Bill of Rights, yakatenderwa pana December 15, 1791, inomira sechinhu chinokosha cherusununguko rweAmerica. Iyi dziviriro gumi yokutanga kuUnited States Constitution inodzivirira zvikuru rusununguko rwomunhu oga ndokuganhurira simba rehurumende yehurumende. Kwamazana maviri amakore, iyi chinyorwa chakaumba gadziriro yepamutemo yorudzi, masangano akafuridzirwa nokuda kweruramisiro, uye yakaramba iri pakati pekurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzenzanga dzinotyisa. Kunzwisisa Bill of Rights (magariro adzo, mavambo azvo makuru, uye zvirongwa zvaro zvinokosha, uye maatnumhuro azvo anopfuurira nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuedza kweAmerica mugariro yezvogaro.

Nhoroondo: Nei Bhizi Rekodzero Dzaiva Dziri Madikanwa

Kuumbwa kweBhii guru rekodzero kwakanga kusati kuri kusingadzivisiki kana kuti kusingawirirani. Pashure peConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787 yakabudisa gadziriro itsva yehurumende yorudzi yakasimba zvikuru, gakava rekwaidzo rinotyisa rakatanga mumativi ane gumi namatatu enyika. MaAmerica mazhinji akatya kuti Bumbiro remitemo rakakarakadzwa rakapa simba rakawanda zvikuru kuchiremera chikuru chiri kure, richisiya vagari vemo vachitapurwa norudzi rumwe cheterwo rwoudzvinyiriri rwavakanga varwa kuti vatize kubva muBritain.

Mubatanidzwa Wavanhu Nechinorwisana Nevarwi

Gakava rakanangidzirwa pazviono zviviri zvinopesana. VaFEDALIS , vaitungamirirwa naAlexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay, vakataura kuti gwaro rekodzero rakanga risiri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakapiwa hurumende yaingova bedzi masimba. Vakanyevera kuti kuronga maruramiro chaiwo kungagona kuva kune ngozi, kunoreva kuti maruramiro asina kunyorwa akavapo. Mu Muchikamu cheFURO. 84[FLT], Hamilton akanyora kuti "Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo rimene, mupfungwa iri yose ino mufungo, uye kudonzo riri rose rinobetsera, kuzivisa kuti maruramiro ekodzero."

Kune rumwe rutivi, vaAnti-Federalist , kubatanidza Patrick Henry naGeorge Mason, vakaomerera kuti pasina dziviriro dzakajeka, vagari vemo vaizova vasina dziviriro mukurwisana nehurumende. Vakanongedzera kutsika yeBritain yemikumbiro yakarurama neGreek yekodzero dzechiNgezi ye 1689 semienzaniso. VaAnti-Fedalist vakataura kuti muganhu wekodzero wakanga uri mutezo uri madikanwa pasimba, zvikurukuru kupiwa kusavapo kwemiganhuro yegore nechiremera chakafara chebazu idzva.

  • Vatsigiri vekodzero: vaidavira kuti hurumende yakasimba yakanga ichikosha nokuda kwechinzwano chorudzi nedzikamo yemari; vairangarira gwaro rekodzero serefuti kana kuti kunyange rine ngozi.
  • Nyanzvi dzeAnti-Fedalist: simba rapakati rinotyiwa raizoparadza uchangamire hwehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu oga; raida dziviriro dzakajeka semamiriro ezvinhu okuparadza.

Kuchengetedza kuiswa mumibatanidzwa mikuru seVirginia neNew York, vatsigiri vakavimbisa kuwedzera gwaro rekodzero rehurumende itsva payakaungana. James Madison, aipanikira pakuvamba, akava muvaki mukuru wezvigadziriso, achinyora kubva muzvikarakadzo zvekokorodzano dzehurumende uye Virginia Declaration of Rights. Akasuma zvibvumirano zvine gumi nezviviri kuFirst Congress muna 1789; gumi vakatenderwa nehurumende ndokuva Bill of Rights.

Kugadziridzwa Kunokosha Mubhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Kuongorora Kune Mashoko

Kugadziridzwa kwegumi kunobatanidza dziviriro dzakati, kubva parusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe kusvikira paganhuriro pasimba rehurumende. Pasi apa kune nzvero ine udzame zvikuru yeimwe neimwe, kubatanidza revo yenhau uye kushandiswa kwazvino uno.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Rusununguko Rushanu

