Kuhwirudzura dare ikokusikirwa kwenheyo yebumbiro remitemo, kupa simba matare kuti aone kumira kwemitemo nemitemo uye zviito zvinoitwa nemapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti chiito chehurumende chiri chose chinonamatira kumutemo mukuru wenyika, kudzivirira kodzero dzayo yoga yoga uye kutsigira mutemo. Nokubvumira vatongi kuputsa mitemo kana kuti mitemo yevakuru vakuru inoputsa mitemo, kuongorora kwokuongorora kwomutemo kunoshanda nesimba rehurumende. Nyaya ino inogovera kuongorora kwakananga kwakabva dare, kuongorora kwaro, mamiriro aro emitemo, mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha, kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu enyika, uye kukurukurirana kunoramba kunoitwa pasi pose.

Nhoroondo Yokuongorora Kutonga

Murangariro wehwirudzuro hauna kubuda ex nihilo; wakavapo kubva mumazana amakore epfungwa dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Pesvedzero dzetsika dzinobva kuvazivi vakadai saJohn Locke naMontesquieu, uyo akatsigira kuparadzana kwamasimba negadziriro yemipimo, yakaumba zvakananga zvikamu zveU.S. Constitution. Munhambo yekurukurirano yetsika, Alexander Hamilton, kunyora mu [[FLT:] Fideralist.[7] Fit:3], akataura kuti vajudia vaizova varwi vepazuro nechenzi vaizova "chipfuvativati" uye kuti vaine basa rokuzivisa mabasa anenge ainzwa pasina kunyorwa. Chiratimendei chiono ichi chakaiswa muudzo. Chiono chakarongwa. Chiratiso chedzidzo chakarongwa. Chino. Chikamu chikaro chakarongwa.

Gadziriro yapamutemo yehwirudzuro muUnited States yakaitika muchinoitika chenhau [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison. William Marbury, mugadziridziri wepakati pousiku waPrezidhendi John Adams, akatumidzwa noMunyori weHurumende James Madison nokuda kwebasa rake. Chirevo chaMasarudzo John Marshall, achinyorera nokuda kweDare rePuremheat, akatarisana nechinetso chezvamatongerwe enyika: kutonga nokuda kwaMarbury kungaisa mungozi kupesana nechiremera, nepo kutonga kwaMadison kwaizooneka soutera hwokutonga. Chigadziro chaMarshari chamazano chakanga chiri kubata Chikamu 13 cheChiito cheJudiary Act cha 1789, icho chakabvumira Dare rokutonga kuti chigadziriso mumugariro wapasi wenhau.

Nheyo Huru Dzokuhwirudzura

Kunzwisisa pfungwa idzi kunokosha kuti unzwisise kuti matare anopindura sei mibvunzo inoenderana nemitemo yemitemo.

  • Chirevo chakakomba: Basa guru renzvero yedare nderokusarudza kana mutemo kana kuti chiito choukuru chinowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Kana kukakavara kunomuka, Constitution(senogration) somutemo mukurusa wenyika(purevails, uye mutemo wakaipa kana kuti chiito chinobviswa. Iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti hakuna mutemo, pasinei zvapo netsigiro yawo yakakurumbira, inogona kukunda mirairo mikuru yebumbiro remitemo.
  • Miti yeSangano reChirango inobatira sechishandiso chikuru chedare mugadziriro yecheki nedzinodzikamisa. Nemhaka yokuti vatongi vanogadzwa (kazhinji kazhinji noupenyu mugadziriro dzehurumende), vanodzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye vanogona kuita savagadziri vasina rusaruro apo mapazu ewirodha kana kuti evakuru vakuru anodzosa chiremera chavo.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwaMaruramiro: kupfurikidza nokuparadza mitemo inodzongonyedza rusununguko runopikirwa nebumbiro remitemo (yakadai sokutaura, rudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana). Matare anogona kudzivirira mapoka asingafarirwi kana kuti pfungwa kubva pakunyengera kukuru, kuvimbisa kuti rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo runoramba ruchireva chinhu kunyange munguva dzenyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [[FLT:] judicial Bamplit and Activism: kurukurirano yenguva dzose ine chokuita noukoshi hwakafanira hwehwirudzuro. Judicial drect [[ inopa zano matare kuti achengetere mapazu akasarudzwa kutoti kana kuti kuputsa kwapamutemo kwakajeka kuripo, kusarudza kubata nokuremekedza kuduku. [[FLT:]] Chiito chaJicificcio [[, kupfurikidza nematare, anobatanidza zvikuru chiremera chavo chokutsanangura chisakarurama chinozivikanwa kana kuti dziviriro chinowedzerwa chemitemo. Kusvika uku kupfurikidza noruzivo rwekudzokorora.

