Kunzwisisa kuti mari inova mutemo kunokosha sei mukubatanidzwa nehurumende yako. Uyu muitiro, nepo wakaoma kunzwisisa, unotevera nzira yakajeka yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chakakwana. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza nhano, vagari vemo vanogona kutevera fambiro mberi yomutemo, miuyo, uye kuita kuti vamiriri vazvidaviri vazvidavirire. Nyaya inotsanangurira muitiro wemitemo mumutauro wakapfava, kubva kupfungwa yokutanga kusvikira kumutemo wakagadzwa, uye inofukidza mifungo mikuru inotapura kuti mari inofamba sei mumwero yakasiana yehurumende.

Bhiri chii?

Chibvumirano chikarakadzo chakarongwa chomutemo mutsva kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwomutemo uripo. Chinobva mumanyuko akasiana- siyana: vaiti vemitemo, masangano ehurumende, mapoka ezvibvumirano, kana kuti vagari vemo vamwe navamwe. Mumitezo yehurumende inomirira hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, mitezo bedzi yedare remitemo inogona kusuma nenzira yakarongwa mumutemo muiti, asi pfungwa dzacho kazhinji dzinobva mukuita mubatanidzwa wavose kana kuti muitiro. Mabhii anorongwa kuva akasiana mumarudzi akasiana- siyana: zvikwereti zvavose (zvinowanzova), zvikwereti zvapa pachivande (zvichinodikanwa kuvanhu vamwe kana kuti masangano), zvisarudzo zvemitemo (zvinowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwemitengo yemitemo kana kuti migariro chaiyo), uye zvisarudzo zvinobatanidzwa (zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwenhau dzose dzinotapura mitengo yemitemo yavose). Mitengo mizhinji inotanga semitero yavose.

Mutengo mumwe nomumwe unopiwa mucherechedzo wechienzi apo unosumwa, wakadai seH.R. 1234 muImba yaVamiririri veU.S. 567 muDare. Iyi nhamba inobvumira kunyorwa kwedanho riri rose. Chibvumirano chinobatanidzawo musoro unorondedzera nokupfupikisa chinangwa chawo, uye kazhinji kazhinji musoro murefu unogovera udzame hwakawanda. Kunzwisisa uku kurongwa kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva kuti zvii zvikwereti zvinokurukura funganyo dzavo.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Nhungamiro Nenzira

Nhambo yegweta ine matanho anoverengeka anokosha, rimwe nerimwe rakagadzirirwa kuongorora chikarakadzo chacho kubva pamativi akasiyana - siyana. Nepo misiyano iripo pakati pemwero yehurumende nehurumende, uye munyika dzakawanda, nhano dzapakati dzakafanana. zvikamu zvinotevera zvinoputsika nhano imwe neimwe muudzame.

Mafungiro uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Muitiro wacho unogona kutanga nepfungwa. Pfungwa iyi inogona kubva kumunhu anoonana nomuiti wemitemo, kubva kusangano rehurumende rinozivisa chinodikanwa chemitemo, kana kuti kubva kuvavariro dzemitemo. Somuenzaniso, mutengi angakarakadza mutengi wokuvandudza kunaka kwemvura yomunzvimbomo, kukurudzira mumiririri kuita chimwe chinhu. Kana pfungwa yangova yakakudziridzwa, muiti wemitemo anoshanda nezano remitemo rokunyora mutemo mumutauro wapamutemo. Rodhidha inofanira kuva yakarurama kuizadzisa chinangwa chayo uye kudzivirira kuongororwa kwapamutemo. Panenge pachiitwa chibvumirano, vatsigiriki vanganzi vadzorerwe kuti vaite basa racho. Mudare reU.S. Congresspors, mari yezvikwereti inogona kuva nevakawanda vecoporsts kubva kumativi ose, zviratidzo zvemabhiipatiti.

Kunyora kuti imhaka yepamutemo inoita kuti mari ishande zvakanaka nokuti kukanganisa kwemutauro kunogona kuita kuti pave nemigumisiro isiri kutarisirwa kana kuti zvinetso zvepamutemo. Zvikwereti zvakawanda zvinotanga zvagadziridzwa zvisati zvatanga. Hofisi yezvemitemo inobatsira nyanzvi pakunyora mitemo kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti mitemo iripo uye mitemo iripo.

