Kunzwisisa ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwenzanga ipi neipi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kodzero dzechiCovic dzinobatira sechinhu chikuru chorusununguko rwomunhu oga, kuva nechokwadi chokuti vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi zvizere mukutonga kwavo. Idzi maruramiro haazi zvipo zvinobva kuhurumende asi maropafadzo okuberekwa nawo anofanira kudzivirirwa pakunzverwa. Rudzi rwevagari vemo rwakasanoumbwa, ruchiziva nezvose zviri zviviri mwero neganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende, ndiyo dziviriro yakasimba yakasimba zvikurusa pakudzvinyirira. Iyi nhungamiro inonzvera nheyo, mapoka, mitoo, uye denho dzapanguva inogarwa napo dzekodzero dzehurumende, inopa murangariro wakakwana wokuti vagari vemo vanogona kudzivirira sei rusununguko rwavo.

Mavambo Ehurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Pfungwa yokuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kudzorwa haisi itsva. Vazivi vakafanana naJohn Locke vakataura kuti chiremera chapamutemo chinobva mukubvumira kwavadzorwi uye kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Rocke rondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga, yakarongwa mu Treasume of Government [, zvitendero izvo vanhu vanogadzira hurumende kuti dzidzivirire kodzero idzodzo, uye apo hurumende inovaputsa, vagari vemo vane maruramiro okudzivisa.

Montesquieu akakudziridza pana ikoku kupfurikidza nokureverera paradzano yamasimba($FLT:[FLT]], chigadziko, uye dare (kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuti risadzore. Basa rake rakapesvedzera zvikuru vadzori veBumbiro reMitemo yeU.S. James Madison, mu] Fedralist No. 51[[FLT], rakanyorwa, kuti, “Kudai vanhu vaiva ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. Kudai ngirozi dzaifanira kudzora vanhu, kana kuti kudzorwa kwomukati pahurumende kwaizova kuri madikanwa." Uku kurangarira kwaitungamirira kutsika yechekero nereko yehurumende."

Vagari vanonzwisisa nheyo idzi vanokwanisa kuziva kuti kodzero dzavo dziri pangozi uye kuti vanofanira kuzvidavirira.

Kutanga Kwenhau Yamaruramiro Ecovic

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya yokutanga ichidudza Magna Carta neBill of Rights, murangariro wakazara zvikuru wenhau unobatanidza dzimwe nhau dzinokosha.

Magna Carta (1215)

Yakasainwa munziyo dzaMambo John weEngland, Magna Carta yakasimbisa kuti mambo akanga asiri pamusoro pomutemo. Yakavimbisa miitiro yakati yapamutemo nezvinodzivirira pakuiswa mutorongo kwokusasarura (jeri rinotangira muitiro wakafanira). Claus 39 anoti: “Hapana munhu akasununguka achabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo... kunze kwokunge kupfurikidza nerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Iyi nheyo gare gare yakapesvedzera U.S. Constitution’s F 5 and Sind Refend Remements.

Bhuku rekuEngland rinonzi Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu (1689)

Pashure peGlorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights yakadzivisazve simba roumambo, ichirambidza bhero rakanyanyisa, chirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose, uye ichisimbisa maruramiro okukumbira mambo. Yakasimbisawo kudikanwa kwebvumirano yeparamende nokuda kwomutero. iyi pfungwa dzakafamba nomuAtlantic ndokuumba mirangariro yehurumende yehurumende parusununguko.

Bhishopi yekodzero dzemunhu yeUnited States (1791)

Kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga kuMitemo yeU.S. kwakabatanidza rusununguko rukuru: kutaura, rudzidziso, kubudisa, gungano, uye maruramiro okutakura zvombo, pamwe chete nedziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, kuzviparadzanisa umene, uye kurambwa kwoupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zvisina muitiro wakafanira.

