Chii Chinonzi Federalism?

Federalism igadziriro yokutonga inoparadzira simba pakati pechiremera chapakati chenyika nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika akaenzana naro( zvakadai sehurumende, maruwa, kana kuti magabhu). MuUnited States, ichi chivako chinoumba mwero miviri yapamutemo yehurumende inoshanda panguva imwe cheteyo panzvimbo imwe cheteyo navanhu. Kusafanana negadziriro yesangano umo hurumende huru ine chiremera chakakwana, hurumende dzinovimbisa kuti hurumende dzinochengeta rusununguko runokosha munharaunda dzemitemo dzakarondedzerwa.

Pfungwa yacho iri pabumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa iro rinodudza zvakajeka masimba ehurumende yehurumende nepo richichengeta mamwe masimba ose kunyika. Iyi paradzano yebumbiro remitemo haisati iri yakare; yakashanduka kupfurikidza negadziridzo, dare guru, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anowanzorondedzera mienzaniso miviri inokwikwidzana yeuhurumende:

  • Féderalism (Layer Cake Federalism):[ inorangarira hurumende dzomubatanidzwa nehurumende sedzakaparadzana, madenderedzwa akasiyana ane migariro yakarondedzerwa zvakajeka. Uyu muenzaniso wakadzora zana ramakore rechi 19 uye pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 20.
  • .Coftideration Federalism (Make Federalism):[ Inosimbisa mitoro inopfuudzwa nebatira pamwe yehurumende. Uyu muenzaniso wakawana utanhamari mukati menhambo yeNew Deal uye unopfuurira kuumba udzori hwazvino uno.

Ganhuriro dzinoratidzirawo ukama hwehurumende pakati pejenaguru nehurumende , zvirairo, uye kusunungurwa (mukupfurikidza nahwo hurumende yorudzi inopesvedzera muitiro wehurumende. Kunzwisisa izvozvi masimba kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti hurumende yehurumende yenyika yeAmerica inoshanda sei.

Nhau Yekufambira Mberi kweFederalism muUnited States

Kubva Pakubvumirana Kuenda Kubumbiro Remitemo

Chimiro chourongwa hwehurumende yeAmerica chinooneka muNhevedzano dzeConfederation (1781), iyo yakaita Dare rapakati risina simba uye yakachengeta chinenge chiremera chose kuhurumende. Iyi gadziriro yakabvumikisa kuva isingashandisi(Chonnel) isingagoni kudzora kutengeserana, mitero, kana kuti kudzikamisa mitemo nenzira inobudirira. Mhatsa yemari, kukakavadzana kwezvokutengeserana, uye Rupanduko rwaShays dzakafumura utera.

Constitution yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787 yakabudisa purani yakasiana zvikuru. Bumbiro reMitemo rakapa hurumende inoronga masimba akaverengwa (Article I, Chikamu 8) nechikamu chikuru (Article VI) kuita mutemo mukurusa wehurumende wenyika. Bva Tenuth Amendment, yakawedzerwa muna 1791, yakachengeterwa zvakajeka masimba asina kutemwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Uhu uchangamire huviri hwakava muganhu weAmerica.

Hurumende Yapakuvamba Nedambudziko Rokuderedza Kurwara

Makumi amakore okutanga erepublic akaedza ganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende. Alien neSedition Acts (1798) yakanyandura Pentucky neVirginia Revolutions, iyo yakataura kuti hurumende ingagona kubvisa mitemo yehurumende isina kutongwa. Kunyange zvazvo kuparadzwa kusati kwatongogamuchirwa nenzira yomutemo, kurukurirano yakadeya kufananidzirwa nerwisano yomunguva yemberi. Nullitiation Crisis ya1832-1833, yanyandurwa nokushora kwehurumende yeSouth Carolina, yakaguma nokubvumiranazve noukuru hwehurumende kupfurikidza netyisidziro yaPurezirente Andrew Jackson yehondo.

Hondo Yevagari Vemo Nekugadziridzwa Kwemigadziridzo

Hondo yeChivil yakachinja zvikuru dzikamo yehurumende. Union Union yakatanga kuti nyika hadzigoni kuisa mipimo yenyika. Reconstation Conformations (Thirteenth yeuranda), 1450 (dziviriro yakaenzana, muitiro wakafanira, uye kuva mugari wemo), uye yechi15 (kodzero) yaigona kuita kuti hurumende dzitevedzere uye chiremera chehurumende chakawedzera pakodzero dzevanhu.