Kutanga uye Kuverenga Kwokutanga

Mutengo wacho unotangwa mukamuri rimwe reimba yomutemo, kazhinji kazhinji Imba kana kuti Dare. Mutsigiri anopa pamutemo, uye unopiwa nhamba. Chiverengero chokutanga ndechetsika, asi chinongomira pachinyorwa chemitemo. Kubva panguva ino, mutemo unofanira kuvhura mitemo nemiitiro zveimba. Kutanga kurava kwacho ndekwetsika, asi kunoisa mutemo pachinyorwa chemitemo.

Chikamu ichi chinosarudzwa nedare rinotarisira matare eparamende kana kuti remitemo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, gwaro ringatumirwa kumatare akawanda kana richibatanidza misoro inoverengeka. Somuenzaniso, gwaro rinotaura zvose zviri zviviri mitemo yemhoteredzo nezvinonyandura zvemitero ringaparadzaniswa pakati pematare ezvemari nemhoteredzo.

Kuongorora uye Maitiro Edare

Matare mapoka akananga anobata kutonga, anounganidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye anonzvera rugwaro rwacho muudzame. Iyi nhano yakakomba nemhaka yokuti matare anogona kuumba, kunonoka, kana kuti kuuraya zvikwereti. Dare rine matare amire mukamuri rimwe nerimwe, akadai seDare reImba paMaziko neProcces kana kuti Dare reDare reMakurukota. Kunewo matare anosarudza nhau dzakananga nematare ane mitezo yakabatana anobva mumakamu ose ari maviri.

Kunzwa: Dare rinoita matare avose apo zvapupu zvinopupurira. Zvapupu zvinogona kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vamiriri veindasitiri, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vanotapurwa. Somuenzaniso, gwaro pamusoro pechinjo yezvoutano ringabatanidza chipupuriro chavanachiremba, vakuru vakuru veinishuwarenzi, uye vatsigiri vemurwere. Kunzwa kazhinji kazhinji kunonyorwa uye kubudiswa, kugovera chinyorwa chavose.

Markup: Pashure pokunzwa, dare rinoita rusando rwokupa rusando rwokukarakadza nokuvhota pagadziridzo. Ndiko uko udzame hwakaisvonaka hunogadziridzwa. Madzimu anogona kupa miuyo yokuchinja bhiridha, uye kugadziriswa kumwe nokumwe kunovhotwa. Dare ipapo rinovhota pashanduro yokupedzisira. Kana ratenderwa, muromo unoshumwa mukamuri rakazara nomushumo wedare. Mushumo wacho unobatanidza rugwaro rwechitsamabhiri, tsananguro, uye dare rinorumbidza. Kana dare risati richiita chiito, bhiri racho ringafa, uko kuri chikonzero nei dare richiwanzorondedzerwa se "danda rokutanga".

SOUBCOTEe Action: Mabhiri mazhinji anotanga kutumirwa kudare duku nokuda kwenzvero ine udzame. Makomiti okunze anonangidzira ngwariro pamisoro mitete uye anogona kuchengeta teerero namanoko pamberi pokunongedzera pepa kudare rakazara.

4. Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutaura (Mugumo Wokutanga)

Apo mutengo wacho unoshumwa kubva kudare, unoiswa pakarenda nokuda kwokurangarira uriri. Mitemo yekurukurirano inosiana pakati pamakamuri. MuImba yaVamiririri veU.S., Dare reMitemo rinowanzogadza mitemo chaiyo inoganhura nguva nenhamba yedzongedzo. MuDare, gakava rakajeka rakajeka, asi vanambusvara vanogona kunonozeka. Paribuster anobvumira mutengi kutaura, zvinobudirira kuvhara vhoti kutoti kutoti kwadivirirwa. Chinotokoshaitsa kukumbira kupedza kurukurirano yehedhea hombe nhatu (Zvinenge 60).

Panharo dzapauriri, mitezo inoitirana nharo pamusoro pechibvumirano. Kugadziriswa kunogona kupiwa uye kuvhota. MuImba, kugadziriswa kunofanira kuva kwakafanira kupepa reSango, nepo Dare riine ganhuriro shoma. Pashure pekurukurirano, dare rinovhotwa. Voruzhinji vanowanzodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuudzwa, asi zvikwereti, kufanana negadziriso dzemitemo kana kuti mipimo yemari, zvingada zviito zvikuru. Kuvhota kunoitwa nenzwi, kuvhota (kuverenga) kana kuti kuridza runhare. Roll anoridzira mavhota kuti nhengo imwe neimwe ione kuti vamiririri vavo vaone kuti vasarudze sei.

Kana mutengo wacho ukapfuura, unotumirwa kune imwe kamuri; kana ukapera, ungarangarirwazve kana kuti kusiyiwa.

5. Kurangarira Nedare Rechipiri

Kana bhiri renhau rikapfuudzwa mune imwe kamuri rokutanga, rinoenda kune imwe kamuri (kana iri bimadral). Muitiro wacho unodzokororwa: reverral kudare, nzeve, kuisa zita, kurukurirano youriri, uye vhoti. Kamuri rechipiri ringapfuudza mutengi sezviri, kana kuti kukarakadza shanduro yaro imene. Somuenzaniso, Imba ingapfuudza pepa rekudzivirira, uye Dare ringapfuudza shanduro yakasiana nechinjo kumariro kana kuti gadziriro dzemiitiro. Kuva mutemo, makamuri ose ari maviri anofanira kubvumirana parugwaro rumwe chete.

Kana paine kusawirirana, kamuri racho rinowanzobatanidza dare remusangano kana kuti kugadziridza kugadziridza kunenge kwaita kugadzirisa chikwereti chacho.

6. Dare roMusangano (kana kuchidikanwa)

Kana imba neDare zvikapfuudza matare akasiyana - siyana emitemo, dare redare rinoumbwa rinosanganisira nhengo dzepadzimba dzose dzinobvumirana. Dare remusangano rinowanzoumbwa nenhengo dzavakuru dzinobva mumatare ane chokuita nenyaya. Vanosangana pachivande kuti vagadzirise kusawirirana, uye kana vangobvumirana chete, vanoita mushumo wemusangano. Mushumo wacho unosanganisira mashoko epakare pakabvumiranwa uye tsananguro imwe chete.

Mushumo wedare unofanira kutenderwa namakamuri ose ari maviri pasina kugadziriswa. Iyi ivhota inotora kana kuti inomira. Kana zvimwe zvikamu zvikaramba mushumo, mushumo ungafa, kana kuti makamuri anogona kudzokera kumusangano. Muzvimwe zviitiko, kana misiyano iri miduku, makamuri angaapedza kupfurikidza nokutsinhana pasina kuungana kwakazara.

7. Kupfuura Kwokupedzisira

Kana vose vari vaviri vachibvumira, bhiri racho rinonyorwa – nakadhindwa paganda – uye rinosainwa navakuru vakuru. Ipapo rinotumirwa kumukuru mukuru. MuCongress yeU.S., muitiro wokunyoresa unobatanidza kuhwirudzurwa kwokungwarira kuti kusimbise manyorerwo amashoko akapfuudzwa.

8 Kurangarira Kwakananga

Sangano rinobatanidza:

  • [ Chiratidzo chacho: Mutengo unobva wava mutemo pakarepo kana kuti musi unoshanda wakanyorwa mupepa. Chisaini chingaperekedzwa nemhemberero kana kuti chitatiso.
  • `Irevoiro: Mutemo unodzoserwa kuimba yomutemo nezvirambidzo. Mugadzi wemitemo anogona kukurira kuvhota netutatu muimba imwe neimwe. Kana kukunda kunobudirira, pamutemo unova mutemo pasina mvumo yomukuru.
  • bvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha: Mugadziriro yehurumende yeU.S., kana purezidhendi asingasaini kana kuti kutora mukati mamazuva 10 (MaSvondo okuwedzera) apo Congress inenge iri murusando, pamutemo unova mutemo pasina siginicha. Irori rinozivikanwa se "tendero yepocket".
  • Pocket veto: Kana Congress ichiswedera munhambo yezuva 10, mutongo hausati uchizova mutemo. Purezidhendi anogona kungorega mutengo wacho uchifa pasina wirirano.

Vamwe vatongi vane muganhu wemutsetse, unovabvumira kuramba mativi akati ezvikwereti zveapproria nepo vachisaina zvasara. Iri simba rinosiana nehurumende. Chiito chokutungamirira inhano yokupedzisira muganhu usati wava mutemo.

9. Kushandiswa Nepashure Pokushanda: Kushandisa Nokutarisira

After a bill becomes law, it is assigned a Public Law number (e.g., Pub. L. 118-50) and incorporated into the U.S. Code or state code. Government agencies are responsible for implementing the law through regulations. This rulemaking process involves drafting rules, publishing them for public comment in the Federal Register, and finalizing them after considering input. For example, a new environmental law might require the Environmental Protection Agency to issue emissions standards.

