamakore mana, yakaganhurirwa kumashoko maviri neMbesaru ye 22. Bazu iri rinobatanidzawo Purezidhendi weSani, Kibian, uye hurumende.

Simba RaPurezidhendi Nemabasa

Masimba aPurezidhendi akakura. SaMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, Purezidhendi anogona kutungamirira mabasa ehondo, kunyange zvazvo Congress bedzi ichigona kuzivisa hondo. Purezidhendi anoitisa mirau yokunze, anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinodzorwa neDare), uye anogadza nhume. Mudzimba, Purezidhendi anogona kupa mirairo yehurumende yokutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende, inopa kanganwiro nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende, uye mutemo weveto unopfuudzwa neCongress. Theveto icherectory ine simba.

Purezidhendi anewo basa rinokosha mumuitiro wemitemo kupfuura vhudzi. Purezidhendi anogona kukarakadza mutemo, dzvinyiriro yeDare kupfurikidza nechikuva chinodheerera, uye kushandisa kutaura kwokusaina kuratidzira kuti mutemo uchadudzirwa sei kana kuti kutoitwa. Tsigiro yaPrezidhendi inodikanwawo nokuda kwezvirongwa zvakawanda, izvo zvinoumba masangano ejaji neanotungamirira kwamakumi amakore. Mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende Website yeWhite House anogovera mashoko azvinofungwa naPresidentiaswo pamabasa napamberi.

Kabhineti Negadziriro Dzehurumende

Dare rinoumbwa nemisoro (vavavakirwi) yamadhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira, akadai seHurumende, Defense, Treasurer, uye Ruramisiro. Ava vanhu vanogadzwa naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Vanopa zano Purezidhendi pamusoro penhau dzemiitiro ndokutarisira dare guru rehurumende iro rinoshandisa mitemo nemirau. Kuwedzerazve, masangano namasangano anozvimirira akawanda, akadai seFederal Reserve neEvironmental Protection Agency, anoshanda pasi pebazu rechiremera asi ane mwero wakati wokuzvimirira mukudzorwa kwapurezidhendi wakananga.

Vashandi vehurumende, vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri vanoshandawo zvavo, vanoita purogiramu dzehurumende, kubva pakutumira tsamba nokuunganidza mitero kusvika pakuva nechokwadi chekotsekano yezvokudya nokudzivirira kuchengeteka kwenyika. Iri sangano rinokosha pakushandura mitemo kuti ive migumisiro chaiyo asi rinoshorwawo nokuda kwokusabudirira uye kukunda, zvichitungamirira kunharo dzenguva dzose pamusoro pokuchinjazve.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoumba Bazu reRusarudzo, nesimba rokududzira mitemo ndokusarudza pamutemo waro. Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inobatanidza Dare reChikurusa reUnited States, Dare reZvikwiro (matare eDare rePuristi), uye Dare reRuwa (matare edare). Vatongi mumatare ose ehurumende vanogadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, uye vanoshanda kugadza kwoupenyu hwose mukati momufambiro wakanaka, vachivimbisa kuzvimirira kwavo padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa idare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika uye rine chiremera chokupedzisira pamibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo. Rinoumbwa neruramisiro pfumbamwe, kubatanidza mumwe Mutongi Mukuru naVatongi vasere vanobatira pamwe. Dare rinonzwa kukwirira kubva kumatare ehurumende akaderera uye matare makurusa panhau dzomutemo wehurumende. Simba raro rinokosha zvikurusa ndi hwidhia hwirudzo yenhau , yakagadzwa mumhaka yemazaru Marbury v. Madison. Simba rino rinobvumira Dare kurova mitemo namabasa makuru anoputsa bumbiro remitemo.

Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinoumba nzanga yeAmerica zvikuru, zvinotapura nharaunda dzakadai sekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubvisa mimba, mari yenhimbe, uye simba rehurumende. Zvigadziko zvinoshanda mugadziriro yecertiorari, umo zvinosarudza inenge 1% yezviuru zvemikumbiro yazvinogamuchira gore rimwe nerimwe. Nhetembo dzakanyorwa, uye kunzvera kwomukati zvinotungamirira kumirangariro inobatira semavambo ematare akaderera. Mukuru mukuru mukuru Soundme wewebrome yeDare [ anopa zvinyorwa, mapepa enhau, uye mashoko avashanyi.