Kubata Kutsva Nemasangano Anoshandira Pamwe

Mukati meGreat Depression, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal yakawedzera zvikuru basa rehurumende yehurumende mumitemo yemari negarikano yenzanga. Dare Gurusa pakutanga rakaputsa mitemo mizhinji yeNew Deal asi pakupedzisira rakachinja, richitsigira tsananguro huru dzeChambery Claus nerevo nesimba rokushandisa. Nguva ino yakabatanidza kubatira pamwe kwehurumende, uko hurumende yehurumende yakagovera zvikarakadzo nesundo nokuda kwehurumende kuti ishandise mapurogiramu enyika.

Druevolution neReagan Era

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakava nokupesana mukurwisana nesimba rapakati. Purezidhendi Ronald Reagan akasimudzira “New Federalism,” achitsigira kudzokera kwechiremera kuhurumende kupfurikidza nezvibvumikiso nokudzorwa. The Personal Junice and Option Reconciliation Active ya1996 (kuchinja kwechineicho) yakapa hurumende kuchinjika kukuru mukutungamirira purogiramu dzegarikano. Iyi kombamiro yokuchinja inopfuurira kupesvedzera kurukurirano pamusoro pedzidzo, dzidzo, utano, uye muitiro wemhoteredzo.

Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba Kunoitwa Pabumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. rinoparadzira simba pakati pehurumende yehurumende, hurumende, uye vanhu mumapoka matatu:

  • Masimba akaverengwa: Akarongwa nenzira yakarongwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, izvozvi zvinobatanidza simba rokupa mari, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora nyika nekutengeserana kwokumwe, kutanga mahofisi epositi, uye kukwidza mauto. Hurumende ine masimba anorehwa anobva kuChiteshi chaClaus (Chikamu I, Chikamu 8, Clause 18), sezvakasimbiswa muna MCULLOch. Maryland]
  • Masimba akachengetwa: Pestem Ression reTenth Respiration kuhurumende masimba api naapi asingagoverwi kuUnited States kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika. Idzi dzinobatanidza kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuitisa sarudzo, kutanga hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kutungamirira dzidzo yavose, uye kushandisa masimba amapurisa nokuda kwoutano hwavanhu vose, chengeteko, uye tsika.
  • Masimba a'panguva imwe: Mwero yose iri miviri inogoverana masimba akadai sokubhadhara mutero, kukwereta mari, migwagwa yokuvaka, kugadza matare, uye kusimbisa mitemo. Apo rwisano dzinomuka, Supremacy Claus kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inopa chisarudzo kumutemo womubatanidzwa, ichirangarira kuti ibumbiro remitemo.

Zvisinei, miganhu chaiyo inoramba ichirwiswa, sezvinoonekwa mukurwisana kunopfuurira pamusoro pemirau yemhoteredzo, tarisiro yezvoutano inorayira, uye kuchengetwa kwokutama.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Mukuedza Kuzvidzora

Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvechiratidzo chakatanhamara, zvose zviri zviviri zvakakudza uye zvakaganhurira simba rehurumende.

Nhau Huru Dzinowedzera Chiremera Chehurumende

  • McCulloch v Maryland (1819): Dare rakataura kuti hurumende ine masimba aireva kupfuura ayo akadudzwa zvakajeka, uye kuti hurumende haigoni kutera masangano ehurumende. Iyi chisarudzo chakasimbisa zvikuru ukuru hwehurumende.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): yakadudzira Commerce Claus kuti ibatanidze mubato upi noupi unosiya mitsetse yenyika, ichitanga udzori hukuru hwehurumende pamusoro pokufamba nokushambadzira.
  • Kunzwa kweAtlanta Motel v. United States (1964):[[FLT]] Iwot II Yakabatwa yeCivil Rights Act, ichitonga kuti rusaruro rwedzinza mudzimba dzavose runotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika.

Nhau Huru Dzinoganhurira Vane Simba Vehurumende

  • United States v. Lopez (1995): Kuderedza Gun-Free School Soneals Act, kuchiva nekuti kuva nepfuti pedyo nechikoro hakukanganisi zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Ikoku kwakaratidzira nguva yokutanga mumakumi amakore simba rokutengeserana reDare rakaganhurirwa.
  • Printz v. United States (1997): Zvikamu zvakashaikwa zveBrady Handgun Police Prevention Act zvaida kuti kuchengetwa kwehurumende nokwemutemo womunzvimbomo zviite nzvero dzekare, zvichitonga kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012): Akarangarira murairo womunhu oga weCare Care semutero asi akadzongonyedza futunuko yeMidhicaid yemurayiro, achisimbisazve kuti masangano haagoni kumanikidzirwa kugamuchira mapurogiramu ehurumende.
  • Shelby County v. Hoker (2013): Kuderedza muitiro wokufukidza weVoting Rights Act, kutonga kuti hurumende yehurumende inofanira kushandisa mashoko azvino panzvimbo pemitoo yenhau kusarudza kuti ihurumende ipi inoda kurongwa kwehurumende.