Chiziviso Chekodzero Dzomunhu Nechomugari Wemo (18789)

Rakagamuchirwa mukati meChinjo yeFrance, iri chinyorwa rakazivisa “kusununguka, pfuma, chengeteko, uye kudzivisa udzvinyiriri” sekodzero dzomusikirwo.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Pashure pezvinotyisa zveHondo yeNyika II, Chibatanwa chaMarudzi chakagamuchira UDHR, iyo yakatanga ndaza yakakwana yevagari vemo, yezvamatongerwe enyika, yezvemari, yenzanga, uye yetsika. Kunyange zvazvo isingasungirwi pamutemo pachayo, yakanyandura zvibvumirano zvakawanda, mabumbiro enyika, uye mitemo. Kurava rugwaro rwakazara rweUDHR.

Zviratidzo Zvekodzero Dzevanhu

Kodzero dzehurumende dzinokamurwa kuva mapoka matatu akafara: zvematongerwo enyika, vanhu, uye magariro evanhu.

Kodzero Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinogonesa vagari vemo kutora rutivi mukudzora nyika yavo. Chinokosha zvikurusa ikodzero yokuvhota. Pasina kumanikidza, dzimwe maruramiro akaoma kumanikidza. Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinobatanidzawo kodzero dzokutsvaka chinzvimbo, kuumba masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kupinda mukuramba kune rugare.

Rimwe maruramiro anokosha ezvamatongerwe enyika ndi rusununguko rwesangano[. Vagari vanofanira kukwanisa kukumbanira mapoka, angava mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, kana kuti masangano echibharo, kumuitiro wepesvedzero pamwe chete. Pasina iyi maruramiro, kusabvumirana kunogona kubviswa ndokudzvinyirirwa.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kodzero dzevagari vemo dzinovimbisa kubatwa zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo uye kudzivirirwa parusarura. Dzinosanganisira kodzero yokutongwa zvakanaka, kusatambudzwa, uye kudzivirirwa kuti munhu azvidzivirire oga uye azvisarudzire. MuUnited States, Civil Rights Act ya1964 uye mutemo wakatevera wairambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi.

Kufutunurwa kwazvino uno kwekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinofukidza dziviriro dzeLGBTQ+ vanhu, vanhu vane urema, uye mamwe mapoka akaderedzwa. Americans neUrema hweChiito (1990) nemitemo yeDare Gurusa pahuenzana hunoratidzira kuti kodzero dzavanhu dzinochinja sei mipimo yemagariro. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peADA upfumi

Kodzero Dzenzanga

Kodzero dzenzanga dzinosanganisira kuwana zvinodiwa zvakadai sedzidzo, utano, dzimba, uye kuchengeteka kwenzanga. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji zvichikurukurwa se “kodzero dzinoshanda zvakanaka” dzinoda chiito chehurumende, zvinokosha kuti zvigone kutora rutivi rwakazara munzanga. Somuenzaniso, pasina dzidzo, vagari vemo havagoni kushandisa maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira inobudirira. Pasina tarisiro youtano, vanhu vangasakwanisa kushanda kana kuti kupinda muupenyu hwomubatanidzwa.

Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu munyika yose, akadai seInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, anoona kodzero idzi sekodzero dzapamutemo.

Michina Inoganhurira Simba Rehurumende

Kuti hurumende dzinotonga dzinodzivisa kubatwa, dzinovimba nemashandiro anoita zvinhu zvinoongorora chiremera.Aya anopfuura kuganhurirwa kwapamutemo kwakapfava; anobatanidza kurongwa kwesangano, kuoneka, uye kutarisirwa kwenzanga.

Kushanda Kwebumbiro reMitemo uye Kunzvera Nedzikamo

Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rinogadza mutemo wakakwirira zvikurusa wenyika.Iro rinokamuranisa simba pakati pamapazu nemativi ehurumende (kutonga kwehurumende). Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinopa masimba akati kuhurumende yehurumende apo rinochengeta mamwe kuhurumende. Uku kuparadzirwa kwechiremera kunoparira nzvimbo dzakawanda nokuda kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende nokudzivisa udzvinyiriri.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Matare Okuzvitonga

Dare razvimirira rinogona kurova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinoputsa bumbiro remitemo kana kuti maruramiro makuru. Nheyo yehwirudzuro yedare, yakagadzwa mu Madison [1803]] , inobvumira matare kubvisa zviito zvehurumende. Iri simba idziviriro inodenha; pasina iro, masangano emitemo anogona kupfuudza mitemo inoputsa rusununguko pasina dziviriro.

