Nhoroondo Yacho: Zvinetso uye Nzira Yokuita Kuti Pave Nechibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Mavambo eGood Frinth Agreement ndeemakumi matatu emakore ehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika inozivikanwa seNharo, yakauraya upenyu hunopfuura 3 500 pakati pokupera kwema1960 na1998. Nzanga yeNorthern Ireland yakakamukana zvikuru. Yakapesana zvikuru pakati peUnion (ikurukuru vaPurotesitendi, vanoda kuramba vari rutivi rweUnited Kingdom) uye Nationalism (vanowanzova vaKaturike, vanotsvaka kuenda kuIreland yakabatana) yakawedzera nokusarurana kwemasangano echiuto, chisimba, uye kuita kwokuchengeteka kweBritain uko kazhinji kazhinji kacho kwakaparadzana.

Nhamburiko dzokuparadza mugari weIrilande yakavamba kare pamberi pa1998. Chibvumirano cheSungindandale cha1979 chakanga chiri kuedza kwapakuvamba kugadza mutungamiriri anobatira simba, asi kwakaputsika mukati memwedzi nemhaka yechishoro cheUnionism nerakabho. Anglo-Irish Revension (1985) yakapa Republic yeIreland basa rokubvunza muNorthern Ireland, kushayisa simba asi kuisa nheyo dzesangano rezve. Kuvamba kwama1993, pakuvamba kwama1990, hurukuro dzakavanzika dzakapiwa navafundisi, vatungamiriri vebhizimisi, uye varedhimasiteshinaridhesi vakavaka chivimbo pakati peBritain nehurumende dzeIreland neRwish nesangano guru ramato, zvikurukuru IRA nesangano rakavimbika. Down Street Declaraclationy (1993) rakagovera, kupfuumbadzadzadzadzadza mukurukurirano dzakawanda mukurukurirano yeEd Republictics Covert Reverts Revert Reveneticslandslands) yakashamira kuReveney Reveritiveritiveriase muRrease

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzokufambidzana Nesimba

Good Friver Agreement igweta rinodzorwa zvikurukuru (8) chimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu chakagadzirirwa kudzora mapoka makuru edzinza kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mapoka ose makuru anogoverana simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Vanyori varo vanokweverwa parondedzero yezvokubatana yakatangwa nenyanzvi yezvamatongerwe enyika Arend Lijphart. Nheyo huru dzakasimbiswa muChibvumirano chinobatanidza:

Hurumende Yenzanga

Panzvimbo pegadziriro yavakurusa umo boka gurusa rinodzora hurumende, Account inoraira kuti simba guru rive rakagoverwa mukuwirirana pakati pavaUnions, Nationalis, naavo vanozivisa savasiri. Ikoku kunowanwa kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa unomanikidzirwa: mapoka ose anoyambuka chigaro chidukusa muGungano ane kodzero yokuva munzvimbo dzoushumiri. Sangano inorongedzerwa kudzivisa nzanga ipi neipi imwe kuti idzore imwe, nokudaro ichivimbisa kumirira nokudzivirira maruramiro mashoma.

Kubvumidzwa kwechibvumirano chemuchinjikwa

Kudzivisa zvisarudzo zvinoparadza rutivi rumwe, Chibvumirano chinoda kuti zvisarudzo zvikuru zvakati kuti , zvakadai sesarudzo yeSpeaker, bhajeti inogoverwa, uye chinjo kumira mirairo(*be zvinotorwa bedzi kana voruzhinji vemimirimo yeUnionism neNationalist vabvumirana. Uku kunozivikanwa semvumo inowirirana. Kuvhota kwakawanda (60% yemitezo yose, kubatanidza 40% yenzanga imwe neimwe) kunogona kushandiswa. Iri basa rinovimbisa kuti mutemo une tsigiro yakafara mukupesana, kumanikidza kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kuvaka.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu kweD’Hondt uye Kugara Munzvimbo Yevashumiri

Ministerial posts in the Northern Ireland Executive are allocated using the D’Hondt formula, a proportional representation method. After an Assembly election, the largest party nominates the First Minister, the next largest the deputy First Minister (who is of a different community), and further ministerial positions are distributed among parties according to their seat share. This mathematical approach removes any discretion about who enters the government, preventing exclusion and ensuring that the executive mirrors the Assembly’s community balance.

