Kunzwisisa Kunyengera Kuviri kwaClaus Mumashoko Akapoteredza Ezvibvumirano Nekurukurirano

Factronic Claus weJeoparde unomira seimwe yedziviriro inokosha zvikurusa yakasimbiswa muUnited States Constitution. Inowanwa mukati meFindromendment yeFindromendi, inozivisa kuti hakuna munhu acha "zozviisa mungozi imwe cheteyo kuti aitwe kaviri mungozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo. Iyi dziviriro inodzivisa hurumende kusadzikamisa mukwiridzo inodzokororwa netsumo dzinodzokororwa netsumo dzinodzokororwa dzinodzokororwazverwa. Zvisinei, kunzvera kwechikamu chemashoko kunova kwakaoma zvikuru apo kunonzverwa nerevo nekurukurirano. Kunzwisisa kuti njodzi zhinjisakawandasa dzeutsotsi dzinodzokororwa necherekedzo dzinobatanidzwa nechikumbiro zvinokosha sei nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anofarira muganhu pakati pokushanda kwemuchuchireri pakati pekodzero nekodzero nemitemo.

Mavambo Enhau Nedonzo Redziviriro Yakaviri Yengozi

Pfungwa yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri inodzokera shure kunheyo dzemitemo yavose yeRoma neEngland yekare, asi chimiro chayo chazvino uno muUnited States chakasimbiswa kupfurikidza neFindromendment yeshanu. VaFathers vaingwarira kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende, vachitora kubva mumienzaniso yeEngland umo Hurumende yaigona kupomera yaigona kudzokororwazve vanhu nokuda kwemhosva imwe kusvikira kutenderwa kwawanikwa. Saka chitsama chacho chinobatira madonzo akawanda: chinochengetedza kupera kwerutongeso, chinodzivirira vapomenderwi padzvinyiriro nendyiko dzemiedzo yakawanda, uye chinodzivisa hurumende kushandisa mitoo yayo mikuru kuti iwane muuyo inodikanwa.

Mukuwirirana nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, ikoku kunoreva kuti hakuna mwero wehurumende unogona kupinza munhu mungozi yakapetwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Chikamu chinoisa mhaka yechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokuvanza, pashure pekutenderwa, uye mumigariro yakati pashure pokunge dare rakanganisa. Inodzivisawo zvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kutoti chikasaronga nenzira yakajeka zvirango zvemhosva imwe cheteyo.

Apo Jeopardy Inoisa Mapfundo: Mujaho Mukuru

Mubvunzo wokutanga unotambudza mukunzvera kupi nokupi kwengozi ndewokuti: ndirini chaizvoizvo apo ngozi inosiana kupfurikidza nenhau dzakapoteredza. Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, ngozi dzinobatanidzwa apo vatongi vanoiswa panzvimbo yenhaka nemhiko. Mukutongwa kwebhenji, ngozi dzinobatanidzwa apo chapupu chokutanga chinopika. Nokuda kwokuva nemhaka yokukumbira kukumbira kukumbira. /___central kukumbira kukumbira kana dare rikagamuchira nenzira yapamutemo chikumbiro. Iyi nhau nemhaka yokuti pane imwe njodzi, mupomeri ane nhoo yapamutemo inodzivisa kuedzwazve mhaka imwe, muromo unoganhurirwa.

Kunzwisisa iyi pfundo rakabatanidzwa kunokosha mukurukurirano. Ngatitii mukwirirwi anobvuma kupomera mhaka, asi dare risati ragamuchira chikumbiro, muchuchisi anoedza kubvisa chikarakadzo. Sezvo ngozi ichigere kubatanidzwa, muchuchisi angakwanisa kuhwirudzura dare kana kuti kunyange kupfuurira kutongwa papomero dzapakuvamba.