Kurongwa uye Kutongwa Kwomutemo Kwakafanira

Gadziriro yakafanira inovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina miitiro inoruramisira. Ikoku kunobatanidza kucherekedza, kunzwa, muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri, uye maruramiro okukwidza. Kutonga kwomutemo kunoda kuti mitemo ive yakajeka, yavose, uye ishandiswe zvakaenzana. Inorambidza chiito choushingi navakuru vakuru, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yavo.

Nzanga Yavagari Vemo Nemapepanhau Akasununguka

Chaunga chavagari vemo chine simba − kubatanidza masangano asingapinduri 2016, mapoka ezvemari, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira — zvinoshanda sechinongwarira pasimba rehurumende.Vatori venhau vanofumura uori, vanosimudzira chishoro kumitemo isina kururama, uye vagari vemowo zvavo vanoshandisa zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kuronga. Hurumende dzinoedza kudzvinyirira ava vatambi kazhinji kazhinji dzinotarisana nokushurikidzwa kwomusha nekwamarudzi ose.

Kusarudza Zvakanaka uye Zvisingakuvadzi

Sarudzo dzinopa mukana wenguva dzose wokutsiva vakuru vakuru vanoshandisa zvisina kufanira simba. Asi kusarudza kwoga hakuna kukwana; vanofanira kuva vakasununguka pakudzvinyirira, kudzvinyirira muvhoti, uye kudzongonyedza kwedzimwe nyika. Kuverenga zviri pachena, masangano okusarudza anozvimirira, uye kutsigira kwakasimba kunodiwa kuti sarudzo dzishande senzvero dzechokwadi.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Kukodzero Dzevanhu

Pasinei nemazana emakore efambiro mberi, kodzero dzevanhu dzinotarisana nengozi dzakakura muzana remakore rechi21.

Kuwedzera Kwezvikamu Zvehurumende Nezvinokosha

Zera remichina rakagonesa kunzvera kusina kumboitika. Masangano ehurumende anotarisira kurukurirano, anounganidza mitanhamari, uye anoshandisa kuziva chiso. Kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji zvichiruramiswa nokuda kwechengeteko yenyika, miitiro iyi inogona kutonhora nokuvhiringidza kutaura kwapachena uye kuva voga. MuUnited States, PUTRIOT Act [[FLT:]] PAUS] Act yakakudziridza masimba okuongorora pashure pe 9/11], zvichitungamirira kukuva nehanya pamusoro petsoropote. Vatsoropodzi vanoramba kuti kuunganidzwa kwemifungo yemifungo yechina yechina inoputsanyadza Pedzi. Kuchinja kwazvinongofanana ne [[FLT:] US] AS noUS noMutemo wounust Act [FF]] Act, asi gakavarati inopfuurira. [FG.]

Kusaenzana Kwerusarura Nekusaenzana Kwegadziriro

Mitemo ingavimbisa nenzira yapamutemo kuva nohuenzana, asi rusaruro runopfuurira. Kupa chimuko chedzinza, mipata, kukwanisa kuwana dzimba, uye tsvurudzo mugadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi zvinosekesa kodzero dzavagari vemo. Mitezo yakadai se Varack Live Live Confect [[[FLT 1]] yakasimbisa kuti masimba masimba amapurisa anodzorwa nenzira isingaenzaniswi. Nenzira yakafanana, rusaruro muvakadzi, LGBTQ+ vanhu, uye rudzidziso runoramba ruchipararira munharaunda dzakawanda. Kunangana idzi nhau dzinoda kwete bedzi chinjo dzepamutemo asiwo kuchinja mumiitiro nemiitiro yesangano.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwokusagamuchira uye Kuparadzwa Kwemadhimoni

Dzimwe hurumende dzinodzvinyirira noune chishoro kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kunetsa kwavanyori venhau, uye kupomera kwakaipa (SLAP sud). Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kukwira kwavatungamiriri vepupulic vanodenha matare anozvimirira, zvinobudisa nhau, uye perero yevhotabheri kunopa tyisidziro. Apo miitiro yakadai sokureva miuyo yokusarudza kana kuti kudzivisa maNepoticsm (apunzi), ganhuriro dzesimba dzinova dzinova dzisingatani kusimba. Vagari vanofanira kuvavarira kudzivirira uku kuoma kwemasanga, sezvo kazhinji kazhinji vakaoma kudzorera kupfuura mitemo yakanyorwa.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kupararira kwamashoko enhema, kazhinji kazhinji kunowedzerwa nezvinobudisa nhau, kunogona kushatisa kurukurirano yavose uye kupedza chivimbo mumasangano. Hurumende dzingashandisa mashoko kuti dzizvidzire vashori kana kuti kururamisa ganhuriro pakutaura.

