Kodzero yokuungana kwakasununguka inomira serimwe renheyo dzehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inopa simba vanhu kuti vaungane pamwe chete kuti vataure zvichemo, vatsigire nokuda kwokuchinja, uye vatsigire mumativi avose. Kuvambira mumigwagwa yeFiradelphia mukati menhambo yokuvamba yetsika dzazvino uno kusvikira kukurongwa kwemifungo, iyi maruramiro anogonesa vagari vemo kuchinja zvinobatanidzwa muitiro dzinooneka, boka. Iyi nyaya inonzvera dziviriro dzemitemo dzakapoteredza maruramiro esangano rakasununguka, midziro yayo huru yenhau, dzikamo yokungwarira yemirauriro, rondedzero yemitemo yakatanhamara, uye nzira iyo iyi rusununguko runokosha runotarisana nayo nayo zvose zviri zviviri mabanza matsva nedenho akakomba muchaunga chazvinorarama.

Mavambo Enhau Ekodzero Yokuungana Wakasununguka

Kunzwisisa nhau iyi kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti nei yaidzivirirwa sedziviriro huru muFirst Amendment, kwakatangira kare, kwakaumbwa mutsika dzemitemo dzakazozivikanwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti vanhu vaiungana kuti vakumbire hurumende yavo.

Mavambo Apakuvamba: Magna Carta uye Mutemo weChirungu

Magna Carta ya1215, nepo zvikurukuru chibvumirano chorugare pakati paMambo John namabharon anopandukira, chakavamba nheyo inokosha yokuti simba ramambo rakanga risiri rakakwana. Zvitsauko zvaro pamusoro pomuitiro wakafanira nekodzero yokutsvaka ruramisiro zvakaisa hwaro hwapakuvamba nokuda kwezvinotaurwa gare gare zvekodzero dzeboka. Chibvumirano cheEngland chekodzero dzekodzero dzavanhu muna 1689 chakasimbisazve kodzero yezvidzo kukumbira mutongi, mutangiri wesangano razvino uno. Manyoro aya, zvisinei, haana kuvimbisa kodzero yavose yokuramba ruzhinji − yakaiswa paboka namashoko akapoteredza nemome nejeko.

Kujekeswa Nekodzero Dzevanhu

Vafungi vakajeka vakadai saJohn Locke naJean-Jacques Rousseau vakapesvedzera zvikuru vatangi veAmerica. Locke akarangarira kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu, uye kuti hurumende dzinowana chiremera chadzo chakarurama kubva mukubvumirano yavadzorwi. Iyi rondedzero yaireva kuti vanhu vaigona kuungana kuti vataure kubvuma ikoko (kana kuti kurega kwakwo). Mufungo waRousseau womukuru mukuru wehondo uchasimbisa ukoshi hwekurangarira kwavose. Iyi mifungo yakava yakabatana kupfurikidza neAmerica inodzorwa, umo misangano yehoro namagungano zvakava muitiro mupenyu wokuzvitonga.

Kurwisana Kwenyika Nemhindumupindu

Vagari vomuAmerica vaiwanzoshandisa kodzero yokuunganidza, kunyange isati yadzivirirwa nenzira yapamutemo. Stamp Act Congress ya 1765 yakaunganidza nhume kubva kumakoroni mapfumbamwe kuti dzitsinhirane. Boston Tea Party yakanga iri chiito chakananga, kana kuchiparadza, chegungano. Matare eTsitsi aishandisa kuungana kuti aparadzire pfungwa dzechinjo. Kuedza kweBritain kumisa misangano iyi, zvakadai sokuvharwa kweBoston Port neCoercive Acts, kwakajekeswa kuvavakiswe kuti vimbiso yakanyorwa yegungano yakanga iri madikanwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri hwenguva yemberi.

Kuronga Gadziriro Yokutanga

Apo Bill of Rights yakanyorwa muna 1789, maruramiro okuungana norugare akabatanidzwa zvakajeka parutivi pekutaura, kutsikirira, rudzidziso, uye chikumbiro. James Madison, munyori mukuru, akanzwisisa kuti gungano rakanga riri rusununguko rwakasiana-ngova chete chirongwa chekutaura chakasiyana, nokuti chaibatanidza chiito cheboka nokuvapo kwomuviri. [Forst Amendment] inoti: [FLD:0]“ Hapana mutemo... kuumba... ... maruramiro avanhu kuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo zvezvigumbu. Nomutoodo] Kupfuura nguva [FL:] kupfurikidza nerusununguko] FORGSTSPTS, [FFOLD]

Kudzivirira kweBumbiro reMitemo: Ukuru Noukuru

Mashoko eFirst Amendment ari nyore kunyengera, asi kushandiswa kwawo kwakanatsiridzwa mumakumi emakore okutonga. kodzero yokuungana pasina kumanikidzwa haisi yokungoungana chete; inodzivirira mufambiro unonakidza uye mano okuumba nokuchengetedza ushamwari.

