Kunzwisisa Kushatisa Kwekukurusa Munzvimbo Dzinobudiswa Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvazvino Uno

Zera remichina razadza vagari vemo nenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika, zhinji dzaro dzakarongedzerwa kudzora panzvimbo peziviso. Pakati pamaturusi anonyengera zvikurusa mumatura ezvokunzvera kwezvamatongerwe enyika pane nzvero. Kusafanana nenzvero dzomurangariro wapachokwadi dzinounganidza mashoko nokuda kwokunzvera, kusunda kuumba nzwisiso dzevoro dzinodzorwa nenhau dzinosarura dzinodzorwa nemibvunzo yakashata mumibvunzo inoratidzika kuva isingatori rutivi. Sezvo mashoko enhema anopararira nokukurumidza muzvinhu zvenzanga uye mabudiro, mano okucherekedza kuedza uku kunyengera kwakava unyanzvi hwenhau hunotsoropodza. Vagari vanotanga miitiro yokufunga kwakasimba vanogona kuzvidzivirira vamene pakushandisa uye kubetsera kupindura mibvunzo inosanozivikanwa zvikuru.

Kuongorora kwemabhosvo hakusi kutsva, uye kwave kuchiitwa munhimbe dzezvematongerwe enyika kwemakumi emakore, asi kuwedzera kwemarobhoti okutumira mashoko, uye kuongorora paIndaneti kwakaita kuti apararire zvikuru.

Kushatisa Kwokumanikidza Ndezvipi Chaizvoizvo?

Nzvero inosunda inzira yokushambadzira inonyepedzera senzvero yavose. Chinangwa chayo chikuru hachisi kuunganidza mhinduro dzokutendeseka asi kuchinja mirangariro yemhinduro kupfurikidza nokuiratidzira kumashoko akaremerwa kana kuti mibvunzo inokarakadza. Masangano anovhota anotevera mipimo yorumano yemipimo yemagarire a(random), mashoko asina revirira, uye kushuma kwapakarepo. Kunzvera kwokumanikidza, kunopesana, kunoshandisa mibvunzo inotungamirira, nzvimbo dzenhema, uye sundo dzemirangariro ku "kusveea" mhinduro kumhedziso yakafanorongwa.

Nzvero yakakurumbira inobvunza mubvunzo wakafanana nouyu, "Kana waiziva kuti Candidate Smith akapomerwa mhaka yokupinza mari kubva kurupo, ucharamba uchiitsigira here?" Kunyange kana pomero yacho iri yenhema kana kuti isina kushata, kuratidzirwawo zvako kwepomero kunogona kukuvadza mukurumbira womuvhoti. Iyi nzira inoshandisa chinoitika chendangariro chinozivikanwa se "muuyo wekufutunuka" uye "dioresa rechokwadi"" zvinodzokororwa kana kuti zvinopiwa zvakajeka kutaura kwakarurama kunyange apo zvisati zviri.

Nzvero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzapamutemo dzinoitiswa namasangano akadai saGallup, Pew Research Center, uye masangano edzidzo akakurumbira. Idzi nzvero dzinobudisa mutoo wadzo, ukuru hweimo, uye mucheto wemhosho. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza, mukupesana, kunoitwa namafemu enhimbe anoramba kuzivisa manyuko awo emari kana kuti miitiro yemibatanidzwa yemishumo. American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR) inoshora zvakajeka kukwidziridza kuvhozhotera sechisina kururama uye kukuvadza kuvimbwa kwokunzvera.

Kuoma Kweburi Rinonyengera

Kuziva kuongorora kwokumanikidza kunoda kunzwisisa nzira dzakananga dzinoshandiswa kufurira vabvunzurudzi.

Mibvunzo Yakaremerwa uye Inotungamirira

Mibvunzo inoiswa mumashoko anodenha anosunda mhinduro yakati. Somuenzaniso: "Munotsigira here mitemo yeCandidate Jones inoda kubhuroka zvikoro zvedu? Shoko "makoro" uye kutaura kusina kutenderwa kwezvikoro zvinobhuroka kwakagadzirirwa kunyandura kuita kwakaipa. Mibvunzo inotungamirira inokarakadzwa kuti mhinduro yakati yakarurama kana kuti inokarirwa: "Mungabvuma here kuti chirongwa chaCandida Johnson chakanyanyonyanyisa nokuda kwenzanga yedu? zvimiro zvose zviri zviviri zvinopesana nokusatora rutivi kunodikanwa nokuda kwenzvero dzapamutemo.

Kutaura Kwenhema Kana Kuti Kusingabvumiki

Nzvero dzinopfuudza kazhinji kazhinji dzinopa kutaura semaidi ayo angava enhema, akakatutsirwa, kana kuti asingabviri kusimbisa munguva ino. Somuenzaniso: "Pangai Taylor uyo avhota kuti anyimirwe mari nokuda kwavarwi katatu, kodokuvhotera zvikuru nokuda kwomuvengi wake here? ”? Zvomenemene, muvhoti angave akavhota pagadziridzo yakaoma yakarevererwa. Kunzvera kunokandwa pamusoro peasina nguva yokuva neidi. Iyi nzira inoparadzira mashoko asina kururama ndokushandisa kushaiwa kwezvishandiso zvekurumidziro kusimbisa kutaura.

Kunyandura Mundangariro Nokutya

Mirangariro inopfuura nokufunga. Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira rutyo, hasha, kana kuti hasha. Mibvunzo inganongedzera "miitiro ine ngozi," "tyisidziro kumararamiro edu," kana kuti "mari yakavanzika". Kupfurikidza nokuderedza mirangariro yakaipa, nzvero inoderedza bviro yavapi vanotora rutivi mukunzvera kwokutsoropodza. Iyi nzira inoshanda zvikuru mumhoteredzo dzinoparadzaniswa zvikuru.

Cherry-Pressured kana kuti Madivi eMateru

Nzvero yacho ingadudza nhamba dzinosarudzwa kupenda mufananidzo wakaipa womubhadhari kana kuti nhau. Somuenzaniso: "Sangano remitero raDavis raizokwidza mwero nokuda kwe 80% yemhuri(idzo dzinokuitira hanya here?" nhamba yacho ingava yechokwadi nokuda kweboka rakaganhurirwa ramari asi inoratidzirwa seidi ravose. Pasina mashoko akapoteredza, mugamuchiri anogamuchira nhamba inotsausa somumiriri wakazara.

Kubvisa uye Migumisiro Yacho

Nzvero dzokumanikidzana dzakasanogadzirwa nenhevedzano yemibvunzo mundangariro. Mibvunzo yapakuvamba inoisa chimiro chakaipa, uye mibvunzo inotevera inovakira parusaruro irworwo. Somuenzaniso, mibvunzo yokutanga inoverengeka ingasimbisa mavara akaipa omunzveri, uye ipapo kubvunza mubvunzo wokupedzisira: "Pashure pokudzidza maidi iwaya, ungarangarira kuvhotera mumwe mutezo here?" Nhevedzano inotanga kupindura nenzira yakaipa. Legitmate avhotera nhevedzano yemibvunzo ndokudzivisa kuvhozhokerera.

Kuisa Kwaungaita Muchetura Musango

Vagari vemo vanogona kuongorora pfungwa dzavo kuti vaone kana vakaona kuongorora kupi nokupi.

  • Vague kana kuti kushambadza kusingazivikanwi: Munhu anofona kana kuti mutumwa haagoni kududza sangano rokunzvera kana kuti yunivhesiti inoremekedzwa. Vangataura kuva vanobva ku "nzvimbo yokunzvera" pasina kuvapo kwavose.
  • [ Haasati achiziviswa donzo: Muvhoti haatsauri kuti mashoko achashandiswa sei kana kuti kuti kutora rutivi kuchashandiswa sei nokuzvidira. Nzvero dzapamutemo nguva dzose dzinogovera aya mashoko.
  • Ruzha rwoutsamwi kana kuti rwunodzokororwa: Mibvunzo inoiswa muchidimbu nechiito, kunoreva kuti mudaviriri anofanira kubvumirana nemurangariro wakati. Kuedza kwokudzokororwa kutungamirira kurukurirano kumashoko asina kunaka chiratidzo chakasimba.
  • Nhaka yemibvunzo yenhamba yavagari vemo: Nzvero dzechokwadi dzinounganidza mashoko avagari vemo (basa, mari, dzidzo) nemigumisiro youremu. Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunowanzobvunza mibvunzo yakadaro nemhaka yokuti havafariri zvifananidzo zvinomirira.
  • Zvisarudzo zvisinganzwisisiki: Mibvunzo mizhinji ingangopa bedzi "bvumirana zvakasimba" kana kuti "zvimwe zvinobvumirana" zvisarudzo, kubvisa "discree" chose chose.
  • [ Pomero dzisingabvumiki: Nzvero yacho inodudza runyerekupe, pomero, kana kuti manyuko asina zita re "manyuko" pasina kugovera ufakazi. Kana mashoko acho achiratidzika kuva anoshatisa uye asingapikidziki, sezvingabvira ndeenzvero inosunda.

