Nheyo yedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo idivi rokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna munhu kana kuti boka rinonyimwa maruramiro mamwe chetewo apamutemo neropafadzo zvinopiwa kuna vamwe. Inoshanda senzvero yebumbiro-mitemo mukurwisana norusaruro runotsamira pakusarurwa kwoudzvinyiriri, inoda kuti mitemo ishandiswe zvakafanana uye kuti zvitsauko zvakavakirwa padzinza, kuva murume kana mukadzi, chimiro chevatano, urema, kana kuti mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. “Kuda mapoka ane chiremera chakafanana, dziviriro haisiwo zvayo asi chishandiso chinoshanda nokuda kwetsika dzinodenha kuva dzakarurama uye kutora rutivi rwakazara munzanga.

Nyaya ino inoongorora kwayakabva, kubudirira, uye kushandiswa kwemazuva ano kwokudzivirira kwakaenzana, ichinyanya kutaura nezvokuti yakashandiswa sei kufambisira mberi kodzero dzenzanga dzine urombo munhau.

Nhoroondo Yokudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Kwakaitika

Kuumbwa kwemitemo yokudzivirira kwakaenzana mumutemo weU.S. kwakasvika nokuregwa kweMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo ye 14 muna 1868. Chikamu 1 cheFimendement chinozivisa kuti: “ Hapana Hurumende icha... kuramba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati mesimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi yakanga iri rutivi rweRemendementsment, iyo yakavavarira kubvisa uranda, kupa kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vaichimbova varanda, uye kuvimbisa maruramiro avagari vemo mushure mehondo yeChizvarwa chapasi Pose.

Rugwaro rwapakuvamba rwebumbiro remitemo (*.P. Demend Scott v. Sandford[FLM] [[FLT] [185]] chisarudzo, chakanga charamba kuva mugari wemo weBlack America, uye kubvisa Mabumbiro Matema anoganhurira maBlack Revolution ayo akaganhurira rusununguko rwavanhu vachangobva kusunungurwa.

Kwamakumi amakore pashure pokudzorerwazve, zvisinei, chipikirwa chedziviriro yakaenzana hachina kuzadzikwa zvikuru. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu Pnety v. Ferguson (1996) akatsigira dzinza pasi pedzidziso ye “asi yakaenzana”, ichibvisa nenzira inobudirira dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus nokuda kwavanhu vane ruvara. Dare rakarangarira kuti kuva norudzi harusati rwaireva kuva muduku kana zvivako zvakanga zvakaenzana chaizvoizvo nejekero rinopfuudzira rusaruro rwetsika yetsika inopesana kweinopfuura hafu yezana ramakore.

Kuchinja kwacho kwakadzorwa nenhevedzano yemhosva dzakaunzwa nemagweta ane kodzero dzevagari vemo ayo aipikisa kuti mitemo yokusarura uye yokusarura yaipesana nechipikirwa chikuru cheBumbiro reMitemo chokurapa kwakaenzana.

Kumanikidza Kwapakuvamba Nokuwedzera Kwounyanzvi Hwokungwarira

Mu United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938), Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaratidzira mutoo mutsva. Mashoko omuzasi mana emurangariro iwoyo akakarakadza kuti mitemo inonangidzira “kupesana uye kudzorwa kwezvishomanene” kana kuti iyo inoremedza kodzero dzinokosha ingada chimiro chikuru chokunzvera. Iyi pfungwa yakava fandesheni ye nzvero ye []

Munzvero yorumano, mutemo unotsaura pahwaro hwefungidziro (zvakadai sedzinza kana kuti mavambo orudzi) unofanira kuva [ wakagadzirwa zvishoma kuti ubatire fariro yehurumende [ inobatira fariro yehurumende [[[[FLT:]]. Mitemo mishoma inopukunyuka uyu muedzo. Dzidziso yakasarurwa mu [[FLT:][4] Kema v. United States[FLT] [1944]), umo Dare rakatsigira zvakashata chiJapanian panguva yeHondo yenyika II] chisarudzo chakashurikidzwa zvikuru nhasi. Asi chisarudzo chamagariro chakaitwa chakaisvonaka nokuda kwemijaho.