Nhau Dzinokosha Muhwirudzuro Yorutongeso

Simba rokuhwirudzura kwokutonga rinonzwisiswa zvakanakisisa kupfurikidza nemitemo yakatanhamara yakaumba mutemo weAmerica nenzanga. Iyi mhaka inoratidzira simba reDare rokuganhurira zvose zviri zviviri chinjo huru yenzanga yehurumende.

Marbury kana kuti Madison (1803)

Sezvakakurukurwa, nhau iyi ndiyo iri ibwe rehwaro hwedare. Kutaura kweDare Rapamusoro rechiremera charo kubvisa mutemo usina wirirano nehurumende kwakasimbisa dare sebazu rakaenzana ndokugadza mutevedzeri wemhiko dzebumbiro remitemo munyika yose. Pasina Marbury, pfungwa youkuru hwedare ingave yakaramba iri rondedzero yefungidziro.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Zvichida kushandiswa kukurusa kwemifananidzo yokuhwirudzura muzana ramakore rechi 20, Brown v. Boka reDzidzo rakarova hurumende kusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvavose. Dare rinobvumirana, raitungamirirwa naMambo Mutongi Earl Warren, raidavira kuti "kuparadzanisa asi zvakaenzana" zvakanga zvisina kuenzana uye zvakaputsa Kudzivirira Kurerekera pasi kwe 144 . Iyi chisarudzo chakabvisa muganhu wakaipa Preves v. Ferguson[FLD:] (1186) uye yakaratidzira simba rejudiary rokubvisa rusaruro rwetsika dzakadzika miteko.

Wade (1973)

Mu .Roe v. Dare rakaramba kuti kodzero yomukadzi yokusarudza kuva napamuviri yawira mumaruramiro okuvandika anovimbiswa chose chose neGumbi RePrefection ye145. Chirango chakarerutsa mitemo yakawanda yehurumende inoganhurira kubvisa pamuviri uye yakatanga gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika nerepamutemo. Kunyange zvazvo ] Roe gare gare] yakaitwa kuti itongwe na/Dobs. Jackson’s Health Organization [[FLT:]202], chinoramba chiri muenzaniso wekuhwirudzura nhau dzomunhu oga oga.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

Lochner v. New York inoratidzira bviro yefundo inomutsa nharo. Dare Rapamusoro reNew York rakarova nhambo (inenge 1897-197) rakaona Dare richiputsazve mirau inofambira mberi. Kutsoropodza kweiyi mirau yezvemari pakupedzisira kwakaparira chinjo yemitemo, neDare rakabva [FLT:] LLOC][[FLT:]] nguva yakarongwa mukati mekurangarira kweNew Countro, kuhwirusaidzodzo.

Korematsu muv.

Korematsu v. United States inomira sengano yenyevero yokuzviisa pasi munhambo yehondo. Dare rakatsigira kubatanidzwa kukuru kwavagari vemo veJapanNCOPN mukati meHondo Yenyika II, richishandisa mupimo unodzokororwa zvikuru wemirayiro yehurumende nehondo. Gare gare gare unoshurikidzwa zvikuru, mhaka yacho inoratidzira kuti hwirudzuro yedare haisati iri isingakanganisi; inogona kubvumira kuputswa kukuru kwekodzero dzavagari vemo apo matare anenge asingadi kunzvera nenzira ine revoidzo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Chiratidzo chazvino uno, Obergefell v. Hodges, yaidavira kuti maruramiro eroorano younzenza akadzivirirwa muNhevedzo ye 144 yeFizete nePuremment Claus. Chiratidzo chehurumende chakaregwa chisina basa paroorano imwe cheteyo muUnited States, kuratidzira simba redare rokukudza rusununguko rwomunhu oga ndokuratidzira mipimo inochinja, kunyange mukutarisana nokudzivisa kwaparambwa kwemitemo.

Muitiro Wokuhwirudzura

Kuongorora matare hakungoerekani kwaitika, kunovapo nokungotaurawo zvako kana kuti kupfurikidza nezvinetso zvakati zvebumbiro remitemo.

Kutanga, boka rinofanira kuva ne rakamira (ichitanda chakakwana chomunhu oga mumuuyo kuti chiruramise kuunza sutu. Kuvadziko inofanira kuva yakakotsekana uye yakatanhamara, kwete kufungidzira. Chechipiri, nhau yacho inofanira kuva [] nokuda kwokuhwirudzura, kureva kuti nhau dzemitemo dzinokudziridzwa zvizere uye kuvadziko yacho yava pedyo kana kuti yatoitika. matare echitatu, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji adzivisa kusarudza [[FLT:]]] mibvunzo yechinetsoro chetenziro yeSangano yeSangano yemitemo, zvakadai semuitiro wokumwe muitiro kana kuti mufambiro wokusarutsoro.

