Murangariro wokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ibwe rekona rehurumende yeUnited States, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza chiremera chakanyanyisa. Kupfurikidza nokukamura mitoro yehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana(legislative, mukuru mukuru, uye mutongi) vagadziri veBumbiro remitemo vakagadzira gadziriro inodzikamisa simba uye inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera nzvero youkuru hwekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba masimba, mavambo awo enhau, uye kushanda kwawo kunopfuurira muhurumende dzazvino uno dzeAmerica.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Chii?

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba inheyo inoparadzira chiremera chehurumende mumapazu matatu akazvimirira: mutemi wehurumende, unogadza mitemo; mukuru mukuru, anodzika mitemo; uye mutongi, unorondedzera mitemo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda mukati medenderedzwa raro rimene, asi rinowiriranawo mugadziriro yecheki nedzinobvumira mumwe nomumwe kuganhura zviito zvemamwe. Chimiro ichi chinorongwa chakarongwa zvakajeka munyaya nhatu dzokutanga dzeU.S.Bumbiro reMitemo: Chikamu I Chisarudzo, Chikamu II chinoumba dare reSangano, uye Chikamu III chinogadza matare ehurumende.

Dzidziso yacho yakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nomuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika weFrance Montesquieu, uyo mubasa rake ra 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo akataura kuti kuisa ngwariro kumitemo, kutungamirira, uye simba rokutonga mumaoko mamwe chetewo kunotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri. Vagadziri veBumbiro remitemo, vanoziva zvikuru kusakafanira kwoutongi hwemadzimambo, vakagamuchira pfungwa dzaMontesquieu kuti vaumbe hurumende yaizodzivisa kuiswa kwesimba. U.S.Bumbiro reMitemo rinochengeta manyuko makuru nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mapazi anoumbwa sei.

Mapazi Matatu Akadzama

Kunzwisisa mabasa aya kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti gadziriro yose inoshanda sei.

Bazu Romutemo (Murwi)

Congress idare remitemo rebhimeyal rinoumbwa neDare reSameya neImba yaVamiririri. Basa raro guru kunyora, kuitisana nharo, uye kufambisa mitemo. Varongi vairangarira Congress sebazu rine simba zvikurusa, naizvozvo vakaikamuranisa kuva makamuri maviri neyakasiana- siyana: Dare rinomirira nyika mbiri zvakaenzana (hurumende imwe), nepo Imba inomirira vanhu vakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo. Ichi chivako chakavimbisa kuti Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri duku nehuru dzaiva nenzwi mumuitiro wokugadzira mutemo.

  • Dare rine mitezo 100, imwe neimwe inobatira shoko ramakore matanhatu. Dare roga rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (zvakadai savanyori veKibiti nevatongi vehurumende) uye rinonyoresa zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri namatatu.
  • Imba yavamiriri [[FLT: 1] ine mitezo yokuvhota 435, nezvigaro zvakawanikwa makore gumi ari ose pashure pokuverengwa kwavanhu. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri, vachiita kuti Imba igamuchire zvikuru kumurangariro wavose. House inovamba mari yose yemari uye ine simba rokudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Kupfuura kugadzira mutemo, Congress ane simba rechikwama (mabasa ehurumende anofadza), anozivisa hondo, uye anotarisira bazu guru kupfurikidza nokutonga nokunzvera.

Bazu Rine Chigaro Chikuru (Mutungamiriri uye Kutarisira)

Purezidhendi ndiye ane mutoro wokushandisa uye kuisa mitemo yehurumende.Bazi racho rinosanganisira Purezidhendi, Kabhini, uye madhipatimendi akawanda ehurumende.

  • Purezidhendi anobatira nhambo yamakore mana, inofanirwa nokuda kwokusarudzwa kamwe (kwakaganhurirwa neMbezo yeChine Chine Chisipiti). Masimba apurezidhendi anobatanidza kuraira mauto ane zvombo, kupa kanganwiro, kuronga zvibvumirano (zvinodzorwa netendero yeDare), uye kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende.
  • Kabhini ine misoro yemadhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira (akadai seHurumende, Defense, Treaty, uye Ruramisiro), vose vanofanira kusimbiswa neDare.
  • Bazu rapamusoro rinobatanidzawo masangano akazvimirira akadai seEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) uye Federal Reserve, iyo inoshanda pasi pechiremera chinobva kuCongress.

Purezidhendi anogona kubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru yokutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yomubatanidzwa, asi iyi mirairo inofanira kuva yakavakirwa mumutemo uripo kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga (Matare Apamutemo)

Bazu rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo, richivimbisa kuti mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinowirirana nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo.