Kurwisa uye Mutongi Wekodzero Dzakapetwa Kaviri

Plea anobata nejeres − zvibvumirano pakati pomuchuchisi nedziviriro apo mukwirirwi anobvuma kupomera mhaka duku kana kuti kupomerwa chaiko nokuda kwokubvuma kwakadai semutongo wakaderedzwa, kudzingwa kwezvimwe zvirevo, kana kuti rumbidzo yokutongerwa. Izvi zvinopedza mhaka dzinofungidzirwa kuva 95% dzetsorori muUnited States. Apo mupomeri achiziva uye anokumbira nokuzvidira ane mhaka, vanobvisa Dispiration yavo yeFindment maruramiro avo okuzvitonga, Kudzosera kwavo kweT6 kurudyi kukutonga kwedare redare, uye nenzira inokosha, dziviriro yavo inofungidzirwa kuva nemhosva mbiri pamusoro pemhosva yavanopomera.

Mupomeri uyu haasati ari munhu chaiye. Murwi Wechipiri anodzivirira mukwiridziridziri pakupinzwazve nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokunge chikumbiro chine mhaka chapinda ndokugamuchirwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mukwiridzirwi akateterera ane mhaka kuti adenhe asi hurumende gare gare inoedza kumupomera nokuda kwedenho imwe cheteyo mumutemo wakasiana (zvakadai sokudenha kwakawedzerwa kwakavakirwa pamufambiro mumwe chetewo), kuti kupomera kwechipiri kungaputsa ngozi yakapetwa nakaviri kutoti kutoti mhaka yacho inobatanidza zvinhu zvapachokwadi kana kuti chigaro chakarongwa. Chinokosha ndechokuti chikumbiro chacho chimene chinogumisa ngozi nokuda kwemhosva yakananga yakafukidzwa nebvumirano.

Kukwidziridzwa Kwemhosva uye Kurapa Kune Mamiriro Ezvinhu

Imwe nzvimbo yeitiro hanya inomuka apo vachuchisi vanoedza kubatanidza "mutevedzeri wengozi dzakapetwa-petwa" zvikamu zvezvibvumirano zvinopfuura mwero wemhosva inokurukurwa. Zvimwe zvibvumirano zvinoda vakwirirwi kubvisa maruramiro avo engozi kaviri mumatare enguva yemberi panhau dzinoparirwa nemhosva. Dare Gurusa redare rakajekasha kuti mupomeri haagoni kumanikidzwa kudzivirira pamutemo serutivi rwechikumbiro mumutoo wadzo mukuru. [FLT: 0] United States v. Meznatto [195], Dare rakatsigira kuchengetwa kwemimwe mibato yemitengo sezvo vachiziva uye vachiziva nokuzvidira, asi harina murovereri wemotokari kuraira kudzivirira.

Chimwe chinhu chiri apo chikumbiro chinenge charongwa kuti chibvumikise hurumende kutsvaka kutendwa pane imwe nhamba apo inenge ichichengeta kodzero yokutonga dzimwe mhaka dzakabatanidzwa gare gare. Dare rinonzvera mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro pasi pe "zvinhu zvakafanana" kuedzwa kubva statburger v. United States [1932]. [232]. Kana kupomera kwechipiri kuchida chibvumikiso chechinhu chimwe chetecho icho chaisaita, ipapo mhaka dzacho dzinorangarirwa kuva dzakasiana, uye ngozi mbiri hadzina kudzikatirwa mumitemo inogoverana zvinhu zviviri, kupomera kwechipiri kunorambidzwa. Varwi vanofanira kunzvera nokungwarira kusimbiswa kwezvibvumirano kuti vawane mhaka dzakavakwa.

Matambudziko Anokosha Anodudzira Kukanganisa Kuviri uye Kuzvidzwa

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Gurusa zvakarondedzera kuwirirana kwekupindana kwengozi nemhedziso. Mu North Carolina v. Paarce [1969], Dare rakaramba kuti Mutongi Wechimbichi Jeopardy Claus akarambidza mutongo wakaipa pashure pokukwirira kunobudirira uye kugadzirisa pasina pembedzo pasina kubvumirana kuti aruramise kukwirira. Nepo [[FLT:] PFLC] PARCE[FLT] [FF:3] akabata nepo kutsikirira panzvimbo pokuita, yakatanga nheyo yokuti kukwirira kukwirira kupfurikidza nokukumbira mhaka kwakakomba: hurumende haigoni kushandisa tyisidziro yakakomba kuranga kwakakomba nokuda kwokuita maruramiro. Ikoku kwakasimbiswa murwiri mukuru. [FLGene] [FGene]]

Mu United States v. Dinitz [77], Dare rakagadzirisa njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri mumashoko enhau dzisina kururama(8) chiitiko chinogona kumuka mukati mekurukurirano dzekukumbira kana mukwiridzi akataura kuti muchuchisi akaita mukutenda kwakashata kuti amanikidze kuronga mhaka yakashata pashure pechibvumirano. Dare rakatsanangura kuti dare rinotenderwa kana mukwirirwi akabvumira kuidzwa kana kuti "kudikanwa kukurusa" kuchida, asi kana muchuchishuchi anyandura namaune kurangarira muuyo wakashata kuwana muuyo wakarurama, njodzi yakapetwa kaviri. Chisarudzo chinoratidzira ukoshi hwemuroveridziri mukati momuitiro wokukumbira.

Mhaka yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, Ohio v. Johnson [19984], yakabatanidza zvakananga kukumbira. Mukwirirwi akapomerwa mhaka ina, kubatanidza kuponda nokuuraya. Akazvipira kupomera mhaka duku mukutsinhanisa nokuda kwokubviswa kwevakuru, asi muroveri wedare akaramba. ipapo dare rinotonga rakabvumira mukwiridziridziri kupomerwa mhaka kumhosva duku pamusoro pemhosva dzehurumende. Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti rakaputsa kupfumbadza kweChiviti Jeopardey Claus nemhaka yokuti hurumende yacho yakanga isati yatongobvumira kukumbira kubviswa, uye murwi asingagoni kusarudza nenzira isina kufanira kutsunga kutsunga kutongwa apo muedzo wakasara. Iyi nhau inoenzanisira inoratidzira nzira dzinokuvadza zvose zviri zviviri nzira dzokushanda:

Dzidziso Youchangamire Huviri: Yakasiyana Zvikuru

Zvichida ganhuriro hurusa padziviriro yengozi mbiri mumishumo yezvibvumirano inobatanidza dzidziso mbiri youchangamire. Nemhaka yokuti chitsama cheFind 5 Amendment chinoshanda kuhurumende imwe neimwe yakasiana, mukwirirwi angatongwa navose vari vaviri hurumende nehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo woutsotsi kana mufambiro iwoyo ukaputsa mitemo yezvigaro zvose zviri zviviri. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa mu Heath v. Alabama [1985], umo Dare rairangarira kuti mativi maviri akaparadzana anogona kupomera mukwiridziridziridziridzi nokuda kwokuuraya kumwe kuviri.

Mumashoko ekurukurirano dzepemhetedzo, ikoku kunoreva kuti mukwiridzirwi ane mhaka kupomero yehurumende nokuda kwechiito chakati angangotongwa nehurumende nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho, uye kupesana. Zvimwe zvibvumirano zvinopedzisa kutaura zvakajeka iyi bviro kupfurikidza nokubatanidza "kubudiswa kwenyika yose" revo, apo mumwe uchangamire anobvumirana kusanongedzera kumumwe. Zvisinei, mashoko akadaro haadiwi nemitemo. Naizvozvo zano redziviriro rinofanira kurayira vatengi kuti chikumbiro chinobata mune rumwe rutivi hachingovadziviriri pakarepo pakupomerwa mune rumwe rutivi (kunyange kana kuti mufambiro wacho uri wakafanana). Izvi zvinogona kuoma kukumbira kupindura, sezvo vakwikwidziridziridzi vangatsvaka kupedza mhaka yose ingabvira mukuita mukuita chinhu chimwe, icho chisati chingava chisina kuteverwa nemhaka yebatira pamwe chete.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvokurapa Nemaperembudzi

Nokuda kwamagweta anodzivirira, kunzwisisa misiyano yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri kunokosha pakupa zano vatengi kana vachibvuma chikumbiro. Kurangarira kukuru kunobatanidza:

  • Kakochekesa nokuda kwemhosva dzakapetwa kaviri. Kana hurumende ikaramba ichichengeta pomero dzakati dzakaparadzana asi dzine chokuita, yera kana pomero idzodzo dzichiumba mhaka imwe cheteyo pasi [ staker[. Kana zvakadaro, chikumbiro kuimwe ingaroverera vamwe utsotsi gare gare gare (* kusaitira mukwirirwi mhaka anodzivirira mubvumirano.
  • Kuisa mumutauro wakaipa. Zvibvumirano zvizhinji zvokukumbira zvinobatanidza gadziriro dzebillerplate umo mukwiridziridziri anoshatisa maruramiro okukwirira uye "zvose zvinotaurwa" zvengozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Madare kazhinji kazhinji anomanikidzira kubira vakadaro kana vachiziva uye vanozvidira, asi murambi akafara kana kuti akaoma angadenhwa seasina maturo. Attarney anofanira kutaurirana navacheri vashomanene kumhosva bedzi dziri kupedzwa.
  • Rangarira nguva yechikumbiro. Mukwirirwi haagoni kushandisa chikumbiro chine mhaka kupomero imwe kudzivisa hurumende kuedza imwe pomero inomuka muchinoitika chimwe chetecho asi yakasiana nechapachokwadi. Somuenzaniso, kukumbira ugororo hakudzivisi mukwirirwi pamutongo wakaparadzana wokudenha mumwe cheteko kana denho inobatanidza matsotsi akasiana. Bvisa rugwaro rwechinoitika chinofukidzwa nechikumbiro kunokosha.
  • Ziva migumisiro yokupa mitongo. Kukumbira kune mhaka hakudzivisi kushandiswa kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo kuwedzera mutongo muchinoitika chapashure, chisina kufanana. Somuenzaniso, kupwiswa kwapamberi (kunopinzwa nokukumbira) kunogona kushandiswa kuwedzera mitsetse pasi pemiraudzo inotsiva pasina kushandisa njodzi yakapetwa kaviri, sezvo kuvandudzi kusati kuri chirango chakaparadzana nokuda kwemhosva yapakuvamba.

Vachuchisi vanewo zvikonzero zvinoshanda zvokurangarira ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri apo kukumbira kunopiwa. Kunyanyoedza kwokudenha kuti kuedza kudzivisa chikamu chamashoko chacho . zvakadai sokutengesa pahove dzinopfuudzwa kubvisa chikumbiro chemhosva chenyika yose(whondi inoputsa muitiro wakafanira kana kuti kutungamirira kukudzosera pakukwirira. Hurumende inofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti pomero ipi neipi inochengetwa pashure pechikumbiro yakavakirwa pamufambiro mutsva wapachokwadi kana kuti mativi akasiana emitemo, kwete pachishuvo chokuedza kugadziridza chinoitika chimwe chetecho pasi pechiratidzo chakasiana.

Kurangarira Kwomuitiro Mukurukurirano

Kuzvidzivirira uye kupomera kunofanira kuva nemiganhu yetsika. American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Bealial inoda kuti vachuchisi vasashandise mamwe mazano okuwedzera kuti vapedze mhosva, kusanganisira kutyisidzira kwokuwedzera kupomerwa kusingabvumirwi nemitemo.

Kurutivi rwokuzvidzivirira, magweta anofanira kutsanangura zvizere revo dzechikumbiro chine mhaka pakodzero dzenguva yemberi dzakapetwa kaviri. Mutengi anoteterera ane mhaka kuti ikoku kuchagumisa mutoro wose unobvira wechinoitika chakagoverwa angakatyamadzwa kuziva kuti mambo akasiana kana kuti pomero yakasiana yakavakirwa pamaidi mamwe chetewo inoramba iri pachena. Kusanzwisisa kwakadaro kunogona kutungamirira kukutaura kusina mufungo kana kuti betsero isingashandi yezano. Naizvozvo, kuzivisa zvakakwana uye kunyora zano kunorumbidzwa zvakasimba.

Gakava Remitemo Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kupindirana kwengozi nemhemhe dzezvibvumirano kunoitwa nemhesano. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti kuvimba kukuru nezvikumbiro kwakavhenganisa dziviriro dzeVict Jeopardy Claus, nemhaka yokuti vakwiridziridziri vanowanzoparadza kodzero idzodzo mukutsinhana nokuda kwokusazvidzora. Dzidziso yekaraver, nepo iri madikanwa, inogona kubvumira varoveri vemhosva ku "murwi" -- kuunza pomero dzakawanda dzinopfuudzwa uye ipapo kuzvipira kuderedza dzimwe mukutsinhanhanisa nokuda kwechikumbiro cha$a , uko kugombedzera nenzira inobudirira kusarudza pakati pokugamuchira kana kuti kutarisana nemirairo yemato yemifungo inobvira pakutongwa. Mumhikamo yakadaro, donzo renhau rokudzivisa hurumende rinoratidzika kuva rinoshatsa.

Vamwe vanoomerera pakuti chitsama chamashoko chinoramba chakasimba nemhaka yokuti matare achiri kudzora miganhu yavaparadziri uye anoda kuti kukwidziridza kupi nokupi kubata mhaka kwapashure kubatanidza mhaka dzakasiana chaidzoidzo. Kuedza kunopa mupimo unobatira, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwawo kuchigona kuva kwounyanzvi. Magrastillation achaitawo basa kupfurikidza nokurondedzera matsotsi namasangano akajeka kuderedza kunyoresa. Kumberi, kwave kune zvikarakadzo zvokusimbisa "chibvumirano chokutanga" mutemo waizopa mhaka inowirirana nokuda kwechinoitika chimwe chetecho choutsotsi, pasinei zvapo nechishandiso chinoripira. Ikoku kungachinjawo nenzira inocherekedza zvikuru kukumbira nesimba asi kwakawanda.

Munguva ino, kumuka kwemasimba ehurumende nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende kwakaita kuti uchangamire huviri huve nhau yakapokanidzwa nenzira inowedzera. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoramba vachiti kutsiva kwouchangamire kunofanira kurangarirwazve, zvikurukuru mumashoko akapoteredza okusungwa kukuru uye tapuro dzisingaenzaniswi panzanga dzakaderedzwa. Dare Gurusa redzimwe nguva rakaratidza kusununguka kudzokorodzazve dzidziso yacho, asi pari zvino, ichiri mutemo wadzikamiswa. Magweta edzirwe anofanira naizvozvo kubatanidza kurangarirwa kwouchangamire kuri kuviri mukuita kwose kunobatanidza mufambiro wakawanda.

Mugumisiro: Kuisa Ngozi Paviri Nokutarisira

Murwi weReopardy Claus unoramba uri wekona wemiitiro yeutsotsi yeAmerica, uchipa chekero inokosha pasimba redare uye kuva nechokwadi chokuguma kwevakwirirwi. Apo vakwirirwi vanosarudza kupedza mhosva dzavo kupfurikidza nemishumo yokukumbira, vanopa nechido kodzero yavo kudare uye, mukuita kudaro, kazhinji kazhinji vanoganhurira dziviriro dzakati kuti dzakati kuti kudzivirira kwapashoma nemhosva dzakafukidzwa nebvumirano. Zvisinei, muteveri uyu haasati ari wemagumo. Bumbiro remitemo richiri kurambidza hurumende kuidzira mupomendi wemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokuteterera kwemhosva, uye matare anoongorora nokungwarira zvibvumirano kuti vaone kuti vasashandiswe semotokari nokuda kwekutsiva kana kuti kutyora mutemo wemutemo wevatambi.

Nokuda kwavarapi vemitemo, chinhu chikuru ndechokuti kutaurirana kwose kwokupemha kunofanira kuziviswa nokusanonzvera mhaka dzacho, mufambiro unodziparira, uye bviro dzekuroverera kwapashure. Magweta anodzivirira anofanira kungwarira kupiwa mhaka kwapamhembedzero nengozi mbiri dzouchangamire, nepo vachuchisi vanofanira kuremekedza miganhu yemitemo inorondedzera zvisarudzo zvinobvumirwa. Pakupedzisira, kunzwisisa Reapody Claus mumashoko akapoteredza ezvibvumirano zvinobvumira mativi ose kukurukurirana zvakajeka, vachivimbisa kuti ruramisiro inobatira pasina kuisa dziviriro huru yeFind Find Reme Amend Refed Remption.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Chutution Center yenhungamiro yeFindre Amendment yeFindrome , Cornell Information Institute yerecustoms yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye [[FLT]U].S. Department of the Justice Manual xiyenge pas commentmentmentmentment [[FLT]]