Chii Chinokosha Segungano?

Kurudyi kunofukidza kuungana kwakasiyana - siyana, kunosanganisira:

  • [ Kuratidzira kworugare nokuratidzira, kungava kumira kana kuti kufamba.
  • [ Mitambo, nhambo, uye mafora [ zvinopa shoko.
  • [ misangano yepachibharo, horo dzemataundi, uye mabutiro nokuda kwekurukurirano nekurukurirano.
  • Kutengesa nokupa pepa [ munzira dzavose nemigwagwa.
  • [ magungano anoitwa paIndaneti aiitirwa paIndaneti, ayo matare anowedzera kuziva semubato wakadzivirirwa.

Nenzira inotambudza, maruramiro anoshanda kwete bedzi kukuungana kumene asiwo kuzviito zvinoratidzira zvinoitika mukati makwo. Kupfeka zvigadziko zvoruoko, kuratidza zviratidzo, kuimba mashoko , ``zvose izvi zvimiro zve zvinobatanidza mufambiro unodzvinyirira[. Dare Rapamusoro mu [NAACP] v. Alabama (58) akazivawo mufambiro wesonganiro [[[FLT:]] sechinhu chakakwana chesangano, mapoka anodzivirira kubva mukumanikidzwa kuzivisa nhevedzano yavo.

Mitemo Nemitemo: Kuwana Dzikamo

Hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo pamagungano kudzivirira chengeteko yavose, kudzivisa vhiringidziko, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yavose kunokwikwidza kunogara.

Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu

Matare akatsigira mirau isina kutsarukana panguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo wemagungano, chero bedzi yakagadzirirwa kubatira fariro yehurumende inokosha uye achisiya dzimwe nzira dzekurukurirano dzakazaruka. Somuenzaniso, guta ringada mvumo dzokufambisa mvumo kuronga mabasa ekurumidziro, asi harigoni kuramba mvumo nemhaka yokuti haibvumirani neshoko reboka. Mu raisirwa. Rock Against Ractical (19989), Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira kufambisa kwapamberi yeNew York City senguva ino mufungo, nzvimbo.

Dzidziso Yavose

Mwero wedziviriro unotsamira zvikuru panzvimbo apo gungano rinoitikira. Dare rapamusoro raita fourformum

  • migwagwa yemagamuchidzanwa: migwagwa, migwagwa, uye mapaki (mapaka) anoshandiswa munhau nokuda kwegungano. Pano, ganhuriro dzinonzverwa zvikuru.
  • Yakagadza nzvimbo yavose yavose: iyo hurumende yakazarura nokuda kwomubato unotaurirwa, zvakadai senzvimbo yavose kunze kwehoro yeguta.
  • Nonpublic forums (mutoo, zvivako zvamauto, mativi endege): hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo, dzemurangariro wenzvimbo.

Chinoganhurirwa chinokosha: hurumende haigoni kuronga mvumo pakubhadharwa kwemibhadharo isingawirirani nendyiko dzokutarisira, uyewo haigoni kuda mutengo weinishuwarenzi uyo unoita kuti mapoka maduku abhadharwe nenzira inobudirira.

Mitemo yakatemwa nechinhu chiri mukati v.

Murayiro upi noupi unonangana nenhau kana kuti murangariro wegungano haushandi nenzira inowirirana. MuBato reChicago v. Mosley (1972), , Dare Gurusa rakaita mutemo wakarambidza kutora zvikoro pedyo nechikoro kunze kwokutora zvikoro zvebasa, akabata kuti hurumende irege kutsaura zvakavakirwa pazvirimo. Zvisinei, mirau inoganhurira magungano nemhaka ye [[FLT:] chiito chokuputsa masimba masimba [[FL:3] kana kuti [[FLT:]] tyisidziro chapachokwadi inogona kubvumirwa pasi pe [FLT:] Branburg [FF]

Nguva Yaiva Pamberi Nekusawirirana

Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji haigoni kuisa ganhuriro dzinodzorwa ganhuriro pakutaura kana kuti gungano risati raitika(8) pasina kusangana nomutoro wakakwirira zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, dare harigoni kuraira kutsutsumwa kwakafara kwakavakirwa pafungidziro yokuti vamwe vapindi vangaputsa mutemo. Mu Nearborb v. Minnesota (31), [[FL:3]], Dare rakasimbisa kuti zvirambidzo zvapamberi mberi hazvitenderwi zvikuru. Zvisinei, tyisidziro dzakajeka zvikuru kudzivisa, tyisidziro dzamasimba masimba dzinotenderwa dzinodzorwa dzinopfuura kubatanidzwa.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamusorosoro dzeDare Rinozvidza Kururama

Kutonga kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa pagungano rapachena kwakazara nezvisarudzo zvinojekesa zvose zviri zviviri ganhuriro dzakarurama nedzinobvumirwa. mhaka imwe neimwe inobetsera kugadziriro yapamutemo inodzora kunyunyuta nokuungana nhasi.

Oregon (1937)

Dirk De Jonge akawanwa ane mhaka mumutemo wetsotsi weOregon wekutaura kwechiKomonisiti musangano weBokandira. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja nokubvumirana, richitaura kuti kodzero yokuungana kune rugare inokosha sorusununguko rwokutaura nokutsikirira, uye inodzivirirwa neCANDELO Claus yeMbezo ye145th Amendment. Mhaka yacho yaikosha mu [FLT: 0] kuratidzira gungano maruramiro okurwisana nemitemo .

NAACP v. Alabama (1958)

Dare rakaramba kuti Alabama raisagona kumanikidza NAACP kuzivisa marongerwo emitezo yaro, nemhaka yokuti kuratidzirwa kwokumanikidzirwa kwaizoderedza rusununguko rwesonganiro. chisarudzo chakaziva kuti maruramiro okuungana anobatanidza maruramiro ku anoisa kuranga kwapachivande [ pasina kudzongonyedzwa nehurumende. Ichi chisarudzo chinodzivirira mapoka echitsoro chehurumende pakunetswa.

South Carolina (1963)

Munhau yeChivil Rights yakatanhamara, 187 Black vadzidzi vakafamba norugare kuenda kuSouth Carolina State House kundotsutsutsumwa. Vakasungwa nokuda kwokupunzika kworugare. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja, richitaura kuti kusungwa kwakaputsa Kutanga neKupetamisa kwe14. Dare rakasimbisa kuti kutsutsutsumwa kwakanga kune rugare, kwakarongeka, uye hakuna kudzivisa kufamba. Mhaka iyi yakasimbisa kuti kutsutsutsumwa kune masimba pamusoro pepfuma yavose kunodzivirirwa kunyange apo hurumende inoirangarira kuva inovhiringidza.

Ward v. Rock Against Racquent (1989)

Dare rakatsigira mirayiridzo yegumo redokowe reNew York City nokuda kwekonzati muCentral Park. Nhungamiro yaida kuti vatambi vashandise michina yegudzanzwi yakarongwa muguta uye nyanzvi yeguta kuti vadzore volume. Dare rakashandisa nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo wokuedza [ uye rakawana zviri mukati memitemo, zvakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro huru mukudzora ruzha, uye kusiya mikoto yakazaruka. Mhaka iyi inoratidzira kuti ganhuriro yezvibatanidzwa zvinogona sei kutsigirwa.

United States v. O'Brien (1968)

Nepo muruzivo rwokututira kadhi, O’Brien akatanga kuedza ganhuriro dzechiito chakamuka pa mufambiro wokudzvinyirira unoperekedza gungano: murairo unofanira kuva mukati mesimba rebumbiro remitemo, kumwezve fariro inokosha yehurumende, kusabatana nokudzvinyirirwa kweshoko, uye kusava mukuru zvikuru. Kuedza uku kunowanzodzora miitiro yokuramba inobatanidza masangano asingadi kutendiswa.

Guta reBirmingham (1969)

Rederand Fred Shuttlesworth akatungamirira kufora kwamaruramiro avagari vemo pasina mvumo nemhaka yokuti mutemo wemvumo weguta wakapa vakuru vakuru chisarudzo chakafara kuti varambe mvumo. Dare rakaputsa mutemo wacho, richiita kuti mutemo unoda mvumo yokufora kana kuti mudungwe uve webumbiro remitemo bedzi kana ukagovera mipimo yakajeka, yedonzo, uye isingachinjiki.