Danho rinotevera nderokushandisa kufunga kwokutsoropodza kuti usimbise kunyumwiro yacho ndokusarudza kuti woita sei.

Kushandisa Mafungiro Ane Nyore Kufurira

Panyaya yokuita kuti vanhu vade kuongorora, mazano anoverengeka anogona kubatsira vagari vemo kuti vaone kana zvinhu zvava kukanganiswa.

Bvunza Kwakabva

Nguva dzose bvunza: Ndiani ari kuitisa iyi nzvero? Masangano anotanhamara. "academic communist", mafemu okunzvera asina kuvhozhokera, mafemu makuru ehediredhiyo , ari kujeka pamusoro pemari yawo namitoo yokunzvera. Kana manyuko asingazivikanwi kana kuti akaramba kugovera udzame, bata nzvero seanonyumwira. Sezvokutsvaka paIndaneti zita resangano nemitoo. Somuenzaniso, Pew Research Center inobudisa mapepa makuru pamusoro pemichina yaro. Munzveri anomanikidzira haasati achazova nechinyorwa chakadaro.

Ongorora Kutaurwa Kwemibvunzo

Nzvera mubvunzo mumwe nomumwe nokuda kwomutauro unonyandura mirangariro, shanduro yenhema, kana kuti zvisarudzo zvokumanikidzirwa. nyora mubvunzo wacho muchimiro chokusatora rutivi ndokuona kana chinjo dzacho dzichireva. Somuenzaniso, nzvero yokumanikidzira ingabvunza, kuti: “Vezvematongerwe enyika vanofanira kurega kupambadza mari yemitero pamasangano akapfuma ”? Chinyorwa chisina kupindira chingava: "Unotsigira kana kuti kushora mabhero ehurumende esangano here? Kuenzanisa shanduro idzi dzinozivisa tsveyama. Kana mubvunzo wacho uchiratidzika kuva unonyandura pane kuzivisa, sezvingabvira kuvhotera.

Ziva Unyengeri Hune Mifungo

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunowanzotsamira panhema dzine mufungo kuvapinduri vanonyengera. Zvisakarurama zvinowanzobatanidza munhu weshati (achimirira nzvimbo yomushori kukuita kuti kuve nyore kudenha), chinetso chenhema (kubatira zvisarudzo zviviri bedzi zvakanyanyisa apo vazhinji varipo), uye mirangariro. Kuziva iyi mitoo kunobetsera muvhoti kuona kupfuura mashoko. Nokuda kwendaza ine udzame, Nhamba yenyu yeMitation Fallicry Is inopa tsananguro dzakajekanyo nemie.

Tsvaka Kusimbiswa Nekuzvimirira

Usati wabvuma kutaura kupi nokupi kwakaitwa mukunzvera kwokumanikidzira, nzvera manyuko eidi akavimbika akadai seCheck.org, Politifact, kana kuti Snopes. Masangano aya anonzvera zvikuru kuyera kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye anogona kukurumidza kubvisa nhema. Kana mashoko anopiwa asina kusimbiswa namanyuko akawanda akazvimirira, kurangarire kuva asina kusiiwa. Nzvero dzechimbichimbi dzinobudirira papfungwa yokuti vavhoti havasati vachizotora nguva kusimbisa kutaura. Ita kuti tsika ive yechokwadi.

Funga Nezvechinangwa Chokuora Mwoyo

Bvunza kuti nei iyi nzvero yakatangwa. Kana vavariro iri yokuunganidza mirangariro yapachokwadi pamusoro penhau kana kuti mubhadhari, mibvunzo ichave yakadzikama uye isina kutora rutivi. Kana vavariro yacho ichiratidzika kuva iri kuparadzira mashoko akaipa pamusoro pomubhadhari mumwe kana kuti kusimudzira purogiramu yokuvhota, nzvero ndeyechimbichimbi. Nzvero dzapamutemo dzinoshandiswa nokuda kwamadonzo edzidzo kana kuti enhau; kumanikidza kunzvera kunoshandiswa nokuda kwokutsigira kwapachivandei. Mashoko akapoteredza neakarongwa (panguva kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji pamberi chaipo pesarudzo(w) inokarakadzawo donzo.

Mienzaniso Chaiyoiyo Yenyika Youshati Hwokuputitsa

Kunzwisisa mienzaniso yenhau kunobetsera kusimbisa unyanzvi hwokuzivikanwa. Nzvero dzokumanikidzana dzakatsigirwa munhimbe dzakakwirira dzakawanda.

Chido Chikuru Chokushatisa cha2000

Mukati me 2000 Republican purezidhendi princial primmiters, zita risingazivikanwi rinodana vavhoti muSouth Carolina vane mibvunzo yakadai: “Ungada here kana kuti kunyanyova nomukana wokuvhotera John McCaine kana waiziva kuti ane mwana mutema asiri wechienzi? Kutaura kwenhema kwakanongedzerwa kuMcCain wokurera wokuBangladesh. Ikoku kunosunda kunzvera nenzira inobudirira kuisa nhauro yorusaruraganda uye inokuvadza pasina mukumbiri aiita mutoro wakananga. Nhimberi yaMcCain yaigombedzerwa kudzivirira murwi, uye rudzi rusina kuzivikanwa rwefoni yacho rwakaitwa kuti ive inodokuva isingabviri yokuzvidavirira. Ichi chinoitika chinowanzodudzwa semuenzaniso webhuku rokupfuudzira pesvedzero inosha.

Kuparadzira Mashoko Akashata Mumushandirapamwe Wapurezidhendi wa2016

Mukati mesarudzo ya2016, nzvero dzakasiana- siyana dzenzvimbo yehurumende dzakaitirwa vavhoti nemibvunzo inokarakadza kuti Hillary Clinton akabatanidzwa mumhosho idzo dzakanga dzisina kusimbiswa kana kuti dzakakatutsirwa. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe runhare dzakabvunza, kuti: "Kudai waiziva kuti Hillary Clinton akanga ashandisa muteveri weemail wapachivande wemashoko akarongwa, waizomutsigira here? Mubvunzo wacho wakarapa nhau yepokanwa uye yakaongororwa seidi rakasimbiswa. Nzvero dzakadaro dzakashandiswa kwete bedzi kudzivisa tsigiro yeClinton asi kuderedzawo denga rake namashoko akaipa.

Kushatiswa Kusingachinji

Kunzverwa kwemitevedzeri hakuna kuganhurirwa kuzvamatongerwe enyika. Mamwe mapoka ezvokutengeserana namanomano okudzora anoshandisa unyanzvi hwakafanana kupesvedzera murangariro wavanhu panhau dzakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kutarisirwa kwoutano, kana kuti mutoro wesangano. Somuenzaniso, kambani inoshanda inogona kuitisa "kuedza" uko kunobvunza: "Kuda kuti hurumende iganhurire zvisarudzo zvesimba nokuda kwemhuri, kunyange kana zvichiwedzera ndyiko?"

Kutapura Kunoita Kufurira Pamaumbirwo Enyika

Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kukuvadza democracy munzira dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, vanoparadzira mashoko asina kururama anosvibisa kurukurirano dzavose. Vazivi vanoratidzirwa kumashoko enhema kana kuti akamonyaniswa vangaumba mirangariro yakavakirwa panhema, vachisekesa kuita zvisarudzo zvine mufungo kunokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Chechipiri, kumanikidza kuvhota kubvisa chivimbo mukuvhota kwapamutemo. Apo vavhoti havagoni kusiyanisa nzvero yechokwadi neyokunyengera, havangadaviriki pamusoro penzvero yose yavose yavose. Uku kusavimba kunogona kutungamirira kukuderera mwero yemhinduro nokuda kwenzvero dzinokosha, kuchideredza ururami hwemashoko udzodzo negadziriro yenhau dzinotungamirira.

Chechitatu, kumanikidza kuvhota kunotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vavhoti vakadzidza zvishoma, avo vane bviro huru yokugamuchira zvikumbiro zvinodavirwa. Ikoku kunokudziridza mukaha wezivo pakati pavagari vemo vakabatana naavo vasingadzoreki zvikuru. Chechina, kusazivikanwa kwokunzverwa kunobvumira nhimbe kudenha vashori pasina kuzvidavirira. Mishonga yemifungo yeVicural inogona kuparadzirwa nengozi shomanene yokuwana, kuparira mhoteredzo ine chepfuyo inodzivisa makwikwi akatendeseka. Pakupedzisira, inoderedza kushatsa kunaka kwehurukuro yedemocracy uye inokuita kuti ive yakaoma kuti vagari vemone vashandise kutaura kwavo kwoungwara.