  • Dare Gurusa[ rinoumbwa navatongi vapfumbamwe vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu (pamberi pomufambiro wakanaka) naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Dare rine chiremera chapakuvamba panhau dzinobatanidza nhume nehurumende, uye chiremera pamusoro penhau dzinobva kumatare ehurumende akaderera zvikuru nehurumende izvo zvinobatanidza nhau dzehurumende.
  • matare ehurumende anobatanidza matare 94 oruwa (matare enhau) uye matare 13 ekwirira. Idzi matare anobata mhaka dzinomuka pasi pomutemo womubatanidzwa, kubatanidza mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, mhosva dzomubatanidzwa, uye gakava pakati pehurumende kana kuti vagari venyika dzakasiana - siana.
  • .JUDYY]

Mugariro wenduramo wavatongi vehurumende unoitirwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uchivagonesa kusarudza nhau dzakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pomufungo wakakurumbira.

Makero Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Kunoita Mapazu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kuparadzana kwemasimba hakurevi kuzvimirira kwakakwana; bazi rimwe nerimwe rine zvokushandisa zvokuongorora zvimwe.

  • Nzvero dzinodzorwa pamukuru mukuru:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vaviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri; inodzora kupiwa kwemari (simba rechikwama); inogona kubvisa Purezidhendi kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende; Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa uye kunyoresa zvibvumirano; uye Congress anogona kunzvera mibato yebazu guru.
  • Nzvero dzinoshanda pawirindi: Mutungamiriri anogona kupfuudza mari dzechikwereti dzakapfuudzwa neCongress; anogona kudana Congress kupinda rusando chairwo; uye anogona kubudisa mirairo yedare iyo mamiriro ezvinhu mukati megadziriro dzapamutemo dziripo. Purezidhendi anewo chiremera chokukarakadza mutemo uye kushandisa dare rinodheerera kuti ape mufungo wavose.
  • Nzvero dzedare pawironogaro nevakuru vakuru: Dare Gurusa rinogona kushayisa simba mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira izvo zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. Vatongi veFederal vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu, naizvozvo havazvipiwi mhaka zvakananga kuvasaruri, izvo zvinodzivirira kuzvimirira kwokutonga nepo zvichidzidzivirirawo pakutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Mitemo padare redare: Congress inogona kuchinja ukuru hweDare Rapamusorosaipo (kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusingawanzoitwi), inogona kukarakadza mhedziso dzebumbiro remitemo kukunda chisarudzo chedare, uye inogona kupinza vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata. Purezidhendi anovagadza vatongi, uye Dare rinovasimbisa, richipa mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika pesvedzero pamusoro porumbiso rwedare.

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidzira izvi zvisarudzo zvikuru: Mutungamiriri weProfesta Franklin D. Roosevelt's yakakurumbira "stagling" chikarakadzo muna 1937 chakanga chiri kuedza kukudza chiverengero chevatongi veDare Gurusa kuti vawane zvisarudzo zvakanaka paNew Dec. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare Gurusa reMountal mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius (202) akatsigira Afford Care Acts just's , nepo achirova gadziriro yaizodaidzwa kuti iwedzere mitengo.

Nokuda kwenzvero yakaisvonaka yecheki nedzinodzikama dziri kushanda, USA.gov inopa tsananguro yakajeka yenzira iyo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona nayo kuganhurira dzimwe .

Nhoroondo uye Mavambo Edzidziso Dzezvakaitika Kare

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakuna kuoneka mumhepo yakatetepa; midzi yakwo youchenjeri yakasvika shure kuGirisi yakare neRoma, asi pesvedzero yakananga yakabva kuvafungi vakajekeswa. Montesquieu's Mudzimu weMitemo wakaraviwa zvikuru navavambi veAmerica. John Locle akatsigirawo hurumende yakakamurwa kuva yomutemo, mukuru mukuru wehurumende, uye yaifutunura (nhau dzedzimwe nyika). Zvisinei, boka reMicroscouteeriate yakava muenzaniso weBumbiro remitemo.

PaConstitution yeConstitution ya1787 muPhiladelphia, nhume dzakakurukura kwenguva refu mavakirwe ehurumende itsva. James Madison, anowanzonzi Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, akanga ari mutsigiri mukuru wegadziriro yaizo "zotanga kugonesa hurumende kudzora vanodzorwa; uye munzvimbo inotevera kuisungisa kuzvidzora. Nhamba yapamutemo Aiwa. [51] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [1:1], Madison akapikisa kuti kugadzwa kwamasimba ose, mukuru, uye judiary `ndiai tsanangu i "rondedzero imene inodzo youdzvinyiriro." akatsanangura kuti "Kuzvidzora kunofanira kuitwa kukunda chinzvimbo" kupfurikidza kupa nzira imwe neimwe yokudzivisa kurwisana nevamwe.