Kuumbwa kweDare racho uye kuzivikanwa kwemitemo (kutsigira mavambo uye kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo) ndizvo zvinonyanya kudzora mitemo yaro.

Kubatana Mukutonga Kwepanguva Ino

Muitiro Wokutarisira Utano

Affordble Care Act (ACA) inoenzanisira kusagadzikana kunopinzwa muhurumende inobatira pamwe. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichigadza mipimo miduku ndokugovera mari, hurumende dzinoshandisa tsinhano dzeinishuwarenzi dzoutano uye dzinogona kukudza Medicaid(kana kuti kusasarudza. Sapa 2024, maruwa 40 eColumbia neReligiod of Columbia zvakakudza Mdhicaid muACA, kusiya nyika 10 pasina kukura. Uku kupesana kunoparira misiano mikuru mukufukidza uye miuyo youtano mumitsetse yenyika.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Mitemo yemhoteredzo yakaenzana neCease Air Act neClean Water Act inobvumira nyika kushandisa zvirongwa zvadzo dzimene, zvinodzorwa neNdengedzero yeProvice Protection Agency (EPA). Zvisinei, zvigaro zvinowanzodenha mirairo yehurumende yeCalifornia kuisa mipimo yezvisingadzori zvemotokari zvazova nhambo inodzongonyedza. Kutonga kwe 2022 mu West Virginia v. EPA yakaganhurira chiremera chesangano kudzora magetsi egreenhouse pasi peDelete Air Act, ichiratidzira chinjo kunzira kuchisarudzo chomugariro mukuru wehurumende.

Muitiro Wedzidzo

Basa rehurumende padzidzo rainyanya kusimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Bhuku rinonzi The All Students Foundations Act (ESSA) ra2015 rakaderedza udzori hunokosha kunzvimbo nenzvimbo, richideredza kutarisira kwehurumende kuongorora uye kuzvidavirira kwezvikoro. Asi nharo pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvechikoro, mabhuku eraibhurari, uye dzidziso yedzinza inotsoropodza dzakava nemibvunzo yenzvimbo yacho pamusoro pokudzora kwemibatanidzwa nepakati pemitezo.

Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Nokunyoreswa Pamutemo kweMarjuana

Ganhuriro inoita basa rakamanikana remitemo yenyika pacannabis. Kusvikira namavambo a2025, 24 enyika neRuwa reColumbia zvakanyoresa mbanje, nepo vamwe vazhinji vachibvumira kushandiswa kwezvokurapa. Bva mbanje inoramba iri tsvimbo I pasi pomutemo wehurumende, ichiparira rwisano pamusoro pebhangi, kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kuchengetwa kwapamutemo. Mitemo yeSahlulerime reBasa reBasa reBasa rachinja nerongedzero imwe neimwe, kuenzanisira kuti kugona sei kushandisa kwavakuru vakuru vakuru kunogona kuchinja muteshi wehurumende neasvoisi.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Kutora kuisa mubatanidzwa zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende, asi nyika dzinotsvaka nenzira inowedzera kubatanidzwa. SB 1070 (2070) yeArizona yakaedza kupa simba rokudzika mutemo wenyika kunzvera mugariro wokupinda munyika, kuchitungamirira kukusashanda kweDare Rapamusorosasa muchi Arizona v. United States (20202). Mitemo inoganhurira batira pamwe yomunzvimbomo nezviremera zvehurumende zvokubudisira, kuparira hondo dzapamutemo pamusoro pekusunungurwa uye Tenth Amendment.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kushanda Kwougandanga Munyika Yose

Nepo nyika imwe neimwe ichichinjira kumugariro wayo umene wokutonga, shinda dzinobatanidza bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa, kukamukana kwenharaunda, uye gadziriro yehurumende inobatanidza Germany, Canada, India, Australia, Brazil, uye Switzerland.

  • German: Mutemo waSikisitiro unosimbisa urongwa hwebatira pamwe nebatira pamwe yakasimba pakati peLänder (zvikamu). Bundesrat (imba inokura) inomirira hurumende dzenyika pamwero wenyika.
  • Canada: Mutemo weConstitution wa 1867, unobvumira masimba anodudzwa pamusoro penharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo nezvoutano, nepo hurumende yehurumende ine masimba aidzorwa. Hurumende yeCanada yakapfaviswa zvikuru kupfuura muenzaniso weU.S. mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenzanga.
  • India: kazhinji kazhinji inorondedzerwa se “chikasia-muteveri,” bumbiro remitemo reIndia rinoisa simba guru zvikuru muhurumende yenyika, nyika dzichida kuparadzana naPurezidhendi mumigariro yakati.