First Amendment inodzivirira maruramiro makuru mashanu: rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye maruramiro okukumbira hurumende nokuda kwokugadziridza zvichemo. Inowanzorangarirwa kuva gadziriso inokosha zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti inodzivirira gadziriro yedemokrase imene. Chigadziro chaClaus neFree Express Claus zvinodzivirira kuti hurumende irege kugadza rudzidziso rworudzi kana kuti kurambidza vagari vemo kuti vasashandise kutenda kwavo. Kutaura nokutsikirira zvikamu zvakadudzirwa zvikuru, kudzivirira chinhu chiri chose kubva mukupesana nezvamatongerwe enyika kuratidziro. Zviitiso zvakadai se [[FLT: 0] New York Times. [5] Coc.[FLD:1] [196] [194])) kudzivirira nokuda kutsoropodza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, nepo.[FFF.[5]

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Dare reChipiri rinozivisa, kuti: "Chisarudzo chinosanodzorwa naMaritia, chichiva chiri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hachisati chichizodziviswa. Kwamakumi amakore, revo yacho yakapokanidzwa. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa rakakwidzwa mu Decuality of Columbia v. Heller[[FLT] [200:1] [200] [2001] [8]) yakasimbisa kuti kururamisirwa kworudyi kunodzivirira munhu kuva nepfuti yepfuti yesimba mukati memba, yakazvimirira basa remibatanidzwa. Kutonga mu [FLT] Madocracted]. Muguta reChicagon[FLT] [FLT] (2011]) yakabatira pamutemo kumashoko okudzora kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwepfumba kwepfumo, nhasi, kudzorwa kwepfumo, uye kupfura, kupfura, kupfura.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechitatu: Kutarisira Varwi

Iyi yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kumiitiro yeBritain iyo vagari vomusoja vakawana kuva inonyandura zvikuru. Inoramba iri tsinhano isingakurudzirwi mudare, asi inoratidza nheyo huru yokuva woga uye kudzivirirwa pakudzorwa kwemauto.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvaka Nokusashanda

Gadziriro yeChina inodzivirira "kunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha" uye inoda zvibvumikiso zvokupiwa bedzi pazvikonzero zvinobvira, zvichitsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti bvumirano, uye kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kusechwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Uku kugadziriswa kuri pakati pekurukurirano dzakavanzika dzazvino uno. Dare Rapamusoro rakaishandisa kumichina yegundasi, GPS, kunyora mashoko enzira, uye mashoko emichina. Mu [FLT: 0] Carpeenter v. United States (2017), Dare rairangarira kuti hurumende kazhinji kazhinji kacho inoda maruramiro okuwana mashoko enhau, kusimudzira mirangariro mirangariro mirangariro mirangariro mirangariro mirangariro.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera Nokuzvipopotedza

Gadziriro yeFindreFmment inobatanidza dziviriro dzinoverengeka dzinokosha: kupomera mhaka huru dzedare rinotonga mhaka dzakakomba, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, maruramiro anopesana nengozi, vimbiso yegadziriro yakafanira, uye kurambidzwa kwokutora zvinhu zvakavanzika pasina muripo. Chitsama chakakurumbira "Ii Nhevedza Chishanu" zvichibva murugwaro rwako umene. Chitsama chamashoko chakafanira chakadudzirwa kudzivirira maruramiro makuru, kubatanidza maruramiro ezvakavanzika mumhaka dzakafanana ne Roe v. Wade v [12]] [77]) uye [FLT:] [5] .V. Hogrofell] [FF.[FLT]

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kutongwa Kusingamanikidzi uye Kunokurumidzisa

Dare reSikisi Remisi yeMitemo rinovimbisa maruramiro okutonga kwechiNgezi uye kwavose kupfurikidza nedare rinobetsera vatongi risina rusaruro, maruramiro okuziviswa nezvorudzi rwepomero, maruramiro okunangana neZvapupu, maruramiro okumanikidza zvapupu kupupurira, uye maruramiro ezano rapamutemo. Mhaka yechiratidzo Gideon v. Wainright [1963] yakasimbisa kuti masangano anofanira kugovera gweta kuvapoti vasingagoni kupupurira, kukura zvikuru kusvika kururamisiro.

Kuchinja Kwenguva Yechinomwe: Miedzo Mumhosva Dzevagari Vomunyika

Iyi gadziridzo inochengeta maruramiro okutonga dare ravagari vemo mumhaka dzehurumende umo chitsama mugakava chinopfuura madhora makumi maviri, uye chinodzivisa matare kuputsa zviwanwa zvedare redare redare renhau kunze kwemukuwirirana nemitemo yavose. Inoratidzira chitendero chavavambi chokuti majaji anobatira senzvero pasimba redare nerehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare reRevenum Refulder rinorambidza bheraro yakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye zvirango zvine utsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose. Chitsama charo choutsinye nechisina kurovedzeka chakashandiswa kudenha chirango chorufu, migariro yokupfigirwa, uye mitongo yakaenzana zvikuru nemhosva. Mu Furman v. Georgia [1997], Dare rapamusoro rakarebesa nenzira inobudirira chirango chemariso chorufu munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzakazohwirudzura mitemo yavo kuti iwirirane nemitemo mitsva. Kubvisa tsvinawo, sokusimbiswa mu [[FLT:] Timbs v.[FFLT]] , (2011]), iyo yakabatira chirangodzo kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Mugadziridzi Wechine Chine Chine Chinetso: Kodzero Dzisina Kubviswa