Mutemo ungatarisanawo nedenho dzapamutemo. Dare rinogona kuhwirudzura kana mutemo uri webumbiro remitemo kana kuti kana ukapesana nemimwe mitemo. Kuhwirudzura dare kunogona kutungamirira kumativi omutemo ari kuparadzwa kana kuti kutsigirwa. Mukuwedzera, matare emitemo ane tengedzero kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mutemo uri kushanda sezvawakarongerwa. Zvirongwa zvingadikanwa kushuma nezvokuitwa kwemitemo, uye Congress anogona kugadzirisa mutemo kana zvinetso zvikamuka.

Kusiyana Kwenzvimbo Dzakasiyana - siyana Dzehurumende

Zvisinei, pane zvakasiyana - siyana zvinorondedzerwa nehurumende yeUnited States nehurumende dzakawanda dzehurumende:

  • : Nebraska ine kamuri rimwe, naizvozvo hapana kurangarira kwechipiri. Mabhiri anoenda zvakananga kubva padare kuenda kuuriri uye kuna gavhuna. Ikoku kunojekesa muitiro asi kunobvisa kuhwirudzurwa kuviri kunowanwa mumagadziriro emazameral.
  • Hurumende dzenzvimbo yapachako: madare eguta namabhodhi enyika kazhinji kazhinji ane miitiro yakapfava. Matare angava asina kurongwa, uye kurukurirano yapauriri ipfupi. Majekiseni angava nesimba, asi kudarika kunoda voruzhinji panzvimbo pamatatu maviri.
  • .Divhiriyo-dhimoni: Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira nhano dzevagari vemo nemhesvedzo, umo vavhoti vanobvumira zvakananga mitemo inopfuura chibvumirano. Somuenzaniso, California inowanzoshandisa zvikarakadzo zvemitemo yebhora kuisa mitemo pamisoro yakadai semitero nedzidzo.
  • Miitiro yePartament: Munyika dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom kana kuti Canada, muitiro wacho wakafanana asi nenzvimbo yakasiana. Mukuru mukuru (gurukota nekabhini) anoita basa guru mukusuma zvikwereti, uye musoro wehurumende (mubatanidzwa wehurumende) anopa mambo sechiito.

Nei Kunzwisisa Izvi Zvichikosha Kuvagari Vemo

Kuziva muitiro womutemo kunopa simba vagari vemo.

  • Tsaura mapepa echimuko anoshandisa maturusi akafanana ne Creff.gov nokuda kwemapepa ezvikwereti ehurumende kana kuti mawebsite emitemo yehurumende nokuda kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo. Mawebsite akawanda anobvumira kusecha kupfurikidza neshoko rimwe, rinotsigirwa, kana kuti mugariro.
  • Kurukurai vamiririri vavo panguva dzinokosha, dzakadai sepanenge pachitongwa dare kana kuti pauriri. Tsamba kana kuti foni yakanyatsokodzera inogona kukanganisa chinzvimbo chomuiti wemitemo.
  • Kutongwa nedare kunowanzogamuchira uchapupu hwepachena, uye kuiswa kwemitemo yesangano kunobatanidza nhambo dzetsinhiro.
  • Zvibvumirano zvemapoka ezvimbadzo zvinowanzoumba kutsigira kana kuti kurwisana nemitemo.
  • Kuziva kuti kukunda kwakaitika kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kana muromo uchigona kutsigirwa.

Kutanga kuita chimwe chinhu kunogona kupesvedzera migumisiro. Somuenzaniso, dzvinyiriro yavose mukati medanho redare inogona kumisa muganhu kana kuti gadziridzo. Pashure pokunge mutemo waitwa, vagari vemo vanogona kutarira kuitwa nokutsigira chinjo kana kuchidikanwa. Nokuda kwedzimwe nhungamiro dzine udzame, inonongedzera kuzviwanikwa zvakafanana ne U.S. Dare rinoita seiko mitemo yepeji[[[FLT:] kana kuti muitiro weIPAUS].AGUS.

mhedziso

Nzira yegweta ibasa roune rinodzikamisa kumhanya nokungwarira. Rinopa micherekedzo mizhinji yemuuyo wezvipikiso kubva kunyanzvi, vapanguvo, uye vanhu. Nepo kuchigona kuratidzika kuva kunononoka, ikoku kunovimbisa kuti mitemo inosanofungwa uye inoratidzira bvumirano yedemocracy. Nokunzwisisa rwendo urwu, unova mutsigiri akaziva zvikuru muhurumende yako. Kubatanidzwa nemitemo padanho ripi neripi kupfurikidza nokugadzira zvinhu kuti uite, (*kubvumira kuumba mitemo inotapura nzanga yako, kodzero dzako, uye nguva yako yemberi.