Zvirongwa Zvenguva Ino uye Matambudziko Anovapo

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi dzemazuva ano kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti Bumbiro Remitemo riripo here kana kuti kwete.

Black Life Confect Students uye Policial Poligist

Pashure pokuurawa kwaGeorge Floyd muna 2020, kuratidzira kukuru kwakatanga muUnited States nepasi pose. Black Lives Matter rakaratidzira simba resangano kuratidzira urudzi hwegadziriro. Zvisinei, kwakafumurawo kusagadzikana: maguta akawanda akaisa nguva dzokuganhurirwa, akabviswa, uye akashandisa maitiro okudenha akadai se gasi yepetrole [ uye mabara echikwata chetsika . Mirayiro yeFovel yaitsvakwa kurwisana nokudzorwa kweTrump nokuda kwokujekasha Lafayette Square yepiop yepikito. Zvinetso zvemitemo zvinopfuurira pamusoro poumbiso yemitemo yehurumende neyati, kubatanidzawokuputsa mitemo yetsika yetsika neyamubatanidzwa yemitemo yemitemo yetsika.

Kugadzira Zvinhu uye Kuungana Nemadhigirii

Zvikamu zvematerevhizheni zvinova zvishandiso zvinokosha zvokuronga magungano. Zviitiko zvingave zvakatora mazuva kuronga zvino zvinogona kurongwa mumaawa zvino uchishandisa Facebook, Twitter, uye mashoko akavanzika. Zvisinei, uku kusununguka kunomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pe uye uye chibvumirano [[FLT]]. Masangano anochengetedza anowanzotarira zvinobudisa mashoko zvenzanga pamberi napanguva yokuramba, anomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kana kutonhora kwakadaro kusingawirirani pagungano. Dare rakakamuranisa kana pacherekedzo dzenzanga dzichida maruramiro, asi komba kufungira kuri pakunenge kuri kucherekedzwa kune mufungo nokuda kwokunzvera kupfuurira.

Zvibvumirano Zvokurwisa Nevhati yaHeckler

Chii chinoitika apo boka rinoungana uye risanganwa navatsigiri vanotyisidzira masimba masimba? Hurumende ingasashandisa kuvapo kwavateereri vane utsinye seruramiso kuvhara gungano rine rugare (ichi chinozivikanwa se heckler’s revto[. ] Mu [[FLT]]] suntelliglo v v. Chicago [19999]] [[FLT]], Dare rapamusoro rakashandura kutenderwa kwomupristi ane kutaura kunonyandura boka rine utsinye, rinoita kuti rusununguko rwokutaura rusati ruchitsamira pakuita kwavateereri. Zvisinei, kana ungano imene ichiva nechiito chemasimba masimba masimba kana kuti chisa mutemo, mapurisa angapindirana, uye kurwisana kwemisi mibato yezvibvumirano yemisi yokubvisa pamuviri, uye kurwisana kwezviito.

Miganhu yeCOVID - 19 neGungano

Dambudziko racho rakamutsa mirau isina muenzaniso pamusoro pekodzero yokuungana. United States yakaisa miganhu yokuunganidza, zvirevo zvekuvhara, uye zvinodikanwa zvenhomba. Madare aiwanzotsigira mirau yavose youtano [ yakashandisa zvakafara, asi yakarova ayo akarangana kuungana kworudzidziso kana kuti akaimba mifungo yakati. Dare repamusoro re [FLT:] Roman Katurike Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020) [[FLT:] rakaraira miganhuro yakakomba yeNew York pamusoro pedzimba dzokunamata, richizviwana zvichiganhurirwa zvikuru. Ichi chinoitika chinosimbisa kuti kunyange mamiriro ezvinhu outano apachena haruradzidzi pembedzi chiziva kusarura.

ZVINHU ZVAKASIYANA - SIYANA NEZVINOTEVEDZWA

Chakuitira hanya chinokura kushandiswa kwekukwirira mhaka mudare ravagari vemo kutonhora. matare anorwisana nokutora rutivi kwavose (SLAPS) kuzvidza, kunetsa, kana kuti kurangana kunoiswa panzvimbo dzinorwisana navapanduki kana kuti mapoka evabhinya asingakurudziri kuti vakutsivi. Maruwa mazhinji ane mitemo inodzivisa kubviswa kwesuturo dzakadaro nokukurumidza, asi haasi mativi ose ane dziviriro dzakasimba. Chisaruvanze chapamusoro mu Pracham v. North Carolina (2017) [FOct:3], iyo yakadzika mitemo inorambidza vatano inobvumirwa nezvinorwisana nezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, zvinobatanidza zvibvumirano zvekurudyi zveSabata neSP.