Kubudirira Kwevane Simba Mune Zvemazano

Mukati menjodzi (pandemics, ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, tyisidziro dzamagandanga), hurumende dzinowanzofunga masimba ekurumidziro. Nepo pane dzimwe nguva kuri madikanwa, masimba iwaya anogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Somuenzaniso, kumira nokudzorwa panguva mukati medenda reCHOVAD rakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pewirirano. Matare munyika dzinoverengeka akarova miganhu yakafara zvikuru. Roblust remitemo uye kunyura kwezuva nokuda kwezviito zvekurumidziro zvinovimbisa kuti masimba echinguvana haavi enguva dzose.

Basa Revagari Vemo Mukudzivirira Kodzero Dzekodzero Dzevanhu

Pano pane matanho anoshanda avanhu ava anogona kutora:

  • zvimene[ pakodzero dzavo nokushanda kwehurumende yavo. Pfuma inobva kumasangano akafanana ne ACLU ne Institute inogovera mapfundo okuvamba akaisvonaka.
  • Musarudzo iri yose, kubatanidza madzinza omunzvimbomo naapakuvamba. Vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji vane tapuro yakananga parusununguko rwavagari vemo.
  • Kubatanidza nenzanga yevagari vemo kupfurikidza nokukumbanira kana kuti kutsigira masangano anotarisira zviito zvehurumende, kuisa maruramiro anoputswa, kana kuti kutsigira chinjo dzemitemo.
  • dzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura [ kupfurikidza nokutaura nokukurudzira kurukurirano yakazaruka, kunyange apo mirangariro isingafarirwi. Nzvimbo yavose yakasimba ndiyo dziviriro yakanakisisa pakunzvera.
  • vakuru vakuru vanoramba vachizvidavirira [ kupfurikidza nokuonana navamiriri, kupinda horo dzetaundi, uye kushandisa mitemo yavose yokunzvera mibato yehurumende.
  • [ Kuzvimirira kwokutonga kwedare kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokudenha pamatare uye kutsigira kutonga kwomutemo.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose uye Mitemo Yenyika Yose

Kodzero dzinosiana munyika dzose, asi mutemo wamarudzi ose unogovera muganhu. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), yakatenderwa nenyika dzinopfuura 170, inosungirwa hurumende kuremekedza rusununguko rwokutaura, kuungana, uye muitiro wakafanira. Mitezo yeRegional seEuropean Convention on Human Rights neIntergan American Court of Human Rightss inogovera migano yavanhu kutsvakira magariro avanhu kupfuura hurumende dzavo vamene.

Kunyange madhimoni anoshorwa nokuda kwemiitiro yakadai sekusungwa kusingaperi muGuantámo Bay kana kuti kupfuudzira mipimo yenyika dzakawanda kunobetsera vagari vemo kuti vadzivirirwe zvakasimba uye vafukure unyengeri.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende hakusati kuri muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yokuchengeta rusununguko. Kodzero dzeCBIC, kubva mukutaura kwakasununguka kudziviriro yakaenzana, hadzifaniri kudzivirirwa nguva dzose. Chinoitika chenhau chinoratidza kuti maruramiro anokura apo vagari vemo vanoada uye varavi vachiva vasingaiti basa. Masangano ehurumende yakaganhurirwa (*constitution chesches, dare, chaunga chavagari vemo (kuumba gadziriro inoshanda bedzi kana rutivi rumwe norumwe ruchishanda. Mugari wogamugamuganhuro ane basa mukuchengeta ouzivi hwedemocracy. Nokuziva, kupinda mumasangano ehurumende inotonga, uye kuva nesimba rokuzvidavirira, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inoramba iri mubatiri, kwete nyanzvi, nzanga yavanhu.