Misangano Yakatemerwa Yakatangwa Nechibvumirano

Chibvumirano chakagadzira gadziriro yezviwi zvitatu: Masangano omukati meNorthern Ireland (Strand One), masangano eNorth- South anobatanidza Northern Ireland neRepublic yeIreland (Strand II), uye East-West anobatanidza UK, Ireland, uye zvimwe zvitsuwa zveBritain (Zvitatu). Gadziriro dzesimba dzinova dzinooneka zvikurusa muStrand One.

Gungano Rokuchamhembe kweIreland

Gungano idare remibatanidzwa reUnivatadral reMitezo 90 yeLegislative Assembly (MLS), rimwe nerimwe rikasarudzwa nevhoti imwe inotamiswa mu 18 yemitezo mishanu. Ine chiremera chemitemo pamusoro penhau dzakachinjwa dzakadai soutano, dzidzo, zvokurima, uye ruramisiro. Crucily, Gungano rinoshanda munheyo yebvumirano yevhoti huru, serinorondedzerwa pamusoro apa. Matare aro anotonga uye masangano anozvidavirira.

Chiremera Chokuchamhembe kweIreland

Gurukota Gurukota Guru rinoumbwa naMutungamiriri weForder, mutevedzeri weMumiririri wokutanga (hofisi inoshandira pamwe chete, kwete basa rakaderera(vakaenzana), uye vashumiri vanotungamirira madhipatimendi. Masangano ose anofanirwa kuportfolios pasi peD'Hondt anofanira kugamuchira zvigaro zvavo; havagoni kusarudza kugara kunze kwehurumende. Iyi tsika yeSangano reMitemo yeMitemo yeChitemo yave iri simba rokubatanidza ((ine system) uye manyuko efunganyo, sezvo mapoka ane pfungwa dzinopesana anofanira kudzora pamwe chete. Chiteshingamiredzo chipi nechipi chinoda kutsigira.

Mushumiri Wokutanga naSerezi Womushumiri Wokutanga

Mahofisi eMutungamiriri weFost Service weChirefu wekutanga uye mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weNorthern Ireland akasiana: Ose ari maviri anosarudzwa pamwe chete neGungano rinoshandisa mavhoti anosangana. Anogoverana masimba akaenzana uye anoita pamwe chete munharaunda dzakawanda (somuenzaniso, anobata pamwe chete mukuru mukuru, anoita shanyo dzamarudzi ose, uye anomirira Northern Ireland). Mushumiri wokutanga anowanzobva paboka gurusa muzita gurusa (Indiyo kana kuti reHurumende) uye muteveri weMutungamiriri Wekutanga webato rimwe divi guru mune rimwe divi.

Kukumbira Kuitira Hanya

Kudzivirira maruramiro makuru uye kudzivisa voruzhinji kukurira nzanga duku, Aglisect yakasuma Chikumbiro chePurse. Mari ipi neipi 30 inogona kukumbira kukumbira kuvhota kuti iende paimwe nzira, ichipa nenzira inobudirira voruzhinji pamusoro penhau dzinovanza. Yakagadzirirwa pakuvamba kudzivirira kuenzana ndokudzivisa zvisarudzo zvenharo kufanana nokuchinja zita remapurisa, muitiro wacho wakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokushandisa zvikuru nhau dzisiri dzenhau. Kunyanguvezvo, unoramba uri chishandiso chinokosha chokuvimbisa kuti simba ramasimba nderechokwadi uye fariro shomanene dzinodzivirirwa.

Strand 2 naNhatu: North- South neWest Institutions

Dare Roushumiri Rokumaodzanyemba

Good Frinder Augment yakatanga Dare roUshumiri reNorth-South (NSMC), richiunza vashumiri pamwe chete vanobva kuNorthern Ireland Guvidual neHurumende yeIreland kuti vabatirane panhau dzefariro yomumwe nomumwe . zvakadai sechokufambisa, zvokurima, zvokushanyira, zvakapoteredza, uye utano. NSMC inosangana muPrenary nemumasangano eMitemo uye inotsigirwa nemitumbi mitanhatu yemibatanidzwa yemitengo yemuchinjikwa (zvikurukuru, Waterways Ireland, Intradereland). Iyi inomirira mubatanidzwa weNational Ad Livision yeIland yeUnity yezvokubatana neIreland neIreland nepo inovimbisa kuti batira pamwero yenzvimbo dzinobvumiranwa uye inozvidavirira kumibatanidzwa kumitezo yose iri mibatanidzwa.

Dare reBritain Nemusangano Wehurumende

Britishish Council (BiC) inobatanidza vamiriri vanobva kuhurumende dzeUK neIreland, pamwe chete nehurumende dzinoderera dzeScotland, Wales, uye Hurumende yeIrish. Inopfavisa kurukurirano pamusoro pezvinetso zvakafanana sesimba, mamiriro emichina, uye mhoteredzo, inotsigira pfungwa huru yokutsamirana. Intergovernmental Conference, inogovera nharaunda yehurumende dzeBritain neIrish kukurukura nhau dzisina kusinwa pamusoro peNorthern Ireland, nengwariro pakudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye kusimudzira kuyanana.

Kushandisa uye Kudzikamisa: Chibvumirano cheSt Andrews uye Kupfuura

Good Frive Augness Reformation yapakuvamba yakanga isati iri yokuzviparadza; masangano ayo aida kuda kuda kupfuudzirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika negadziridzo dzenhambo nenhambo. Pashure pokubviswa kwadzokororwa kweGungano nemhaka yenjodzi (mureg., pamusoro peIRA inopa chibvumirano muna 2002), St Andrews Accomment (2006) yakakurukurwa kudzorera kudzorerwa nokunatsiridza mitemo yesimba rinodzoresa. Yakawedzera gadziriro dzakaita kuti Mutungamiriri weProfetempi wokutanga nomuteveri weMubatiri wokutanga vatsigiriri vatsi vatsiteme zvikuru uye yakagumisa chinodikanwa nokuda kwe “zita remitezo remariaissss (matafuro asara ari mukushanda). Gare gare gare, Dare rePrositemu reProtempo nerongedzero, uye masimba eSpont House Augliation (2014) yakaedza kupedza kugadziridza nhau dzeganomuko nemuko.

Pasinei zvapo nenhamburiko idzi, masangano esimba anotarisira mitauro akaputsika kwenhambo dzakarebesa (zvikurusa kuvambira muna 2017 kusvikira ku 2020 pamusoro pegakava pamusoro pomutauro weIreland, roorano yevatano yakafanana, uye gadziriro yokudziyisa inomutsidzirwa. Chibvumirano cheNew Decade , Chibvumirano chitsva muna 2020 chakadzorera Kudzorwa nezvibvumirano zvokuwedzera pamutauro nechizivikanwi. Nhamba yeNorthern Ireland Protocol neProgramme neposit Brhit eBrit zvakanetesai gadziriro yacho, sezvinotaura kuti inosekesa zita ravo reBritain uye yaita muganhu muIrish Sea. Panguva yokunyora, masangano anobvisa masangano ava mubatanidzwa ava mungozizve yeUnion paUnity Protocoration, inoratidzira kuti simba rinoramba kuva risina simba.

Kubudirira uye Matambudziko Emuenzaniso Une Simba

Kuderedzwa Mumasimba Masimba Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chinoyerwa nokuderera kwenhimbe dzechikwikwi chikuru chehondo, Chibvumirano cheGood Chishanu chave chiri budiriro isingarambiki. Nhamo dzine chokuita neNhamo dzakaderera nokukurumidza pashure pa1998. Apo mapoka anopandukira nyika yairwisana nevezvokutsigira nyika anopfuurira kushanda, zvinopa tyisidziro duku zvikuru kupfuura IRA neUVF zvema1990. Muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika wakapinza zvichemo kupinda muganhuro zvehurumende panzvimbo perwisano yezvombo.

Kusatya Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika uye Kusagadzikana

Chifo cha1998, Gungano neChiremera zvakashanda nokuda kwenzvimbo huru asi zvakawanawo kudzokororwa nokuputsika kunodzokororwa. Muenzaniso wemubatanidzwa wechikwaniriso unoraira mapoka kuti adzore pamwe chete, bva rinogonawo kuvavhara muzero-sum inokurumidza kukura uko njodzi dzinowedzera. Chinodikanwa chebvumirano yokuyambuka pane dzimwe nguva chinoguma nemigumisiro yetsika, sezvo nhau huru (kurongedzerwa, kupiwa mhaka kwapachivande, kodzero dzomutauro) dzinova dzakafa nemhaka yokuti hapana nzanga inogona kuisa murangariro wayo nokukurumidza. Chikumbiro cheChender chakashandiswa nenzira inowirirana kuvhara mutemo unopesana, kuchitungamirira kukunyunyuta kuti kukuvadziridza fambiro mberi.

Kufambira Mberi Kwenzanga Netsika

Northern Ireland yachinja zvikuru kubvira muna 1998. Mapurisa akachinjwa, Royal Ulster Constabulary yakatsiviwa nePuce Service yeNorthern Ireland neetos itsva. Dziviriro dzavanhu dzakasimbiswa, mutemo wokuenzana wakaitwa, uye gadziriro yedzidzo yakabatana zvikuru yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma. Zviratidzo zvemaruvara .www.ww.w.w.w.

Nhau Dzinopfuurira Dzine Mhosva

Nhau dzinoverengeka dzenhaka dzinoramba dzisingagadziriswi. Kubatwa kweNhamo nemhosho kunopomerwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika, mhuri dzakawanda dzavanyajambwa dzinotsvaka ruramisiro apo vaichimbova varwi vanodzivisa kubvunza. Mutauro weIreland neUlster Scots zvakapinzwa; vimbiso dzokupfuudza mitauro yeIrish Language Act yakanonotswazve. Roorano yeIrish-wex yakagadzirirwa pakupedzisira neUK Paramente muna 2019 pashure pokunge Dare radzivisa kuita saizvozvo. Mitezo yenhaka yakakarakadzwa muSponsont House Applice haina kupfuudzirwa zvizere. Bretit akavhuranura mubvunzo wepamutemo: Nationaliss inoona Ireland seyakabatanidzwa zvikuru, nepo vanonzwa kuti nzvimbo yavo muUK yakadericooctal yakaderty yakaderedzwa neProtoot Union.

Chibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu uye Kupesvedzera

Mutevedzeri wesimba rinopa simba weGood Friver Augness wazova chisarudzo cherwisano munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru mumarudzi ose. Mativi adzo akasanosangurwa ndokugadziridzwa mumiitiro yorugare muBosnia neHerzegovina, South Africa, Lebanon, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Nyanzvi dzinocherekedza kuti nepo muenzaniso wacho wakavakisa Northern Ireland, budiriro yawo inotsamira pakuzvipira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunopfuurira, tsigiro yokunze kubva kuhurumende dzeUK neIreland, uye mwero wakarurama wechiPragmat chinobva kuvatungamiriri.

KuNorthern Ireland, Chibvumirano chinoramba chiri chinhu chipenyu. Chakagovera hwaro hwakasimba nokuda kworugare, asi hachina kupedza rwisano yenyika inoparira kuzivikanwa kwaro (*) yakakutarisira. Gadziriro dzesimba dzinoda kuti dzidzorerwezve nguva dzose, sezvinoitika zvakadai seBretit uye kuwanda kwenzvero yetsika. Kunyanguvezvo, nheyo huru yemitemo yehrome . "/hurumende inofanira kuwinwa, haisi kuwanikwa `nongoramba iri vimbiso yakanakisisa yokudzivisa kudzokera kumasimba masimba.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzesimba dzakatangwa neGood Fread Agreement ibasa rinoshamisa. Nokuenzanisa kumira, kunoda kubvumirana kwechitsaru, uye kugadzira masangano ayo akabatanidza batira pamwe pamwe pamwero uri wose, zvakashandura Northern Ireland kubva panzvimbo yehondo kuenda kune imwe ye(panguva dzinozvinetseka.) Nhevedzo yesimba ichaedzwa zvakare, asi inoramba iri nzira inoshanda kunzvimbo inochengeteka neinotemesa. Nokuda kwokuravazve nzanga yakakamukana namazana amazana ekusavimbana, batira pamwero yedemo yedemocracracy Ireland inobvira. Sezvi Njongo inopa jiro yapa jiro yepashure kapoku.[FFF1]