Kutanga: Dare Repamusorosoro Semuvambi Wokuenzana

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa reUnited States rakashanda kwenguva refu senzvimbo yerwisano yakakomba nokuda kwamaruramiro okuenzana, richidudzira Bumbiro remitemo munzira dzakashandurazve nzanga yeAmerica. Nepo Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinoshanda sesangano retsika retsika, zvisarudzo zvaro zvakatanhamara pamusoro pekuenzana padzimwe nguva zvakatanga mberi zvikuru kwemifungo yavose nechiito chehurumende. Kubva pakuparadza dzinza kusvikira kukuva mukwanyina mumwe cheteyo weroorano, iyi miraudzo inova yakachinja nzira iyo vaAmerica vanonzwisisa nayo chiremera, rusununguko, uye dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo. Iyi nyaya inonzvera zvisarudzo zvikurusa zvinoteverwa pakodzero dzavanhu pamusoro pekodzero dzakaenzana, inopa kurangarira kwadzamava kwadzo, uye tapurodzirwo inogarisa kupfurikidza nenzira iyo zvisarudzo zvakatevera zvakavakwa nayo panzvimbo kana kuti, muzvimwe, zvakachinjawo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Kushatisa "Sepate asi Wakaenzana"

Zvekunze

Kwaanodokusvika makumi matanhatu amakore, dzidziso ye "yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana" yakasimbiswa mu Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) yakanga yabvumira kusarura dzinza munzvimbo dzavose. Mukutanga kwa1950, NACP Legin Defense Fund, yaitungamirirwa naTur Marshall, dzidzo yakarongwa yakadenha kukuvadziko yendangariro pavana vatema. Zvisarudzo zvakasimbiswa pasi pe [[FLT.2:]Brown v. Dare reDzidzorome rakabva kuKansas, South Caroline, Virginia, Virginia.

Mutongi Worupo

Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akapa murangariro unowirirana pana May 17, 1954, achizivisa kuti "zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaparadzaniswa hazvienzaniswi nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Dare rakaramba muenzaniso wePlesty, richirangarira kuti kusarura muzvikoro zvehurumende kwakaputsa Kudzivirira kwaManeith Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho chakanga chiri chipfupi uye chinowanika, chakanangidzirwa kuderedza kudziviswa.

Kushandisa uye Kudzivisa

Gore rakatevera, Brown II (1955) yakaraira kurongeka kuti ipfuurire "nekumhanya kwose kwamaune," chitsama chamashoko icho chakabvumira nyika dzokuMadokero kunonoka nokudzivisa. Kudzivisa kwokushingaira, kubatanidza kuvakwa kwezvikoro zvavose muVirginia uye kumiswa kweLittle Rock Central High School, zvakaderedza fambiro mberi. Yakatora Civil Rights Act ya1944 uye gare gare gare Dare Gurusa kuti itsigire kubatana kune revo.

Nhaka

Brown akanga ari fandesheni yapamutemo yeCivil Rights Movement. Yakabvisa de jure reparation muzvivako zvose zvavose navanonyandura kuraira kuva vakaenzana mukuvhota, basa, uye dzimba. Kunyange zvazvo dzinza muzvikoro rinopfuurira nhasi nemhaka yezvikonzero zvenzanga nezvemari, nheyo yaBrown yedzinza iyo isati iri pamutemo wehurumende. Kurangarira zvizere murangariro paOyez.

Rudo Virginia (1967): Kodzero Yokuroora Munhu Upi Noupi

Zvekunze

Solivers(a muchena nomukadzi muBlack) vakaroorwa muWashington, D.C., muna 1958. Pakudzokera kuVirginia, vakasungwa nokuda kwokuputsa Ruoko Rwokuchengeteka rwedzinza, urwo rwakava roorano yedzinza rakasiyana. Vakatongerwa gore rimwe mutorongo, vakarebeswa pamugariro wavakasiya hurumende.

Kutonga Kwacho

Dare Gurusa rakabvumirana rakaputsa mitemo inorwisana nehurumende, richitaura kuti roorano ikodzero huru uye kuti maruramiro edzinza anodzorwa nokusanonzvera. Mutongi mukuru Warren akanyora, kuti: “Rusununguko rwokuroora rwave ruchizivikanwa kwenguva refu seimwe yekodzero dzinokosha dzomunhu oga dzinokosha kukurondwa kwakarongwa kwomufarwa. Chisarudzo chakaparadzana mumitemo 16 yasara.