Matare Echibharo

Pasi peDare reSupreme, dare redare redare rehurumende rakarongwa kuva madare 94 eruwa (matare edare) uye matare 13 ematunhu ezvikwidzo. Matare eruwa anobata kutonga mhaka dzoutsotsi nedzehurumende dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa zvinogona kukwidzwa kudare redunhu rakakodzera. Matunhu, akadai se9t Friestture muSan Francisco neD.C, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anogadza mienzaniso inokosha mukati memiganhu yawo. Kana mhaka inobatanidza mubvunzo webumbiro remitemo remitemo kana kuti iparira rwisano pakati pamatunhu, Dare Rapamusorosoro ringaipedza.

Dare rehurumende rinobatawo nhau chaidzo dzakadai sokubhuroka, mutero, uye kutengeserana kwamarudzi ose kupfurikidza nematare akatsaurirwa. Mugariro wenduramo wavatongi vehurumende unoitirwa kuvadzivirira pakutsiva mitemo isingafarirwi, asi kunorevawo kuti kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kunogona kupesvedzera dzikamo yepfungwa dzedare renhau nokuda kwezvizvarwa.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Bazi rimwe nerimwe rine zvinhu zvokushandisa kuderedza zvimwe, uye kupesana kuri pakati pazvo kunowanzoita kuti pave nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kana kuti kuongorora mitemo.

Dare Rinoongorora Mutungamiriri

  • Kupasa vhatoes: Congress inogona kupfuudza mutemo pamusoro penhamba yapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari muimba imwe neimwe, sezvinoonekwa mu 2020 National Defense Relegivince Act.
  • Kurondwa nokubviswa: Imba inogona kushatisa Purezidhendi, Mutongi, kana kuti mukuru mukuru upi noupi wehurumende nokuda kwe "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira navanokanganisa". Dare rinoedza mhaka yacho. Mapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson. Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump vakapinzwa mutezo naImba asi vakasunungurwa neDare. Hapana purezidhendi akabviswa nouyu muitiro.
  • Kusimbiswa kwezvigadzikiso: Dare rinofanira kutendera mitezo yeCabittene, vatongi vehurumende, uye vatongi veDare rapamusoro-soro. Ikoku kunopa chenjero pazvisarudzo zvavashandi vaPurezidhendi.
  • [[FOLT:0] Kuitwa kwechikwerete: Dare rinofanira kutendera zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu, richipa chirevo munhau dzokumwe.
  • Bheriji nerondedzero:[[FL: 1] Congress inodzora nhanho dzechikwama; hapana mari inogona kupedzwa kutoti yatenderwa neCongress. Simba iri rinogona kushandiswa kubvisa zvirongwa zvevakuru vakuru.
  • Kutarisira: Matare anogona kudzora vakuru vakuru vebazu nezvinyorwa zvokunzvera mufambiro unobvira.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Dare

  • Simba reVETO: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba kusaina chibvumirano, kuchidzorera kuCongress nezvirambidzo. Aveto anogona bedzi kukurirwa nembiri yetatu.
  • Mirairo yapanguva dzose: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa nhungamiro dzine simba romutemo, kunyange zvazvo dzichifanira kudzikamiswa muchiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti simba rebumbiro remitemo. Matare anogona kurova mirairo yavakuru vakuru inopfuura chiremera chapurezidhendi.
  • Pradente anogona kupa kanganwiro nokuda kwemhaka dzomubatanidzwa, achipedza rutongeso nenzira inobudirira. Simba iri rinoshandiswa zvikuru pakupera kwoutungamiriri.
  • Kuramba kumanikidza mitemo: Nepo vachiitirana nharo, Mapurezidhendi pane dzimwe nguva akaramba kumanikidza mitemo yaanodavira kuti haiwirirani nemitemo, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kudenho dzedare.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mapazi Ose Ari Ose

  • Kuhwirudzurwa kwemitemo: Dare Rapamusoro-soro rinogona kurovanya mabasa eDare rinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Mienzaniso yefaume inobatanidza Brown v. Dare reDzidzo (kudzosa kubvisa mimba) uye [[FLT:]] Roe v.[[FLT][FLT]] [[FLT]]]
  • Kuhwirudzurwa kwezviito zvechiremera: Matare anogona kushayisa simba mirairo yavakuru vakuru nemirau yesangano inopfuura chiremera chapamutemo. Mu vaduku shopu yeFilipu yeTube Co. v. Sawyer[ [1952], Dare rakaramba kuedza kwaPrezidhendi Truman kutora zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati mechibharo.
  • [ Mitemo inoisa mitemo: Dare rinopa revo ine chiremera kumirau, iyo inogona kukudza kana kuti kuganhurira nenzira inobudirira mwero womutemo.