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare

Kutangwa kwedzidziso yokudzivirira yakaenzana kunonzwisiswa zvakanakisisa kupfurikidza nemitemo yakatanhamara iyo yakakudza kusvika kwayo kumapoka akasiyana - siyana uye mashoko akapoteredza. Pasi apa pane nhau dzinomirira dzinoratidzira kushanduka - shanduka kwomutemo.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Yakazivisa nokusabvumirana kuti dzinza muzvikoro zvavose rakaputsa dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus, kuputsa ]. ya “dzidziso yakapesana. Chiratidzo chikuru Earl Warren chakanyora kuti“ chinoparira kunzwa kwokuzviduku-duku.
  • Lovang v. Virginia (1967)]: Kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yedzinza. Dare rakashandisa kunzvera kwakakomba uye rakarangarira kuti nhevedzano yedzinza (kunyange idzo dzine “chibvumirano” chinangwa / “hachina kunaka” uye hachisi pamutemo.
  • Exve v. Reed (1971]: Kwenguva yokutanga, Dare rakashayisa simba mutemo (chinodikanwa chakavakirwa pamunhurume mugadziriro yenzvimbo) pasi peFouted Protection Claus. Iyi mhaka yakavanzarika hwaro hwenzvero huru yezvimiro zvevatano.
  • Craig v. Boren (1976)[FL:1]: yakasimbiswa kuti nhevedzano yevatano iri pasi penzvero ye yenzvero yeichero ye [[FLT]] ], iyi iri yakaderera zvikuru kupfuura kunzvera kworumano asi yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura hwirudzuro yehwa. Mutemo unofanira kuva une chokuita zvikuru nedonzo rinokosha rehurumende.
  • United States v. Virginia (1996)[[FLT: 1]: Kuderedza Virginia Military Institute yevarume - bedzi kubvumira muitiro wokubvuma, kurangarira kuti “nzvero inonzverwa” inoshanda kumisiyano yakavakirwa pavarume uye kuti hurumende inofanira kugovera“ ruramiso inonyengetedza zvikuru. ”
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)]: Yakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuroorano yevatano muzvose zviri zviviri Muitiro waCroated neProvis yeProvice yeSangano raClaus. Dare rairangarira kuti kuramba roorano kuvakwanyina voutere humwe cheteyo kwakazvidza chiremera chavo ndokuputsa nheyo huru yedziviriro yakaenzana.

Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yacho ichiri kupikisana, migumisiro yacho inoenderana zvikuru nematsananguriro anoita Dare “mapoka evane ruzivo” uye“ kodzero dzepfungwa. ”

Kunetsa Mapoka Ane Misiyano

Kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kunokosha zvikuru nokuda kwemapoka akamborega kupindira zvakazara mumutemo uye munzanga.

Uduku Hwedzinza

Ruhare i[[NHAU] giratiro, kumutsa nzvero yakakomba. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mutemo upi noupi unonangidzira zvakajeka mitsetse yedzinza(kana kuti une donzo rokuisa paurimu uye muuyo) ine dziviriro yedanho yakakwirira. Yazvino uno yataura [[FLT:] chiito chinosimbisa mudzidzo nemabasa, [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] inodzivirira maruramiro , uye [[FLT]] ruramisiro.

Mu Vadzidzisi nokuda kwaFair Adgings v. Harvard [2023], Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti mapurogiramu asingazivi rudzi anoputsa gadziriro dzeSangano rePurese Exture Protection Clause, nenzira inobudirira inogumisa makumi amakore egadziriro yokubvuma chiito mudzidzo yakakwirira. Dare rakasimbisa kuti nhevedzano dzedzinza dzinofanira kushandiswa sechisarudzo chokupedzisira ndokuiswa ku “kunzvera kwokutonga.”

Munguvayo, denho ku mitemo yeIP uye . inopfuurira kukumbira Nhungamiro Yakaenzana. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti matanho akadaro anoremedza Black neLatinovovo, achiputsa nheyo yomunhu mumwe, vhoti imwe.

Vakadzi

Zvikamu zvakavakirwa paidzo zvinoongororwa pakati nepakati. Uyu mupimo wakashandiswa muzvinoitika pamusoro pe rusaruro rwebasa panzvimbo yebasa, basa rehondo[, uye [[FLT]] kodzero dzokubereka . Dignational Act [D [FLT] [678]) neTitvo] yeChibvumirano cheChikwaratiso cheChiviko chevo chinosimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana nokuda kwavakadzi, asi kududzira kutonga kunosiana.

Mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], Dare rakatonga Roe v. Wade na [[FLT]] [[FLT]] dziviriro yakaenzana ne. Casey, inobata kuti Bumbiro remitemo hariisi kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri. Nepo mhaka yacho yachinja zvikurukuru muitiro wakafanira, kupesana kwaiti chisarudzo chakarerutsa dziviriro yakaenzana namano avakadzi kudzora mitumbi yavo vamene. Hondo inopfuurira pamusoro pokubvisa mimba nenzira iyoyo inovanza zvose zviri zvogaro.

LGBTQ+ nzanga

Kufunga nezvevatano uye mugariro wokuchinja zvisina kurongwa semapoka anonyumwirwa, asi mirau yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inokarakadza kuti rusaruro paidzi nheyo rungawana nzvero yakawedzera. Mu Rompmer v. Evans (1996), Dare rakarova muganhu weColorado weColorado uyo wakarambidza dziviriro dzinodzivisa kupesana nomutemo nokuda kwevatano, chisodoma, uye vanhu vane mitezo yevatano yevatano yevatano yevatano, vachishandisa chimiro chehwirudzuro ine musoro ne “math."

Makumi amakore gare gare, Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) yakaziva maruramiro makuru okuroora, uye Bostock v. Clayton County [ 2020] yaidavira kuti kurambidza kwechidhiyo cheViI parusaruro rwevatano kunotambanukira kurusarurano rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nechiratidzo chevatano. Nhlangano waClassicle Clausce inopfuurira kuva chishandiso chinokosha chapamutemo nokuda kwemitemo inodenha inoganhurira vanhu kukuwana utano, zvokugezera, zvokugezera, zvokusha, uye kutora rutivi rwemitambo.

Vanhu Vane Urema

Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kwave kuchigovera nyaradzo yakaganhurirwa munhau nokuda kwavanhu vane urema nemhaka yokuti Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakaramba kubata urema seboka rinonyumwirwa. Mu Dorosa reCleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985), Dare rakashandisa hwaro hune mufungo hwehwirudzuro (apo pakare) asi rakaputsa mutemo unodzora waisarudza boka ravanhu vane urema hwendangariro. Mhaka yacho inoenzanisira kuti kunyange pasi pomupimo unokudzwa, mitemo yakavakirwa parusaruro rusina mufungo haigoni kumira.

Chidziviriro chikuru chehurumende nokuda kwavanhu vane urema zvino chinobva mu American neChitemo cheUrema (ADA) ne Chiratidzo cha 1973[], kwete dziviriro yakaenzana. Zvisinei, dziviriro dzakaenzana dzinoramba dziri dzakakodzera pa [[FLT: 4.]

Maduku Orudzidziso Navatami

Zvirongwa zvorudzidziso hazvina kurongwa zvakajeka muKireath Amendment asi zvinodzivirirwa pasi pe Free Expression Claus ne . [FLT]

Vatami navasati vari vagari vanobetserwawo nedziviriro yakaenzana, kunyange zvazvo Dare rakashandisa mipimo yakasiana - siana zvichitsamira pamwero wehurumende. Nepo hurumende dzingasaramba dzidzo yavose kuvana vasina kunyorwa ( Plyler v. Doe, 1982), hurumende yehurumende inochengeta simba rakafara pamusoro pomutemo wokupinda munyika pasi pedzidziso yesimba renyika.

Zvinetso Zvokudzivirirwa Zvakaenzana Munguva Yazvino Uno

Pasinei nezvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo, kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kunotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinoramba zvichiitika.

Mipimo Yorutongeso Inochinja

Kuumbwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro kunopesvedzera muuyo wenhau dzedziviriro dzakaenzana. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare rakaenda ku shooresa tsananguro yeBumbiro remitemo, iyo inoreva kuti chiito chipi nechipi chehurumende inoziva dzinza (kunyange nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokugadzirisa) chinofanira kusangana nenzvero yorumano. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uyu mutoo unofuratira utsaru hwenhau nehunopfuurira uye unokuita kuti kuve wakaoma zvikuru kukurukura norusaruro rwetsika.

Mukuwedzera, Dare rakaratidza kusada kutanga makirasi matsva anonyumwirwa. Somuenzaniso, mu Trump v. Hawaii (2017), Dare rakatsigira chirambidzo chokufamba chichiva nyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim dzinovanza, richiramba chibvumikiso chokuti mutemo wakaputsa Kutangwa kwaClaus kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa chinetso chokubvumikisa donzo rediscrimination apo mutauro usingatsivi rutivi muchitarisiko unoshandiswa.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika Nokumanikidza

Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzakaenzana kunotsamira kwete bedzi pakutonga kwemitemo asiwo pachiito chemitemo nechavakuru vakuru. Kuchinja muutungamiriri hwezvematongerwe enyika kunogona kutungamirira kudzokororo mu Nzvero yokuita kuti mutemo urambe uri panzvimbo yokutanga [, .[FLT]] . . . . . . . . . . Depa reDhipatimendi rekodzero dzavadzidzi paGO.GO. pajirati redzidzo panzvimbo yevadzidzi paIXX] radzika pasi pekusava nechokwadi, kuparira nokuda kwevadzidzi nezvikoro nevakafanana.

Chiito chenzvimbo yehurumende chazovawo nzvimbo huru yehondo. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inoganhurira zvakajeka maruramiro avanhu vanochinja, inoganhurira kusvika kwokuvhota, kana kuti kurambidza mhatsa negadziriro dzokubatanidza. Iyi mitemo inowanzodenhwa pasi peFeteration Claus, asi miuyo inotsamira padudziro dzedare romunzvimbomo.

Mabhii Emitemo Nemarudzi Matsva Orusaruraganda

Sezvo zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nemitemo yapamutemo noungwaru hwokuzviitira zvinodzora nenzira inowedzera dzimba, chikwereti, basa, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokuti dziviriro yakaenzana inoshanda sei ku data-driven]. Kana ralgorith ikaramba zvikwereti kuchiverengero chakakura chevakwiri venhando, inoputsa dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus here? Kusvika musi, matare akarwisa kubatira dzidziso yegamuchidzanwa (inonangidzira parusaruro namaune[to miuyo ingaita kuti zvisarumbiso zvisingajekedzi zvikuru zvedzinza.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti [[FT:0] pesvedzero inoparadzanisa, yakatoshandiswa pasi peFair Howail Act neTitle VII, inofanira kutambanudzirwa kukutaura kwedziviriro kwakaenzana. Asi Dare Rapamusoro rave richizengurira kutsigira mupimo wakachena muJereth Amendment, kuparira mukaha mudziviriro wapamutemo nokuda kwaavo vanokuvadzwa nervotsvet.

Mugumisiro: Kudzivirirwa Kusingaperi

Kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kunoramba kuri chinhu chine simba uye chinopikisa nheyo. revo yakwo yakawedzera nokufamba kwenguva, kubva pachipikirwa chiduku chokuenzana kwepamutemo kuvanhu vaimbova varanda kusvikira kumurairo wakafara unobata anenge mativi ose oupenyu hwazvino uno — kubva kuroorano kuenda kudzidzo yokuvhota.

Nokuda kwamapoka anoderedzwa, Aumetic Protection Clause inopa zvose zviri zviviri nhoo pamitemo yokusasarura nokupfupikisa kudenha zvimiro zvamano zvikuru zvokusaenzana.

Kunzwisisa nhau nokushandiswa kwedziviriro yakaenzana hakusati kuri kungoshandiswawo zvako kwedzidzo. Kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi akazvipira kufambisira mberi ruramisiro. Muganhu unotevera ungava munharaunda dzakadai se kusaenzana kwezvemari, ruramisiro yetsika , uye [FLT] kodzero dzehwarokudzivirira kwakaenzana kunofanira kuchinjika kuzvinhu zvitsva.

Nokuda kwokuravazve panhau dzazvino dzedziviriro dzakaenzana, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Chibvumirano Chamasumo chenzvero ye 14th Amendment, project ye [Lwirita] yenhau dzeDare rapamusoro-soro, uye [[FLT]] ACLU] kufukidzwa kwedziviriro yakaenzana. Zviwiro izvi zvinogovera mashoko pamusoro penzvimbo dzapamutemo sezvakunopfuurira kuzivisa.