Kutapura

Rudo rwakagumisa zvirambidzo zvapamutemo paroorano dzamarudzi ose munyika yose. Yakatangawo gadziriro yenhau dzapashure dzekuenzana kweroorano, sokurangarira kwayo kuti rusununguko rwokuroora rungaganhurirwa nerusaruro rwedzinza rinogamuchirwa nerusaruro rwedzinza() yakatambanudzirwa kuvakwanyina voutevedzani vorudzi rumwe cheterwo muObergefell. Kusvikira muna 2024, roorano dzemarudzi akasiyana dzinoumba inenge 20% yeroorano itsva dzose muU.S. Pew Research Center mishumo yenhau inoratidzira kukura kunopfuurira.

Musoro weIX neDare Rapamusorosoro: Rusaruro Rwokurara Navanhu Mudzidzo

Zvekunze

Musoro weIX weEducation Amendments ya 1972 unorambidza rusaruro "pahwaro hwevatano" mugadziriro ipi neipi yedzidzo inogamuchira mari yehurumende. Nepo isiri chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro rimene, mutemo wacho wakaumbwa nemitemo yakatanhamara iyo yairondedzera ukuru hwawo.

Nhau Huru: Guta neDavis

Mu Grove City College v. Bell [19984], Dare rakaganhurira Titry IX kupurogiramu dzakati dzinogamuchira mari dzehurumende, kwete sangano rose. Dare rakatendeutsa iyi dudziro neChibvumirano chekodzero dzeChivil Reformation Act ya 1988. [[FLT]]Franklin v. Ginnet County Schools [[FLT]] [1999] , Dare rakabvumira kuvadziko yemari nokuda kwekusarura zvevatano nenzira yamaune. [[FLT] V.[FLT] Counter Board yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo[FLT]] (1999) yakaita zvikoro zvinovanwanwanwanwa nokuda kwechinonetsoro chevatano kana zvichiva nokusarurwa kwevatano.

Kutapura Pamabhizimisi Nezvinopfuura

Thitut IX yakashandura mitambo yavakadzi: mwero yokutora rutivi pakati pavasikana vechikoro chapamusoro yakaputika kubva pa 1 mu 27 muna 1972 kusvikira kuinenge 1 mu 2 nhasi. Mutemo unodzivirirawo kusasarura mimba, unovimbisa kusvika kwakaenzana kwepurogiramu dzeSTEM, uye, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, yakadudzwa mumagakava pamusoro pokutora rutivi kwavadzidzi vechikoro. Dare rapamusoro harina kutonga zvakananga panhau iyoyo, asi matare akaderera anokamurwa.

Kusununguka Kuva Wega uye Kubereka Autonomy

Zvekunze

Muna 1969, ``Jane Roe') (Norma McCurdy) akadenha mutemo weTexas wokuti kubvisa pamuviri kwaidzorwa noutsotsi kunze kwokuponesa upenyu hwaamai. Mhaka yacho yakatongwa negweta Sarah Gorigiton, achiramba kuti mutemo wakaputsa kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yomukadzi yokuva oga.

Kutonga Kwacho

Mutongi Harry Blackmun akanyora murangariro 7-2, achiwana kuti Gwendedzero reKinaith Amendment rinodzivirira maruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri. Dare rakatanga chirongwa chinoderedza kubvisa pamuviri: mudangwe rokutanga, chisarudzo chakasiyirwa mukadzi nachiremba wake; pashure pokuva nemhosva, hurumende dzingagona kurambidza kubvisa pamuviri kunze kwepanodiwa kudzivirira upenyu kana kuti utano hwomukadzi.

Zvinoitika Gare gare

.Casey (1992) yakatsiva gadziriro yakachekerera ne "mutwaro usati wafanira" mupimo asi yakasimbiswazve kutakura kwaRoe. Zvisinei, mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [ , Dare rinotonga chose chose, richidzorera kubvisa mimba kumitemo. Sekwa 2024, inenge hafu yenyika yakarambidzwa kana kuti yakaganhurirwa zvakakomba kubvisa pamuviri, apo vamwe vakadzivirira kusvika. Chisarudzo chaMakurusa chaMarudzi ezvokubereka, kupfumba kwemitemo uye hondo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhaka

Rukunge runoramba rwuri chimwe chezvisarudzo zvinomutsa nharo zvikurusa uye zvinoguma zvaitika munhau yeAmerica. Rwunonyandura zvose zviri zviviri maruramiro okubereka namasangano anorwisana nokubvisa mimba, uye kuchinjwa kwaro kunoratidzira kusatapukira kwamaruramiro okuenzana kudzimwe matare makuru. Read Roe v. Wade pa Cornell LII.