Macheki Pajeri

Mamwe mapazu anewo zvishandiso zvokunzvera dare redare. Musangano unogona kukarakadza kugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo kuti ritsive zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa (kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchida mavhoti maviri ane mativi matatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri uye kuiswa mukwara kupfurikidza namatatu ehurumende). Dare rinogonawo kugadza ukuru hweDare gurusa (kusvikira kupfundo) uye chiremera chematare ehurumende akaderera. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi, uye Dare rinovasimbisa, achipa mapa mapanhira ose ari maviri pesvedzero pamusoro penhau yejadiary. Kudzosairira nokubviswa kwavatongi kunogonawo kubvira, kunyange zvazvo chiverengero chiduku bedzi chavatongi vehurumende chabviswa munhau.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yokuongorora Nokudzikama

Gadziriro yakaedzwa kakawanda. Muma1930, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal rat yakaparadzwa pakuvamba neDare rapamusorosoro. FDR yakakarakadza "staurt-paketing" kuwedzera ruramisiro, asi Congress yakaramba pfungwa yacho. Dare pakupedzisira rakachinja kududzirwa kwaro, richitsigira mitemo yapashure yeNew Deal. Iyi chiitiko chakaratidzira kuzvimirira kwejajiritari nendyiro yezvamatongerwe enyika yokurirwisa.

Mukati mechinyadzisira cheWatergate, Dare Rapamusoro rakaraira Purezidhendi Nixon kubudisa tepi yakarekodwa, kuchitungamirira kukurega kwake. Simba reCongress reference nokudisa kweDare kusimbisa simba raro rehurumende. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kutevedzerwa kwaPrezidhendi Donald Trump muna 2019 nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nedzongonyedzo dzeCongress kwakasimbisa kusagadzikana kwemapazu, uye Dare pakupedzisira rakamusunungura. Chivhoti cheHouse kuisa mutepfekedzo kuratidzira kunzvera kwaro yebumbiro remitemo, nepo pari reDare reSangano reSangano rakaratidza dare kuti riparadze kubviswa.

Kupedzisa: Muitiro Unoita Kuti Uite Zvinhu uye Usingashandisi

Mapazu matatu ehurumende yeUnited States akagadzirwa kuva anotsamirana uye akaganhurirwa. Mapazu eGigislative Bhazi rinonyora mitemo, Bazu Rinodzora rinoaita kuti aiite, uye Bazu reReaudicial rinozvidudzira (asi rimwe nerimwe rine chirango mubasa ramamwe. Chivako ichi chinoderedza noune basa rehurumende, chichida kubvumiranwa kukuru. Nepo chinogona kutungamirira kukuchinja, chinodzivirirawo paudzvinyiriri uye chinovimbisa kuti simba rirambe richidzorwa.

Kunzwisisa cheki nedzikamo zvinokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo vane ruzivo. Vagari vanogona kutevera kuti vamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa mumitemo yeCongress vanoramba sei vachichinja, kuti Purezidhendi anoshandisa sei chiremera chavakuru vakuru, uye kuti matare anopedza sei nharo dzebumbiro remitemo. Gadziriro haina kukwana, asi kusimba kwayo kwamazana maviri amakore kunoratidzira uchenjeri hwavanovaka. Sezvo rudzi runochinja, dzikamo pakati pamapazu matatu inopfuurira kubvisa, kuraira kungwarira kwenguva dzose nokuvimbisana navanhu kwarunodzora. Nokuda kwaavo vanoda kunyuruka zvikuru, [[FLT:]] jiral rejiration rejimendero yeNational Archivessstion peji yeji yejiro yejiro.