Nzira Yokupindura Nayo Pakusangana Nebumbiro Romutemo

Kana mugari wemo akaongororwa achinyumwira, pane nzira dzinovaka dzokupindura nadzo pasina kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Usaita Mibvunzo Yakaoma

Ramba kupindura mibvunzo inoratidzika kuva isina kururama kana kuti ine kutaura kusina kuvimbika. Iti: "Handipinduri mibvunzo inotungamirira." Kana kuti ipai foni, bvisa mashoko, kana kuti vhara chirongwa. Kusimbisa unyanzvi uye kupa runhare mhinduro, kunyange kana iri yakaipa. Masangano okuvhota anovhura anoitwa angoitwawo; mhinduro ipi neipi yakanyorwa.

Udza Kuti Zvakaitika

Mushumo unosunda nzvero kuzviremera apo kunobvira. MuUnited States, nzvero dzinodzorwa mumitemo yesarudzo munyika dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuziviswa kuti ndiani ari kutsigira mari kuvhota. Kumbira dare rasarudzo kana kuti hofisi yegweta rehurumende. Mukuwedzera, shuma chinoitika kumasangano anoronga kudzvinyirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvakadai se American Association for Public Opicinical Research[[FLT: 1], icho chinonzvera miitiro yokuvhota pasina kururama.

Dzidza Shamwari Nemhuri

Kurukuraiwo nezvemazano okuda kuonekwa nevanhu pasocial network. Kana vanhu vakawanda vakanzwisisa nzira idzi, zvichava nyore kuti vabudirire.

Kuzvidavirira Kunodiwa Nenhimbe

Vachada kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji vanopiwa nenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti vatsigiri vavo. Vavo vanogona kuraira kuti vada kutora vashore pachena unyanzvi hwakadaro uye vimbiso yokusahushandisa. Mahofisi ezvirongwa zvokunyorerana ndokubvunza pamusoro pechimiro chawo pakunzverwa. Kana mubhadhari akaramba akanyarara, kunokarakadza kubvumirwa kwomuitiro. Vavhoti vanoziva vanogona kuita kuzvidavirira kurutivi rwechisarudzo chavo chokuvhota.

Kuva Nepfungwa Dzinotsoropodza Kupfuura Kukanganisa

Unyanzvi hunoshandiswa kuona nzvero dzinogombedzera kubatira kuzvimiro zvakawanda zvamashoko asina kururama − misoro yenhau yejeke, mashoko anoparadzirwa, zviri mukati zvinotsigirwa, uye manyuko. Kupfurikidza nokusakurira tsika yebvunzo, kunzvera mutauro, kusimbisa maidi, uye kurangarira vavariro, vagari vemo vanova vanotsunga zvikuru kudzora mumativi ose oupenyu. Munhambo yokunyanyowandisa kwamashoko, kufunga kwokutsoropodza hakusati kuri muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo; unyanzvi hunopfuurira nokuda kwougari hwehurumende hwedemocracy.

Zvikoro, masangano enzanga, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvimene zvine basa rokuita mukusimudzira kurava nokunyora zvinobudisa nhau.

mhedziso

Nzvero dzokunzvera dzinomirira nzvimbo ine mumvuri yenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoedza kuvhota nzvimbo yaro inovigirwa mukunzvera kuti iumbe pfungwa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa icho chinomanikidzira kuvhota zviri unyanzvi hwavo hwokunyengera, uye kushandisa nzira dzokufunga dzakakomba, vagari vemo vanogona kuzvidzivirira vamene pakunyengera. Kuziva mibvunzo yakaremerwa, kubvunza manyuko asingazivikanwi, kusimbisa kutaura kupfurikidza nedonzo rechokwadi retsororo, uye kurangarira shandisiro yezvomene yezvose izvo zvose izvo muvhoti upi noupi anogona kushandisa. Apo vagari vakakwana vanokudziridza unyanzvi ihwo, vanonyandura unyanzvi hwavo hunorasikirwa nesimba ravo. Kusanoshongedzerwa kwavose nokufunga kwapachena kunoramba kuri dziviriro kukuru zvikurusa mukurwisana nokuedza kupi nokuedza kushandisa gadziriro yehurumende.

Nguva inotevera apo runhare rune nzvero inonyumwira kana kuti mashoko orugwaro anoratidzika kuva anobvunza mifungo, imbomira ndokushandisa unyanzvi hwakarongwa pano. Kurangarira ikoko kwechinguvana kunoparadzanisa mugari wemo akavimbisana nenhau inoshandiswa. Democracy inotsamira pamunhu anoziva, anotsoropodza (uye anotanga nemano okuona nzvero inomanikidzirwa.)