Bumbiro rokupedzisira reMitemo raibatanidza gadziriro dzakajeka dzokuparadzana kwamasimba muZvikamu I, II, uye III, pamwe chete nemiitiro yakafanana neveto, kupiwa chiremera, uye kusimbiswa kwehurumende.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira nheyo dzouzivi, Library yeCongress inogovera kusvika kurugwaro rwakazara rweFederalist Papers, kubatanidza Fiterast. Nhamba 5.

Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba Muutongi Hwazvino Uno

Nepo chivako chamapazu matatu chakaramba chisina kuchinja zvikuru chifo cha 1789, kududzira nokudzikama kwamasimba zvakashanduka kuva chinhu chinokosha. Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvinobatanidza kukura kwehurumende, kushandiswa kwemirayiridzo yehurumende, uye kudzorwa kwemifungo yehurumende muCongress. Kunzwisisa idzi nhau kunoda murangariro wakajeka wokuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoshanda sei nhasi.

Hurumende Inotungamirira

Masangano akawanda ehurumende, akadai seEpa (Evironmental Protection Agency) neSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC), anoshandisa mubatanidzwa wemitemo, mukuru mukuru, uye mabasa okutonga: anopa mitemo (anouraya), anoamanikidza (anouraya), uye anovimbisa kukamukana (ane simba). Uku kusanganiswa kwemasimba kwakashorwa sokuputswa kwedzidziso yemasimba, asi kwakatsigirwa nematare nemhaka yokuti masangano anoita basa munhume dzechiremera kubva kuDare Rapamusoro. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa rinorayira kuti Dare rigove "reve rinosarudzwa" nenhungamiro yesangano rinotungamirira.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi akashandisa nenzira inowedzera zvirango zvehurumende kuti vasafamba pamitemo mirefu yewisc. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Barack Obama's Defect for Childhown Appives (DACA) chirongwa chakatangwa nemirairo yevakuru vakuru, uye Purezidhendi Donald Trump akabudisa mirairo yakawanda pakupinda munyika, miraudzo yemhoteredzo, uye kutengeserana. Izvi zviito zvinowanzomutsa zvinetso zvemitemo, matare achisarudza kana purezidhendi akadarika miganhuro yebumbiro remitemo. Kuramba kwaPurezidhendi Truman kwapanhau kuedza kutora simbi yeCrientales munguva yeHondo yeKorea (Youngungstow Comment & Tube. Sawer, 1952)

Kurwisana Nokuongorora Pamutambo

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, muitiro wokusimbisa vatongi vehurumende − zvikurukuru vatongi veDare Gurusa vazova vanosarura zvikuru. Kushandiswa kweDare remonilbuster ne "chisarudzo chenyukireya" kuchinja mitemo yokusimbisa kwakachinja dzikamo pakati pamapazu ehurumende nemitemo mukuumba dare redare. 2016 kuramba kuva nenzwi reMerrick Garland, kwateverwa nokusimbiswa kunokurumidza kwaAmy Coney Barrett muna 2020, kunoratidzira kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba kunogona kuchinjwa sei namazano ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwazvino kweidzi nhau, Brennan Center yeRuramisiro inopa nzvero inopfuurira pamusoro pokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba uye mutemo [[FLT: 1].

Mugumo: Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kuchikosha

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuchingova hako chisaririra chenhau; chirongwa chipenyu chinoumba gakava guru riri rose remiitiro muUnited States. Apo Congress inorega kuita chiito, purezidhendi anopa murairo wavakuru vakuru; apo matare anodenha, matare anorova chiito; apo matare anopa chisarudzo chisingadiwi, Congress ingapindura nemutemo kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Uku kukurukurirana kunopfuurira, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kurangarira kunokosha muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende yakasiana - siana.

Kunzwisisa kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoshongedzera vagari vemo kuti vazvidavirire kuti hurumende yavo ichazvidavirira. Nokuziva kuti ibazi ripi rine mutoro wei, vanhu vanogona kutsigira nokubudirira zvikuru nokuda kwokuchinja, kudenha, uye kutora rutivi mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vavambi vakaronga gadziriro yaizova yakasimba zvakakwana kutsungirira njodzi uye kuchinjika zvakakwana kuti ivepo panguva. Sezvo United States inotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva. Kubva pakudzongonyedzwa kweruzivo rwesayenzi kusvikira kukusagadzikana kwenyika yose, inoramba iri ibwe rinodzivirira uye rinodzivisa kuiswa simba.

Nokuda kwokumwe kunzvera, zviwanikwa zvinotevera zvinogovera kudzika kukuru mugadziriro nenhau zvehurumende yeAmerica: