Dare Rinodzivirira Claus reKireadeth Amendment rinomira serimwe rembiru dzine simba zvikurusa nedzinokwikwidzaniswa dzomutemo weAmerica. Rakavakirwa muchipikirwa chokuenzana pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, uyu mutongo mumwe wakaumba zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo padzinza, vatano, vatano, uye urema. Kunzwisisa nhau yaro, dudziro yayo yedare, uye kushanda kwaro kunopfuurira kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa nheyo dzapamutemo dzekodzero dzevanhu muUnited States.

Chinyorwa Nechinangwa Chokutanga Chokudzivirira Claus Akaenzana

Ratisimudzwa muna 1868, chikamu che 144th Amendment chakanga chiri mhinduro yakananga kukusaruramisira kwegadziriro yakaramba kuripo pashure pokuparadzwa kwouranda. Chikamu 1 chekugadziriswa chinozivisa kuti: "Hapana Hurumende... icharamba munhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo." Chitsama chacho chakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vaAmerica vachangobva kusunungurwa muAfrica vaizogamuchira dziviriro imwe cheteyo yepamutemo savagari vemo vechena. Asi mashoko aro akafara noune, achishandisa mashoko okuti "munhu upi noupi" panzvimbo pe“ mugari wemo upi noupi," ayo akabvumira matare kuishandisa kumapoka makuru kwenguva yakati.

Vagadziri veI14th Amendment vakanzwisisa kuti kungobviswa kwouranda hakungavitseri kuenzana. Mitemo mitema yakatangwa munyika dzokuMadokero pashure pokunge Hondo yeChizvarwa chaManyika yaisa ganhuriro dzakakomba pavanhu vakasununguka, vachiganhurira kodzero dzavo kuti vave nezvinhu, vapinde zvibvumirano, uye vafambe vakasununguka. Exmetic Protection Claus, pamwe chete neMaropafadzo kana kuti Immunites Claus neGuer Proce Claus, yakanga yakaitirwa chinangwa kupa Chiremera cheHurumende kuti zvibvumikiso zvitsva zvehurumende. Nokuda kwokunzvera zvakadzamazvisaidzwa zvenhau yeRegiotic, ona Perectal Constitution's [[FLT]

Kududzira Kwakajeka Kwapakuvamba

Pasinei zvapo nomutauro wayo une gwinyiro, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadudzira pakuvamba Expand Protection Claus nenzira inoganhurira zvikuru. Mu Suader Casess-Indlu (1863), Dare rakati dziviriro dze145th Amendment dzaishanda bedzi kuvagari vehurumende, kwete kuva mugari wemo wehurumende, kubvisa zvinobudirira mitemo yedzinza. Ipapo Pnebles Cases. v. Ferguson[FLT] [1866] [186], Dare rakatsigira nenzira inozvidza zvikuru kuva mugari wemo wemo wemo yedzinza pasi pedzidziso “yogarwa asi yakaenzana". Chisarudzo chakazivisa kuti kudiridza mitemo yedzinza haina kuratidza kuderera kwedzinza, sokurefurira sezvinoitwa nenzvimbo zvakaparadzanwa zvamaresaiwo pakati pamakumi amakumi amakore okuMabva kuSouth.

Evolution of Encial Protection: Kubva pa “Kuzvienzanisa Asi Kuenzana” Kuenda Kunzverwa Kwakakomba

Njereso yazvino uno yeFolence Protection Claus yakavamba kuva nomugariro pakati pezana ramakore rechi520, yakasundwa nesangano ramaruramiro avagari vemo nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvenhau yapaSupreme Court. Chinjo hurusa yakanga iri Brown v. Board yeDzown yeDzi [ [1954], iyo yakadzongonyedza chose chose chose [[[FLT]] P [[FLT]] uye yakazivisa kuti “asina nzvimbo inoenzana" mudzidzo yavose. Mutongi mukuru Earl Harrenrenry akanyora kuti rusaruraganda rwakaparira“ kunzwa kwokuzvidzwa senzvimbo yavo munzanga ingatapura mwoyo yavo nendangariro munzira isingamboitiki kubviswa. [FLT][FF]][FF]

Pashure Brown, Dare rakatanga gadziriro yakatevedzana yokuhwirudzura kuti ione apo mutemo unoputsa Potezo yakaenzana Claus. Chivako ichi chinozivikanwa semwero mitatu yokunzvera:

  • Sturt - Attus anoshandiswa kugovera kwakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti shambidziko, uye kumitemo inoremedza maruramiro makuru (zvakadai sokuvhota kana kuti roorano). Pasi pokunzvera kwakakomba, hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuti mutemo unobatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende uye unosanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo. Mitemo mizhinji inoiswa kunzverwa kworumano inoparadzwa.
  • Kunzvera kwechikamu - Kushandiswa kugovera kwakavakirwa pachinhu chomunhurume kana kuti pamutemo. Hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti mutemo une chokuita zvikuru nefariro inokosha yehurumende. Mwero uyu wakatangwa mu Craig v. Boren [7] [7]
  • Nzvero yehwaro - Aptudifitwa kuzvimwe zvikamu zvose (g., zera, urema, mirau yemari). Mutemo unofungidzirwa kuva unoshanda, uye mupinyi anofanira kuratidza kuti haina ukama hunonzwisisika nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Muitiro, kuhwirudzura kwehwaro kunowirirana zvikuru nehurumende.

Ichi chivako chakarongwa hachina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo; chisikwa chokutonga icho Dare rakanatsa kwamakumi amakore. Nokuda kwokupetwa kwakakwana kwemipimo yokunzvera, Cornell Legin Information Institute kupinza kweTsigiro yakaenzana [[[FLT: 1]] inogovera nongedzero yakaisvonaka.

Rusaruraganda uye Kupindirana

Nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa dzeAmerica, Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwaClaus hakuna kushandiswa kurusarurano rwechirume. Mu Brawell v.Illinois [1873], Dare rakatsigira mutemo wehurumende unodzivisa vakadzi kushandisa mutemo, richifunga kuti “mutemo wehurumende, pamwe chete nechisiko chimene, nguva dzose wakaziva mumativi ose akasiana napamberi pezvisarudzo zvomunhu nomukadzi. Uku kurangarira kwakapfuurira kutozosvikira muna 1970s. Mune '[FLT:] V. [FLT]]. [FLT:] [FF:] [3]] [1], Dare rakarova pasi mutemo waIdhairwo rwavarume mukuita kuti vadere mukupa nzvimbo inosaidzo, hakutongovi unoshuvi, unoshumwa muSumo inotemwa zvikuru. [5]

Kuguma Kwevatano Nefutunuko Yazvino Uno

Zvichida hakuna nzvimbo yakawana chinjo inokurumidza zvikuru pasi peForacted Claus Agement Office kupfuura maruramiro eLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe. Mu Romaster v. Evans [1966], Dare rakarova muganhu weColorado weColorado weMitemogration uyo wakadzivisa mutemo upi noupi womunzvimbomo unodzivirira ngochani nedzi vatano dzadzo-kadzi vanhu pakusarura, richiita kuti kugadziriswa kusava noukama hunonzwisisika nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Ipapo [FLTL:2] LIC] v. Texas[FLT: 33], Dare rakadzivisa mutemo weTexas pasi pomuteom Clausces, asi chisarudzowo chakavawo nedziviriro yakaenzana.

Nguva yakanyura yakauya Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) (2015), umo Dare rairangarira kuti vakwanyina vevatano vane maruramiro makuru okuroora muNhevedzo yeChiitiko naMaringaniso yaCemeter Claus. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akasimbisa kuti “kodzero yokuroora ndiyo maruramiro makuru anodiwa murusununguko rwomunhu, uye muMutezo wakafanira neProvizho yaClaussss ye 1450 Demeterm Frameters angasanyimwa izvozvo zvakarurama. [FLT:] [FLD]]

Kushandisa Kwepanguva Ino uye Nhau Dzisina Kugadziriswa

Mazuva ano, panenge paine nyaya dzose dzinokosha dzinotaurwa nevezvemakwikwi dzinonzi Auncime Protection Claus.

Chiito Chinosimbisa Nedzinza

Chifo chapashure pama 1970, Dare Rapamusoro rakarwisana kana dzinza risingazivi richibvumira mapurogiramu edzidzo yakakwirira kuputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana. Mu Regents dzeUniversity yeCalifornia v. Bakke, Dare rakarova mipimo yedzinza yakakomba asi rakabvumira kurangarirwa kwedzinza sechinhu chimwe pakati pavazhinji mukuva vanopinda. Icho chakasimbiswazve mu [[FLT:] Grtateit v. Bollinger [[FLT:]] [200]] [200], apo Chisarudzo murwi rweMitengo yeMitengo inobvumira kuti chikoro chaMari yaMari panzvimbo yapanyuko irambe, uye njodzi inodzorwa nenzira inodzorwa nenzira inonzwika nenzira inonzwika.[3]

Kugamuchira Kodzero Nokuvengana Kwedzinza

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana ichishandiswawo chikuru mudenho kumitemo yokuvhota iyo inotapura zvikuru nzanga shoma. Dare rakarangarira kuti Dare rakatonga kuti maruwa edzinza akaumbwa nenzira yakashata ane donzo kana kuti tapuro yokuderedza simba rokuvhotera vashoma. Mu Shhaw v. Reno [1993], Dare rakatonga kuti maruwa akaumbwa nenzira yakashata akaumbwa kuvimbisa kubvumikisa kusarutswa kwevadavi venharo vashomanene vaigona kudenhwa semitemo yedzinza. Nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, [[FLT]] Rivhomendis.[FLT] VFLT] [FLT] [3] [3] [8] [8], Dare rakadzika chisarumbiso chikuru chekuedza kudenha kodzero dzemitemo ya 1965, kukuita pamutemo yedare rakaoma.

Kushata Nehwaro Hwokuzviruramisa

Kudzivirira Kunowirirana kunopa dziviriro kuvanhu vakaremara, asi hakuna simba kupfuura zvinodzivirira zvinopiwa kumapoka edzinza kana kuti echirume. Nemhaka yokuti urema hahusi upo hunonyumwiswa kana kuti kurongwa kwemifungo, mitemo inosarura vanhu vane urema inodzokororwa bedzi nehwakavakirwa pahwaro hunoyera. Mukudaro, izvi zvinoreva kuti kusarura kwakawanda kunotsigirwa kutoti kuve kwakaregwa chose chose. Zvisinei, Congress yakapfugira mutemo wokuwedzera wakaitwa (8), wakadai sevanhu vokuAmerica vane Urema hwedablec Act (A) uye Vane Underlinection Eduction Act (IDA).CM (8) inopa dziviriro yakasimba zvikuru yetsika. Claus Claus Sezvinobatira sechimbiso yemitemo inodzo inodzorwa, kuvimbisa kuti vanhu vane urema husaririra.

Dzidzo Nevimbiso Yokudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Hapana sangano rakatapurwa zvikuru neFold Protection Claus kupfuura dzidzo yavose. Kuvambira Brown zvichienda mberi, matare akarwisana nezvinoreva dziviriro yakaenzana nokuda kwavadzidzi vamadzinza akasiyana, migariro yenzanga, uye mano.

Kusarura Chikoro Nemiganhu Yacho

Pashure pa , Dare rakabva pakuzivisa kusarurana kuraira kubvisa mishonga yemasangano. Mu County School [ (1968), Dare raida maruwa echikoro kuti “aite matanho api kana api angava ari madikanwa kutendeutsa kugadziriro yemasangano maanoda kuti rusaruro rwedzinza rubviswe.] Kubvira pakurota zvikoro zvine mibatanidzwa yose kusati kwamboitwa zvizere. Sezvo kunyora kweDare redare renhau kwakaganhurirwa, kwakaganhurira maturusi aripo kuti asvike. [FL:] Mav5] akafanana nev5]

Kururamisira uye “Kusaenzana Asi Kwakafanana” Zvinetso Zvemari

Imwe nhau inopfuurira imhaka huru mumari inopesana pakati pemaruwa ezvikoro akapfuma nearombo. Dare rapamusoro, mu San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973]), inorangarirwa kuti kupesana mumari yechikoro inotsamira pamitero yemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo yakabva pamitero yemari isina kuputsa dziviriro yakaenzana yePrecious, nokuti dzidzo haisi chinhu chinokosha mubumbiro remitemo, uye pfuma haisati iri muganhu unofungidzirwa. Chisarunganiso ichocho chinosiya chikoro chichitenderwa kumatare ehurumende nemitemo. Chifo ipapo, matare makurusa ehurumende akawanda akarova pasi pemitero yemari yawo pasi pemitengo yehurumende, asi pasi pebumbiro yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende, asi pasi peteshi yehurumende inochengetwa yehurumende yakaderera.

Nguva Yemberi Yedziviriro Yakaenzana

Sezvo chaunga cheAmerica chichiva chakasiana - siana zvikuru uye kuchinja kwapamutemo kwenzvimbo, Applime Protection Clause ichapfuurira kuva nzvimbo huru yerwisano yamaruramiro avagari vemo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Tsika yeAryorithmic: Apo ungwaru hwokugadzira kana kuti chisarudzo chamaokerobhurobhuro zvinoparira miuyo inopesana nedzinza, inoputsa dziviriro yakaenzana here? Matare ari kungovamba bedzi kunangana nenhau iyi.
  • rusaruro rwezvemari: urombo hunofanira kubatwa sorudzi runofungidzirwa here?
  • Kutora rutivi: matare anofanira kubata sei kutaura kunobatanidza mavara akawanda akadzivirirwa, akadai sedzinza nevatano? Mutevedzero wazvino uno wakarongwa hausati uchikodzerana zvakanaka mukutaura kwakadaro.
  • rusaruro: The Encicle Protection Claus inoshanda bedzi kuchiito chehurumende. Asi savatambi vomunhu oga . vakadai samasangano makuru namaplatifomu paIndaneti (wield nguva dzose) simba guru pamusoro poupenyu hwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, pane kurukurirano iri kukura pamusoro pokuti chikamu chorugwaro chinofanira kutambanudzwa kupfurikidza nemitemo kana kuti kududzirwazve.

Nokuda kwavaravi vanoda kunzverazve iyi kurukurirano, Project yenhau dzedziviriro dzakaenzana inogovera zviteshi, nharo dzamashoko, uye mirangariro nokuda kwechisarudzo chikuru chiri chose cheDare Gurusa. Mukuwedzera, Chivil Rights Division of the U.S. Department yeRugare[ inoita kuti mitemo yehurumende yekodzero dzevagari vemo ive nayo ive inopa nhungamiro pamusoro penhau dzazvinorondwa.

Kusimbisa Claus Kupfurikidza Nomutemo uye Kutungamirira

Nepo matare achidudzira Expand Protection Claus, Congress ine simba muChikamu 5 cheMitemo ye 14th Amendment kusimbisa gadziriro dzayo kupfurikidza no “mutemo wakafanira.” Simba iri rakashandiswa kupfuudza Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights cha1946 neChibvumirano cheRevotions Act ya1965. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, Dare Gurukota rine simba rakaganhurira simba reBakanzuru munhau dzakadai se muBoerne v. Frores (1997) uye [FLT:] Shelby County , ichida kuti mutemo wehurumende uve “muteveri pakati nepakati pemitemo.

mhedziso

Wealct Protection Claus inopfuura zvikuru chinyorwa chenhau. Murayiro mupenyu, unofema kuti nyika iri yose (/furesa, mwero uri wose wehurumende) inofanira kubata vanhu vose norukudzo rwakaenzana noruremekedzo. Kuvambira paJim Crow South kusvikira kukurukurirano dzinotyisa pamusoro pokubvuma, roorano imwe cheteyo, uye maruramiro okuvhota, mashoko ose ari maviri ave ari nhoo nokuda kwamapoka ane ngozi uye manyuko ega enharo. Kunzwisisa majekero ayo, kunzvera kwadzo, uye kukumbira kwawo kunowirirana kunokosha nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anoda kubatanidzwa zvine revo revo nenhau dzinotambudza zvikurusa dzenguva yedu. Sezvinopfuurira kurwisana nokusawirirana nekusaenzana, chipikirwa chekudzivirira chinogara chisati chapera. Chipikirwa chinofanira kubetsera chizvarwa chiri chose kuzadzika.