Ninth Amendment inoti: "Kuronga muBumbiro reMitemo, ramaruramiro akati, hakufaniri kurangarirwa kuva kurambwa kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu. Iyi yakanga iri mhinduro yaMadison kukuramba kweFederation kuti kuronga maruramiro kwaizoreva kuti maruramiro asina kurondwa haana kuvapo. Nepo kusati kuchiwanzoshandiswa sehwaro hukuru hwekutonga, kunosimbisa pfungwa yokuti vaAmerica vane maruramiro anopfuura avo vanodudzwa zvakajeka. yakadai semaruramiro echivande, iyo Dare rapamusorosoro raizivikanwa mu [[FT: 0] Grisloldred v. Connecticut[F:] (1965).

Kuchinja Kwechigumi: Kodzero dzeUnited States Nechibvumirano Chekushandira

Pesvet Amendment yegumith inochengeterwa nyika kana kuti kuvanhu masimba api naapi asingagoverwi kuhurumende yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa kunyika. Ichinoganhurira hurumende yeAmerica, ichiganhurira ukuru hwechiremera chehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakaikumbira kurova mitemo yehurumende inopfuura masimba anodudzwa, zvakadai somu Printz v. United States [1997], iyo yakabvisa chinodikanwa chehurumende icho vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanochengeta pamutemo vanonzvera mutengi wepfuti.

Kutapura Kwebvunzo Rekodzero dzeAmerica

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights harisi chisaririra chakasiyana; rave riri simba guru munhau yeAmerica, richipesvedzera masangano enzanga, kuumba mutemo, uye kududzira kutungamirira.

Pesvedzero Pamasangano Ane Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo

Kubva pakudzima kusvikira panguva ino, vashingaidzi vakatsamira paBill of Rights kuti varayire kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Zvipikirwa zveFirst Amendment zvokutaura negungano zvakagovera hwaro hwapamutemo hwokuramba pasina masimba mukati meChivil Rights Movement. Vatungamiriri saMartin Luther King Jr. vakashandisa maruramiro okukumbira kumanikidza hurumende kuti ipedze kuganhura. Kufamba kwavakadzi, kunopedzisa muContension Demendment, kwakavakirwa panheyo dzakafaradzo dzorusununguko neuenzaniso dzakaiswa muBill of Rights. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, LBGTQ isati yapfuura, vatsigiri vanoshandisa maGDramendementoms adzivirira muchato okusarira muchato uye kudzivirira kudzivirira. Vanetesitiki negumi vakawanawo vanoshandisawo mitemo yekodzero dzechimbichimbidzo kuti vawane kodzero dzechimbamumumumumumumumukana kana kuti vawane.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Mhaka Dzinoratidzwa Munyika

Dare rapamusoro rakaita basa rinokosha mukurondedzera kurongwa kweChikamu chekodzero. Nepo Marbury v. Madison [183] yakatanga kuongorora, kwakanga kuri muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri apo Dare rakavamba "kubatanidza" zvizhinjisa zveRevotion of the Rights postmentations kupfurikidza ne 1450 Demeterments Resoundation Clause. Muitiro uyu, unozivikanwa sechisarudzo, unosimbisa kuti hurumende dzinofanirawo kuremekedza rusununguko rwapakuvamba. Mhaka huru dzinobatanidza dzinobatanidza [[FL:]] v[FLD].[5] pasi pechine]

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Nemhaka yakaenzana muruzivo rwokudzivirira pasi peMitemo ye14, yakavakira panheyo dzorusununguko rwomunhu oga nechiremera izvo Bill of Rights inodzivirira.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Dare rakadudzira chitsama chemashoko chokuzvipa weFindrefute Amendment kuti chide kuti vanonyumwira vaziviswe kodzero dzavo vasati vabvunzurudzwa, vachiita nyevero dzakakurumbira dzeMiranda.
  • [[FFLT:0] Roe v. Wade (1973): yakaiswa mumaruramiro kuvandika, ayo Dare rakaisa muKutanga, Kwechina, Kweshanu, uye Ninth Amendments.
  • Citizens United v. FEC (2010): Kudzivirirwa kwaAult Amendment kundyiko dzakazvimirira dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchinyandura kurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro pemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzokera shure: Bhizi Rekodzero Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Kuchinja kwetsika dzemagariro evanhu, uye kusabatana kwezvematongerwo enyika zvakakonzera zvinetso zvitsva uye kupokana kwose.