Mhinduro Dzehurumende: Tsigiro, Kudzvinyirirwa, uye Kutongwa kwoMutemo

Kupindura kwehurumende kumagungano kunosiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzinopa tsigiro yezvitsigiriso nenzvimbo dzakatarwa. Dzimwe dzakashandisa nzira dzinorema, dzakadai sokusunga vanhu vakawanda, kushandiswa kweNational Guard, uye kuiswa kwemitemo yokuramba. Department of Justice yakabudisa nhungamiro paPrefectment yeFirst Amendment, kubatanidza kukosha kwokubvumira vanoshorwa kuonekwa nokunzwiwa. Zvisinei, fundo 2021 yeBrennan Center yakawana kuti inenge 21 yezvematongerwa kuisa zvikwereti zvokuramba kodzero, kazhinji kacho mukupindura kukwikwidza kweBLM. Zvizhinji zvezvikwereti izvi zvinodzivisa kuparadzisa motokari, zvinoda kubvumira kuungana kupfupikisa, kana kuti kuvadziko inowedzerwa nokuda kwekuvadziko dzinoparirwa neboka remitemo iyi sezvingabvira ichaedzwa mumatare.

Dzidzo: Kudzidzisa Kodzero Yegungano Rakasununguka

Vadzidzisi vanoita basa rinokosha mukubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo nemitoro pamusoro pegungano. Munguva yokuparadzirwa kwemashoko asina kururama nehurukuro yakabatana, kudzidzisa kudzivirirwa kwapamutemo uye mamiriro enhau egungano anokurudzira kurava nokunyora uye kugadzirira vadzidzi kuvimbisa kuva vagari vemo.

Zvirongwa Zvezvirongwa

  • Tsarudzo yefundo: Vadzidzi vanoita kuti vaongorore nhau dzeDare Rapamusorosa se [[FT:2] mawadhi v. South Carolina uye NAACP v. Alabama kunzwisisa kurangarira kumashure kwedziviriro.
  • inobvumira kunzwa: shandura muitiro wokuwana mvumo yokufora, kukurukura ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pachisarudzo chehurumende.
  • Rongaidzo dzechidhigal: Shandisa migariro yokufungidzira kudzidzisa vadzidzi nzira yokuronga nayo gungano richishandisa zvinobudisa nhauro, uye kurukura ngozi dzakavanzika.
  • Nzendo dzomumunda navakurukuri vaenzi: Kukumbira magweta kana kuti vakuru vakuru veguta kukurukura mativi anoshanda emaruramiro okuungana.

Manyuko Makuru Nokuda Kwavadzidzisi

Masangano anoverengeka anogovera zvinhu zvapachena, zvakakwirira pamaruramiro okuungana:

Kubatanidzwa Muchikwata

Vadzidzi vanokurudzira kutora rutivi mumagungano ane rugare — kungava pamisangano yedare rechikoro, kufamba kwemamiriro okunze, kana kuti kugadzikiswa kwehurumende yomunzvimbomo kunovaka tsika yokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende. Vadzidzisi vanofanira kusimbisa ukoshi hwokusarwisana namasimba masimba, kuremekedza mativi anopesana, uye kuwirirana nenguva ine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye mirau. Nokunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro dzegungano, vadzidzi vanova vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo nenzira inobudirira uye nenzira ine mutoro.

mhedziso

Kodzero yokuungana kwakasununguka idziviriro inokosha uye ine simba pamwoyo pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Kubva pamavambo ayo enhau muMagna Carta neClaire yakafungwa kurongedzerwa kwemitauro yanhasi, iyi maruramiro inoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kubatana mukuronda nharidzano dzakagoveranwa. Nepo gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inogovera dziviriro dzakasimba, maruramiro haasati ari akakwana kana kuti kuzvitema amene kana kuti kutaura ndangariro dzavo vamene, pasina kutya chirango. Provirira kuti nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvamangwana zvinotsamira pakunzwisisa nhau yaro, masangano magariro matsva, uye kuita kwehurumende kudzorera nzvimbo yegungano, nheyo dzakatangwa nePremist Republicment: vanhu vangaungana norugare kutaura ndangariro dzavo, vasingatyi chirango kana kuti vazvidzore.