Grutter v. Bollinger (2003): Chiito Chinosimbisa uye Misiyano

Zvekunze

Barbara Grutter, muchena akakumbira aiva namagiredhi akakwirira uye mayeresi akawanda, akanyimwa kubvumirwa kuUniversity of Michigan Law School. Iye akakwidziridza, achizivisa kuti kushandiswa kwechikoro kwedzinza sechisakiso mukubvuma kwakaputsa Kudzivirira kwaMarudzi. Chikoro chomutemo chakataura kuti boka ravadzidzi rakasiana - siana rakanga riri fariro inosunda iyo yakaruramisa kurangarira rudzi.

Kutonga Kwacho

Mutongi Sandra Day O'Connor akatungamirira chisarudzo 5-4 chakatsigira muitiro wechikoro chomutemo. Dare rakati kuwana "boka rinotambudza" ravadzidzi vashomanene vaimirira yakanga iri fariro inogombedzera, uye purogiramu yakasanogadzirirwa nemhaka yokuti yakarangarira rudzi sechinhu chimwe bedzi mukuhwirudzura kwezvomutemo. O'Connor akataura tariro yokuti mukati mamakore 25, kugamuchirwa kworudzi kwaisazovazve kuri madikanwa.

Vakatendeuka: Vadzidzi Vemitongo Yakanaka (2023)

Mu Mitemo yeFair Adgings v. Harvard & UNC [2023], voruzhinji 6-3 vakazvidzora paGritter, vachiva nechiito ichocho chinotsigirwa nedzinza mukuvatendirwa kwavana vedzinza vakaputsa Dare reFegial Protection Claus. Dare rakawana kuti mapurogiramu aipinda haana zvinangwa zvinodavirika uye aishandiswa nerusarura. Ichi chisarudzo chakagumisa kushandiswa kwedzinza sechinhu chinoparira dzidzo yakakwirira kupfuura nokupfuura United States, kuchimanikidzira masangano kutsvaka mazano akasiana - enjawulo semagariro enzanga nezvinosarudzwa.

Kutapura

Nhaka yaGrutter zvino yave yenhau panzvimbo pekubatanidza, asi yakaumba makumi maviri amakore emitemo yokubvuma. Chirango cha2023 chinokarirwa kuderedza mhatsa yedzinza pazvikoro zvinosarudzwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavadzidzi veBlack neHispanic. SCOTUSBlog shongedzero[[[FLT: 1]]

United States v. Windsor (2013): Federal Brand of Save - Sex Ages

Zvekunze

The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 1996, yakarondedzerwa semubatanidzwa pakati pomurume nomukadzi mumwe nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehurumende. Edith Windsor akaroora Thea Spyer muOntario, Canada, muna 2007. Apo Spiner akafa, Windsor akamanikidzwa kubhadhara mari inodarika $350 000 yemitero yehurumende nemhaka yokuti hurumende haina kuziva roorano yavo.

Kutonga Kwacho

Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akanyora murangariro 5-4, kurova Chikamu 3 cheDOMA sechipunziso chedziviriro yakaenzana. Dare rakarangarira kuti DOMA "inoreva zvisarudzo zvetsika nevatano zvevaroorani vounzenza vamwe chetevo" ndokuisa "stigma" pavana vavo. Chisarudzo chacho hachina kuda mamiriro ezvinhu okubvumira roorano imwe cheteyo youtere asi chinoda kuti hurumende yehurumende ibvumire roorano dzinoitwa nenzira yapamutemo muhurumende iyo yakavabvumira.

Kutapura

Windsor yakanga iri nhano inokosha kuuenzana hweroorano, kuchigonesa varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano kugamuchira betsero dzehurumende dzakadai sebetsero dzeSocial Security, kodzero dzokutama, uye nzvimbo yokuisa mitero. Yakaisawo nzvimbo nokuda kweOberge waputsika kupfurikidza nokutanga kuti roorano dzevatano dzavanhu vamwe chetedzo dzaiva nouremu hwebumbiro remitemo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kodzero yeBumbiro reMitemo yeroorano yeSabata

Zvekunze

Test Windsor, matare ehurumende anoverengeka akarova ganhuriro dzeroorano dzenyika imwe cheteyo dzoutere. Nhau muMichigan, Ohio, Kentucky, uye Tennessee dzakabatanidzwa pasi pe [[FL:0]bergefell v. Hodges. Jim Obergefell akatsvaka kurongwa somukwanyina akasara parugwaro rworufu rwomurume wake muOhio.

Kutonga Kwacho

Mutongi Kennedy akanyorazve nokuda kwavoruzhinji 5-4, achidavira kuti maruramiro okuroora ikodzero huru inovimbiswa neCertive Procession and Applificime Clauss. Chisarudzo chakadzorwa neganhuriro dzehurumende muhurumende 14 uye chaida kuti nyika dzose dzibvumidze ndokuziva roorano dzevatano imwe chetedzo. Kennedy akanyora, kuti: "Hapana mubatanidzwa wakakura zvikuru kupfuura roorano, nokuti unobatanidza mipimo yakakwirira zvikurusa yorudo, kuvimbika, kuzvipira, chibayiro, uye mhuri.

Matambudziko Acho uye Anoenderera Mberi

Obergefell akatambanudza maruramiro okuroora vakwanyina voutere munyika yose, achiwana kugamuchirwa kwavose kwenguva yakati. Zvisinei, pashure pechisarudzo chaDobbs muna 2022, Mutongi Thomas akakarakadza mubvumirano kuti Obergefell anofanira kurangarirwazve, achinyandura rutyo pakati peLGBTQ+ vatsigiri. Dare rakapindura kupfuudza Revo yapamutemo kuzivikanwa kweimwe cheteyo ye-sox nesvord. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuchinjirwa kweDare kunzvimbo inodzorwa kutsika dzamakoko kunofanira kusimutsirira nhambo refu yeOberge yawira pasina kuvimbwa. [[FLF:]]

County (2020): Kudzivirira LGBTQ+ Vashandi

Zvekunze

Gerald Bostock akadzingwa pabasa rake somurongi weyamuro yevana nokukurumidza pashure pokunge atanga kutora rutivi muboka revaraidzo youngochani. Mubvunzo wakanga uri kana Thit VII yeCivil Rights Act ya1946, inorambidza rusaruro "nemhaka yevatano," inodzivirira ngochani navashandi vanotengesa.

Kutonga Kwacho

Mutongi Neil Gorfo akapa murangariro 6-3 unorangarira kuti rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kana kuti mugariro wekuchinja vatano runofanira kuva rusarura “nemhaka yevatano. ” Dare rakarangarira kuti mushandirwi anopisa munhu namaune nokuda kwoungochani kana kuti trangender haagoni kudzivisa kuva nemhaka kupfurikidza nokududza vatano. Uku kusvika kwamashoko kwakashamisa vazhinji, sezvo Gorsath ari murongi anochengeta tsika.

Kutapura

Bostock akakurumidza kudzivirira LGBTQ+ vashandi munyika yose, vachishanda kuvashandirwi vose vane vanenge 15. Yakavawo nemiuyo yakapararira mudzimwe nharaunda dzomutemo, zvakadai setarisiro youtano nedzimba, uko mirau yakafanana neshambidzo dzevatano iripo. matare epasi akakamuranisa pa kana kurangarira kwaBostock kunoshanda kuTitle IX, kuchitungamirira kukupfuudza kunopfuurira pamusoro pevatambi vemitambo yepasi napazvimbudzi.

Kupedzisa: Chinjo Inovapo Yekodzero Dzevanhu Dzakaenzana

Zvisarudzo zvedare gurusa pamusoro pekodzero dzakaenzana zvinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba nokusashanda kwedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Kuvambira paBrown kusvikira kuBostock, Dare padzimwe nguva rakashanda somutarisiri nokuda kwechinjo yenzanga, kucheka kupfurikidza newirirano dzemitemo kuti vawedzere revo yedziviriro yakaenzana. Bva murairo wacho hauna kurongerwa: Roe akatendeutswa, Gretain akadzorwa, uye Obergefe bvuchanangana netyisidziro dzinobvira. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe cheruramisiro chinounza uzivi hutsva, uye kunyora kweDare kunogona kuparira miuyo miuyo inochinja zvikuru.

Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuvakwa kwomutemo wokuenzana weAmerica. Zvinogovera gadziriro yapamutemo nokuda kwekutongwa kwedzinza kunopfuurira. (zvingava nokuda kweruramisiro yedzinza, kuenzana kwechirume, rusununguko rwokubereka, kana kuti LGBTQ+ kodzero. Sezvo nhau itsva dzinobuda, kubva kusarura kwoungwaru kwokusashanda kusvikira kukusunungurwa kworudzidziso, nheyo dzakaiswa muidzi nhau dzichapfuurira kuedzwa uye, uko kuri madikanwa, kurangarirwazve. Kurwisa nokuda kwokuenzana hakutongopedzwa; hakutongovakwaniswi bedzi, kutonga kumwe kwomutemo panguva imwe.