Kutaura Wakasununguka Munguva Ino Yemazuva Ano

Mibvunzo pamusoro pokutaura kworuvengo, mashoko asina kururama, uye basa remakambani emunhu oga pakushambadza zvinhu zvisina mhinduro dziri nyore. Hurumende haigoni kuongorora kutaura (kuzviisa pasi pekutaura kwakatetepa sokukurudzira kana kuti kuzvidza), zvikuva zvemunhu oga hazvisungirwi neFost Amendment. Izvi zvakatungamirira kurayira kuti vanhu vazvidavirire, mutemo mutsva, uye kunyange kugadziridza mitemo. Dare repamusorosoro panguva ino riri kufunga nezvenyaya kana masangano achizomanikidza makambani emagariro evanhu kuti ataure mashoko akati.

Kudzorwa Kwepfuti Nechibvumirano Chechipiri

Misa nokupfura nokukwira kwamasimba masimba epfuti zvakaparira nharo pamusoro peChinjo Yechipiri. Dare rapamusoro redare Heller uye McDonald[ kutonga kwakagadza kodzero yomunhu oga yokutakura zvombo, asi matare maduku akatsigira mitemo yakawanda, yakadai semitongo neganhuriro pamafero. Mumitemo inodzorwa yenhau. [FLT:] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association. Bru[FLD:] [FD] [25] [202], Dare rakarova miganhuro yokupedzisira, raidzwa nomutemo waNew York, rakagamuchira mutemo wenhau nokuda kwokuedza. [FLT] Mumutemo uyu unotungamirira kupfura.

Kodzero Dzokuva Woga Munhambo Yakakura

Kudzivirira kweGavhura kweChina pakutsvaka kusina mufungo kwakatambanudzwa nokuongorora kwemichina. Kuwana hurumende mashoko enzvimbo yeserura, maemail, uye nzvimbo dzinobudisa mashoko kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekariro dzine mufungo dzechivande. Carplater[ chisarudzo chakaratidzira nhano inokosha, asi Dare nematare zvinopfuurira kurwisana nenhau dzakafanana nedzinongedzero huru dzemashoko, ruzivo rwezviso, uye kunzvera kwemiganhu isina pamutemo. USA INFUSFYC Act ye 2015 inotaura nezvezvinjo, asi vatsigiriri vezvakavanzika vanotaura kuti zvakawanda zvinodikanwa kudzivisa kutsoropodzwa.

Kuchinja Kwemitemo Yechisere uye Kuchinja Kunoitwa Ruramisiro Youtsotsi

Kuitira hanya kusungwa kwavazhinji, mitongo yakanyanyisa, uye migariro yakaoma zvakatungamirira Sendment. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaganhurira upenyu husina kuganhurirwa nokuda kwepwere uye rakarambidza mitongo yorufu nokuda kwemhaka dzakati. Bva gakava dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuvakwa kwomutemo kwebumbiro remhosva, faindi nemitero zvinovata vapomerwi vasina pamutemo, uye chirango chorufu chimene. Dzimwe nyika dzakagumisa chirango cherufu, nepo dzimwe dzichipfuurira kuuraya pasinei zvapo negakava ravose.

Kuzivikanwa Kwekodzero Dzepasi Rose

Nepo Bill of Rights iri yeAmerica yechienzi, pesvedzero yayo inotambanudzwa munyika yose. Nyika zhinji dzakagamuchira dziviriro dzakafanana mubumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene, kazhinji kazhinji dzichivhozhokera zvakananga kumuenzaniso weAmerica. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) inoratidzirawo zhinji dzenheyo dzakabatanidzwa mugadziriso, dzakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, uye dziviriro pakusungwa kwoudzvinyiriri. Bill of Rights inobatira sechiratidzo chekodzero dzavanhu munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo kududzirwa kwayo nokushandiswa zvichisiana zvikuru mumiitiro yapamutemo.

Mugumisiro: Nheyo Mhenyu Yokuva Norusununguko

Bill of Rights inopfuura zvikuru chinyorwa chenhau chakapfigirwa muimba inochengeterwa zvinhu. Igadziriro mhenyu inopfuurira kuumba maruramiro nemitoro yavagari veAmerica. Gakava dzakapoteredza chisiko chayo(pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira pakati pesimba rehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu, pamusoro pengozi dzekudzvinyirira uye kudikanwa kwedziviriro dzakajeka. Sezvo denho itsva dzinobuda, kubva kuunyanzvi hwokuisika kuenda kufambiro mberi dzemibato yemibato, nheyo dzakasimbiswa muBill of Rights dzichatungamirira mhinduro yorudzi. Kuchengetera nokunzwisisa izvozvi hazvisi hazvo unyanzvi hwokudzidzira; zvinokosha kuchengeta rusununguko urwo runorondedzera United States. Kunzvera rugwaro rwakazara nenhau, [FLD] National Revolutionstionstions [F]]