Kufunda dzimwe gadziriro dzehurumende kunopa nzwisiso mumhatsa yegadziriro dzinobvira dzokudzikamisa chinzwano nemhatsa.

Betsero Nedenho Zvechiwirirano

Betsero

  • Prolity Laboratories: United States inogona kuedza mitemo yakasiana----imo---wiriranisa yakadai sezvokurapa kwepasi pose, carbon prigrag, kana kuti chinjo dzedzidzo (pasina kuisa njodzi kundikano munyika yose. Kuedza kunobudirira kunogona ipapo kugamuchirwa pamwero womubatanidzwa.
  • Vagari vemo vanowedzera Kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika: vane nzvimbo dzakawanda nokuda kwokuvimbisana: mabhodhi echikoro omunzvimbomo, masangano emitemo ehurumende, uye Congress. Ichi chirongwa chinogona kuita kuti hurumende ive inogamuchira zvikuru neinozvidavirira.
  • Michero paSimba reCentral: Kuderedza kuparadzirwa kwechiremera, kuchideredza ngozi youdzvinyiriri kupfurikidza nesimba rokupa ngwariro pamwero mumwe.
  • Kuchinja kweMisiyano:[[FLT: 1] Ganhuro inobvumira nzvimbo dzine mavara etsika akasiyana, ezvemari, kana kuti echiverengero chavagari vemo kuwiriranisa mitemo nezvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo.

Matambudziko

  • Kuenzana neMisiyano: Vagari munyika dzakasiana---shandukira vangava nokusvika kwakasiana zvikuru kuutano, dzidzo, uye mabasa enzanga. Somuenzaniso, kukura kweMedicaid kwakaparira mukaha unopfuudzwa munyika dzisiri dzeredhiyo.
  • Kupasa nokuomesa: kupfuudza maoko kunogona kuparira nyongano, kusakwanisa, uye mirau inorwisana, (zvikurukuru nokuda kwamabhizimisi anoshanda munzvimbo dzose dzehurumende.)
  • Confulist and Litigation: Kupesana pamusoro pokusunungurwa kwehurumende, nhamburiko dzehurumende dzokuparadza, uye mirairo isina kunyorwa kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kuhondo dzedare dzinodhura.
  • , Bhetire-fire-kuMasimba ari Pasi: Nyika dzinokwikwidza nokuda kwemitero yemari dzingaderedza mitero, kuderedza, kana kuti kuderedza kushandiswa kwenzanga, kungagona kuderedza mipimo yenyika.

Kushambadza uku kuri mugadziriro ipi neipi yehurumende. Denho yavagadziri vemiitiro ndeyokushandisa betsero nepo vachideredza miuyo.

Kushanda Muchirongwa Chokushandira Pamwe Nenguva Yemberi Youtongi hweAmerica

Federalism haisati iri pfungwa inowirirana; inochinja mukupindura njodzi, chinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye mamiriro enyika anochinja. Denda reCHOVID-19 rakafumura zvose zviri zviviri simba noutera hwemhinduro dzoutano dzavanhu dzakatsvinda. Chinjo yemamiriro okunze inoda chiito chakatsinhiraniswa asi kazhinji kazhinji inoparira mabasa ehurumende nehurumende. Ruzivo rwamakombiyuta rwakadai souchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu, kuvanza mashoko, uye motokari dzinozvidzora dzinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kana mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende kana kuti ehurumende akakodzera zvikuru.

Kuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakawedzerawo gakava rehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinosimbisa uchangamire mukupesana nemitemo yehurumende pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, maruramiro epfuti, uye kuvhota. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro 2022 mu Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[, kuputsa Roe v. Wade., yakadzorera murairo wokubvisa pamuviri kumitengo, ichiparira kusvetuka kunoshamisa mumitemo yehurumende.

Kunzwisisa ubati ushe hwehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa udzori hweAmerica, mutemo, uye zvamatongerwe enyika. Kubatanidzwa kukuru pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende kunoumba inodokuva nzvimbo iri yose yetsika(kuvambira pautano nedzidzo kusvikira kukodzero dzavagari vemo nemhoteredzo. Sezvo rudzi runonangana nedenho itsva, gadziriro yehurumende ichapfuurira kuedzwa, kugadziridzwa, uye kutsanangurwazve.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [ U.S. ne transformation kubva kuLegal Information Institute, pamwe chete ne Conference of State Legistrations mipiro yehurumende yeProgramme nokuda kwokunzvera kwemiitiro yehurumende.