Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba iko kunokosha kudzorwa kwebumbiro remitemo, rakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera mubazu rimwe ripi neripi rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa mitoro pakati peboka guru, romutemo, uye mapazi okutonga, donzo rehurumende dzinotonga rinosarudzwa kudzivirira ndokuvimbisa macheki nedzikamo. Bva, aya mapazi haatongoshandi mumiuyo yemhepo inofambiswa pasi. Mapazu makuru — uko mapazu maviri kana kuti anopfuura anogoverana kana kuti kudzora basa rimwe chetero — haasati achingori bedzi anozivikanwa asi ari madikanwa kazhinji kazhinji. Nyaya ino inonzvera zvinoitika apo masimba anopo, mavambo enzvimbo dzapasi dzeiyi miuyo yeiyi mibatanidzwa, uye kuti hurumende inogona sei kuanoita pasina kuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Mavambo Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Manyuko oungwaru okuparadzana kwamasimba ari mumabasa avafungi vokuvhenekerwa. John Locke anosiyaniswa pakati pemitemo, mukuru mukuru, uye mabasa okutonga, nepo Baron de Montesquieu, mu Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo[ (1748), yakakurumbira yaitaurwa kuti rusununguko rungagona kuchengetwa bedzi kana chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye masimba okutonga akachengetwa nemitumbi yakasiana. Montesquieu yaipesvedzera zvikuru vadzori veUnited States Constitution, uyo akaumba gadziriro yamasimba akaparadzaniswa nezvinowedzerwa. Pfungwa huru yakanga iri yokuti "simba rinofanira kunzvera kuti rive simba" — bazi rimwe nerimwe raizova nemitoo yokudzivisa kurwisana nevamwe.

Zvisinei, kunyange varairi vakaziva kuti kuparadzana kwakakwana kwakanga kusingabviri. James Madison, mu Murongi Nhaka. 47, vakaziva kuti kuunganidzwa kwamasimba mumaoko mamwe chetewo kwakanga kuri kwoudzvinyiriri, asi kuti kubatanidzwa kwamasimba kwakanga kusingadzivisiki uye kunobetsera. Somuenzaniso, simba rapurezidhendi pamitemo nenzvimbo yeDare raisimbisa kwaireva kuti mabasa aibatanidzwa. Nokudaro, masimba anowirirana haasati ari kutsauka pamuenzaniso asi rutivi rwamaune.

Kuchinja Kwemapazi Ehurumende

Kuti anzwisise kubatana kwebazu rimwe nerimwe, munhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa basa guru:

  • Bazu rePrefective: Mitemo nokushandisa mitemo, mufambiro wokumwe, anoraira chiuto, uye anoita bhajeti. Mumasangano eparamende, mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva kudare, achiumba pedyo naimomo yesesaitike muvashandi.
  • [ Dare reBazu:[[FT:1] Mitemo yemabhukwana, bvumirano bhajeti, zivisa hondo, uye mutariri mukuru. Masangano anodzora kazhinji kazhinji ane gadziriro dzamatare dzinonzvera zviito zvevakuru vakuru.
  • Bazu reJodicial: Rinodudzira mitemo nebumbiro remitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinohwirudzura kuoma kwebumbiro remitemo nezviito zvehurumende kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare.

Nepo idzi rondedzero dzichiratidzika kuva dzakachena, nyika chaiyoiyo dzinovhiringidza udzori. MaLegislature anowanzogovera chiremera chinoitwa kumasangano anotungamirira; vakuru vakuru vanopa mirairo yavakuru vakuru ine simba romutemo; uye matare pane dzimwe nguva anoita muitiro kupfurikidza nedudziro dzawo. Uku kubatana kunoshanda ndiwo musimboti wamasimba anopfuudzirana.

Chikonzero Nei Kusingadzivisiki

Masimba anoverengeka anova nechokwadi chokuti kuparadzana kwamasimba hakutongovi kwakakwana:

  • Michero neMadzikano: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mibato yokuganhurira mimwe — mukuru mukuru anogona kuisa mutemo, mutongi anogona kuisa mitemo, uye mutongi anogona kubvisa zviito zvisina maturo. Izvi zvinoparira kuwirirana kwomuzvarirwo nemhaka yokuti bazi rimwe riri kutora rutivi rutivi murutivi rwapakati rwerimwe basa.
  • Mitoro yakagoveranwa: Mabasa akawanda ehurumende anoda batira pamwe. Kurongwa kwebhajeti kunobatanidza kugadzwa kwedare uye kubvumira kwechibvumirano; chibvumirano chaita kubatanidzwa kwekukurukurirana kwehurumende nedare remitemo; kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoda mari yewirirano netarisiro yedare.
  • Zvinhu chaizvoizvo zveProt: Munyika dzazvino uno, denho dzemiitiro dzakaoma — dzakadai sechengeteko yorudzi, mirau yemari, uye utano hwavanhu vose — zvinoda batira pamwe yamarudzi akawanda. Matongerwe enyika eparuwa anodzivisawo kuparadzana apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora zvose zviri zviviri mapazi evakuru vakuru neanotonga, kuchideredza kunzvera.
  • [FUNSTIONAL Ambiguity: Mabumbiro emitemo mazhinjisa ane miganhu kana kuti gadziriro dzakavanzika dzamaune idzo dzinokoka dudziro, kuchitungamirira kuhondo. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro remitemo reUS harisati richidudza ukuru hweropafadzo yechiremera, kuchitungamirira kurwisano dzinovapozve pakati papurezidhendi neCongress.

Migumisiro Yakanaka Yesimba Rinopfuudza Zvikuru

Nepo makoronga achigona kuva akazara, anopawo betsero:

  • Kubatira pamwe kwapamutemo:[ Apo mapazi anogoverana mabasa, anomanikidzirwa kutaurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kungagona kutungamirira kumiitiro yakasanorongwa. Semuenzaniso, kunoda kuti mukuru mukuru navanopa mitemo vawane nzvimbo imwe kana kuti vatambure kuoma kwemitemo.
  • Kusajeka: masimba okurova maoko anobvumira hurumende kuchinjira kumigariro isingadeyi kuonwa. Mukati memigariro inokatyamadza, chiito chokutungamirira chingava chiri madikanwa kuita chiito nokukurumidza, nehwirudzuro yomutemo nedare zvinogovera kuzvidavirira kwapashure.
  • Mupano woutungamiriri: Kudarika kuvhura kuvamba mativi akawanda okunzvera. Kana mubati akakundikana kunzvera mukuru mukuru, mutongi anogona kupinda, uye zvinopesana. Uku kudzorwa kunogona kubata kusafanira uko bazu rimwe ringapotsa.

Zvisinei, kushandira pamwe pakunoparara, zvinhu izvozvo zvinogona kuita kuti pave nokuchinja kana kuti kunetsana.

Migumisiro Yakaipa Yesimba Rinonyanyorova

Rutivi rwakashata rwamasimba anororororera runokosha zvakaenzana:

  • Kuisana uye kusakwanisa:[[FLT: 1] miganhu yemiganhu yemitemo inogona kutungamirira kukuitwa kwenhamburiko, kunonotsa zvisarudzo, uye nhungamiro dzinopesana. Vagari namabhizimisi vangarwisa kusarudza kuti isangano ripi kana kuti bazu rine chiremera pamusoro penhau yakati.
  • [ Kurwa kune simba: kazhinji kazhinji kunonyandura rwisano dzamasangano. US yakaona kurwisana kwakawanda pamusoro peropafadzo yebasa, ukuru hwechisimba, uye kusimbiswa kwavatongi. Kukakavadzana kwakadaro kunogona kudzongonyedza hurumende ndokuparadza chivimbo chavanhu.
  • Mibumbiro yemari yokubhadharisa mari:[ Apo mapazu akawanda anobatanidzwa muchisarudzo, kunova kwakaoma kupa mhaka nokuda kwokundikano. Somuenzaniso, kana muitiro wemari ukundikana nemhaka yokuti mutezo wemitengo wehurumende wakanonoka kuishandisa zvisina kunaka, vavhoti vangasaziva kuti ibazu ripi rokuva nemhaka yechakaipa.
  • Kuparadzana:[[FLT: 1] Kupfuurira kunogona kupfavisa kuunganidzwa kwesimba. Mune dzimwe nyika, vakuru vakuru vakawedzera pesvedzero yavo pakuita mitemo kupfurikidza nemirayiro kana kuti masimba ekurumidziro, nezviremera zvinopa chiremera munhambo yapasi.

Kuongorora Zviratidzo Zvichipfuura

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidza marudzi emasimba anofambidzana mugadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo:

United States: Kugadzirwa Kwemaketi Pakutanga

Constitution yeUS inowanzodudzwa sechikamu chemasimba akaparadzana, asi chakakura zvikuru. Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, asi Congress inogona kukunda mativi maviri mativi matatu. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwedare nevakuru vakuru, uye dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinofanira kutendera zvibvumirano. judicariary inogona kurova mitemo nezviito zvehurumende sezvisingatenderwi, nenzira iyoyo achichinja revo yemirau yemitemo. Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi sokushandiswa kwezvirevo zvechiremera kumisa kumira paPregster, kana kuti kushandiswa kweDare reSamende kuvhara mifungo, kuratidzira kuti masimba anopfuudza anogona sei kuva mapfundo erwisano makuru. Muenzaniso weUS unoratidza kuti apo kutamba kwakarongwa kukurudzira, kunogonawo kuita kuti kukurudzira kupesana apo mapoka kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunenge kwakakomba.

United Kingdom: Kushandiswa Kwesimba

United Kingdom inoshanda mukubatanidzwa kwamasimba, umo mukuru mukuru (kabati) anotorwa kudare remitemo (Parliament). Mutungamiriri mukuru mukuru ari zvose zviri zviviri musoro wehurumende uye mutezo weImba yeCommons. Uku kunenge kukwana kunenge kutanhatu kunobvumira kuita pamutemo kwakakwana kwezvinoita nokuti mukuru mukuru mukuru anogona kurayira voruzhinji vehurumende. Zvisinei, vanopikisa kuti inoita kuti ipedzere simba rakawanda zvikuru mumukuru wehurumende, ideredza kuongorora kwemitemo. Dare repamusoro reUK (rakagadzwa muna 2009) zvino rinoita hwirudzura dare redare redare, asi Paramende inoramba iri iri ichiri mukuru uye inogona kukunda zvisarudzo zvedare kupfurikidza nokupfuudzira mutemo mutsva.

India: Kutonga uye Masimba Ezviratidzo

Bumbiro remitemo reIndia rinogadza paradzano yakajeka asi nedzomufungo. Mukuru mukuru (Council of Guist anotungamirira naMutungamiriri weHurumende) rutivi rwechigaro chemitemo (Lok Sabha). Purezidhendi anogona kuparira mirau apo Paramende inenge isiri murusando, ichiita pamutemo nenzira inobudirira. Panguva ino, jundicantiary yeIndia yaita simba rakasimba rehwirudzuro yedare nefariro yavose yavose, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inopinda munzvimbo dzemitemo dzakadai semurayiro wemhoteredzo yapasi nemutorongo. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kupomero yedare redare redare rinodzokororwa. Panguva imwe neimwe, chibvumirano chedare chakadzosa kupfurikidza nokusuma kudare. Muenzaniso weIndia unosimbisa kuti masimba ehondo anogona kuva nzvimbo yehondo pakati pamapazuro ehurumende imwe neimwe.

Germany: Dare Rokushandira Mberi Nemadare Anotevedzerwa

Gemain’s Basic Law inogadzira gadziriro yehurumende umo Bundesrat (imba inopfuudza) inomirira hurumende uye inofanira kutendera mitemo mizhinji yehurumende. Chancellor (inouraya) inosarudzwa neBundestag, ichiita batano pakati pamapazu. Federal Constitution Court (Bundesfesfesculangshedget) ine masimba makuru okuhwirudzura zvose zviri zviviri pamutemo nemitemo nokuda kwokuwirirana nekodzero dzinokosha. Kupfuureva kunodzorwa kupfurikidza negadziriro dzakajeka negamuchidzanwa rakasimba remitemo. Dare rinowanzonzwa nharo pakati pehurumende nehurumende kana kuti pakati pamapazu, richishanda somushandi wemiganhuro yehurumende. Germany rinoratidza kuti masimba anodzorwa anogona kudzorwa kupfurikidza nekodzero dzapamutemo nebatira pamwe chete.

France: SemiąPresidential System

France inoshanda mugadziriro yemaminisita akasarudzwa zvakananga achigoverana simba ravakuru vakuru nemutungamiriri wehurumende ane mutoro kuGungano reNational. Iyi gadziriro inoparira kubatana pakati papurezidhendi (anodzora gadziriro dzokunze nedziviriro) uye gurukota guru (anobata mitemo yomumba). Kana boka rapurezidhendi risingadzore gungano — mugariro unozivikanwa se “kugara nhaka” — simba rinorwisana nechiremera choukuru. Dare reMitemo rinobatira senzvero yedare, kuhwirudzura mutemo pamberi paichiitwa . Muenzanisiro wechiFrench unoratidzira kuti masimba anochinjika anogona sei kuva manyuko ose ari maviri okuchinja nokusagadzikana, zvichitsamira pakurongwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwamapazu.

Kukurira Kunyanyisa: Kuronga Kudzikama

Hurumende dzakagadzira maturusi anoverengeka okudzivirira masimba anofambidzana kuti asashande kuva asina kusimba:

  • Magadzirirwo Emitemo: Kurondedzera zvakajeka ukuru hwechiremera chebazu rimwe nerimwe kunoderedza nenzira isina kujeka. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reUS rinoronga masimba eCongress muChikamu I, asi Nheyo neSeat Claus zvinokokawo dudziro. Mabumbiro emitemo ane udzame, kufanana neJeremani raSicle Law, anogovera nhungamiro huru.
  • Matare eBranch neDialogue: miitiro yetsika namasanga nokuda kwekurukurirano inogona kupedza gakava dzisati dzakura. US ine Office yeHurumende yeKuzvidavirira neCongregation Dzirobha reBhamvu yeHurumende kuti igovere kutarisira kwemitemo yemari inoshandiswa navakuru vakuru; matare anobatana mumimwe miraudzo anoparira batira pamwe.
  • judicial Review and Constitution Adjudication: Matare anogona kupedza rwisano pakati pezvinavheneko anoshanda basa guru. Dare Gurusa muIndia, Dare reFederal Constitution muGermany, uye Dare Rapamusorosarudzo muUS rinowanzonzwa kuparadzanisanyaudzo dzinopa simba muna muna muna 69. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinoderedza rwisano yomunguva yemberi.
  • Seketera Claus na Delegation Milime: Apo masangano anogadza mitemo anotonga (“GOU) anogona kubatanidza zvitsama zvezuva zvinogumisa nhume pashure penhambo yakatarwa, kumanikidza kunyorwazve. Ikoku kunoganhurira mano omukuru wokuunganidza simba rechigarire.
  • Mitemo yeProtalicans neKokorodzano: mirau isina kunyorwa — yakadai segamuchidzanwa iro purezidhendi vanodzivisa kushandisa vhato mukurwisana nemutengo uri wose, kana kuti kuti kuti vafundisi vakuru vanobvunza Paramende vasati vaita zvisarudzo zvikuru zvokunze kwedzimwe nyika — inogona kurwisana zvine mwero. Zvisinei, mipimo inova isingatani kuderera uye inogona kuderera mudzvinyiriro yevavhi.

Basa Reimba Yechikoro Chokunamatira Mumitsetse Yetsika

Kuongorora matare kunobvumira vatongi kusarudza kana bazi rapfuura simba raro repamutemo.

  • Mu United States v. Nixon (1974), Dare Gurusa reUS rakaramba nokubvumirana kutaura kwaPurezidhendi Nixon kweropafadzo yakakwana yechiremera, richimumanikidzira kubudisa matepi eWatergate. Ikoku kwakasimbisazve kuti judiary yaigona kusunda bazu romukuru nomuitiro wapamutemo.
  • Mu India, Kesavanda Bharati v. Hurumende yeKerala (1973]), Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba dzidziso huru, ichiganhurira simba reParamende rokuchinja bumbiro remitemo nokunzvera nenzira inobudirira ukuru hwemitemo.
  • Mu Germann, Federal Constitution Court[[FLT: 1] yakaputsa yaputsazve mitemo inoputsa maruramiro makuru kana kuti dzikamo yehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti kana hurumende yehurumende kana kuti nyika hadzipfuuri masimba adzo akaverengwa.

Kupindira mukutonga, zvisinei, kune ngozi. Dare rinova rinonyanyova rinokasharara iro rimene ringavamba kuwirirana namabasa emitemo neavakuru vakuru, kuchiparira kuisa ngwariro itsva yesimba. Denho ndeyokuchengeta kuzvimirira kwokutonga nepo richiremekedza mativi apamutemo amapazu akasarudzwa.

mhedziso

Masimba anorova maoko zvikuru rutivi rusinganzvengeki rwebumbiro remitemo razvino uno. Nepo pfungwa yokuparadzana kworumano ichiri inopesvedzera, kudikanwa kunoshanda kwecheki, batira pamwe, uye kuchinjika kunovimbisa kuti mapazi achakwikwidzana pamabasa akagoveranwa. Migumisiro yokubatana yakasiana kubva kubatira pamwe ine zvibereko uye kuzvidavirira pamwe chete kunzvimbo dzinoshanda. Kutungamirira simba iri rebumbiro remitemo kunoda mitemo yakajeka, kusimbisa kurukurirano yedare, kurukurirano yedare, uye tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo inoremekedza miganhuro. Saudzoro yehurumende yeNyika, mubvunzo hausati uri wokuti masimba achapindirana, asi kuti anobatira sei kusimbisa, panzvimbo pokuzvidzwa, kudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba nezviremera zvinorongeka, ona Constitution yeUS, Cornell Information Institute yeReformation [, uye [[FLT] ST [FLT]Conclopedia yeFilosophy paparadzano yamasimba.