Kana nhau yacho yangova pamberi pedare nenzira yakafanira, mutoo wokuhwirudzura unopedzerwa muzvikamu. Mapoka anotera mipfupiso yapamutemo inoonesa zvibvumikiso zvavo, achinongedza gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, mirau, uye mienzaniso. Nheyo dzinopa mvumo dzinobvumira vatongi kubvunza magweta nokuedza ganhuriro dzerangariro dzavo. Dare ipapo rinoita namaune, richibudisa murangariro wakanyorwa unotsanangura mufungo waro. Murangariro ungabata mutemo (“kutenderwa”) kana kuti kuurova pasi (“ kusakodzerwa”). Munhau dzokusashanda kwemitemo, mushonga wacho kazhinji haugoni kudzoserwa; muteveridzo womutemo ungapfuudzira shanduro yakadzokororwa iyo inowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvomutemo.

Masangano Anoitirana Nharo Akapoteredza Kuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rayo guru muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzebumbiro-mitemo, hwirudzuro inotonga inoramba iri nhau yekurukurirano yakasimba. Vatsoropodzi vanomutsa chinetso chenyika chavanhu [: vatongi, avo vanowanzosakasarudzwa uye vanofarikanya upenyu, vanoshandisa simba rokuputsa mitemo inogadzwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa nedemocracy. Uku kuoma kwechiremera chedare nouchangamire hwakakurumbira iitiro hanya yehurumende yehurumende inotonga inopfuurira.

Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti kuongorora kwedare ndiko kunodzivirira chaizvoizvo kodzero dzinokosha kubva kupfava kwevakawanda. Vanopikisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo igwaro rinotsigira kupfurikidza negadziriro, vachiisa nheyo dzakati kuti dzinopfuura kusvikwa namatongerwe enyikawo zvawo.

Imwe gakava ine chokuita ne yehwirudzuro[. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsigira mutoo we "Bumbiro remitemo mhenyu" unobvumira revo yorugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kushanduka nechinjo yemagariro, nokudaro kuchigonesa kuhwirudzura kukuru kwedare. Dzimwe dzinotsigira mavambo, dzinoti vatongi vanofanira kutsanangura Bumbiro remitemo maererano nerevo yadzo yapakuvamba, kudzvinyirira chisarudzo chedare. Iyi rondedzero inopikisana inotapura nenzira yakananga nzira iyo vatongi vanoshandisa nayo rondedzero yedare mukushanda, inotungamirira kuputsa miuyo mikuru yezvinoitika.

Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro Mune Dzimwe Nyika

Kuhwirudzura dare kuchiri kure nesangano reAmerica rakasiyana nemamwe.

United Kingdom

United Kingdom inoshanda munheyo ye pamutemo wechiremera chemitemo. Zvisinei, matare haagoni kuisa parutivi mutemo mukuru unopfuudzwa neParamende. Kuhwirudzura kwedare reSangano reSangano nokudaro kwakaganhurirwa kuyera kuva pamutemo kwezviito zvehurumende uye mutemo wechipiri, kuvimbisa kuti anoramba ari pakati pechiremera chehurumende kana kuti chibvumirano chemitemo chavose. Zvisinei, Rights Act [[FLT:]] Act: [[FLT]] inopinza hwirudzudzura runedzo rwakareveko: matare anogona kubudisa “kusakafanira mukusawirirana” kana mutemo uchirwisana neKonquisition yeEurope nekodzero dzavanhu, asi hauna kuibatanidzwa. Dare redare rinotongedzerwa. [VF] [F]

Germany

Dare reMitemo reGermany [[FLT:][0] .[FUNT] . Dare reBoundeder Constitution (Boundseflumessgunggericht) rine masimba akasimba okuhwirudzura. Rinogona kurova mutemo unoputsa [[[[FLT:]]] Mutemo wakatanhamara [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[3] [Imitemo yeGermany inoisa simbiso] [idzo] huru pakodzero huru, uye dare rave riri mumiitiro yokuumba mashoko ebasa, magariro akasununguka, uye muenzaniso weEurope, [FF]

France

France yakadzivisa munhau basa rakasimba nokuda kwavatongi mukuhwirudzura mutemo, ichitsigira ukuru hwouchangamire hweparamende. Consitunion (Conseil Constitution) yakasikwa muna 1958 zvikurukuru sedare rinoongorora kudzokororwa kwemitemo pamberi pomutemo. Pakutanga, Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wemapuraimari, kana kuti vakuru vedzimba dzeparamende vaigona kunongedzera mitemo kuDare. Chinjo huru muna 1974 inonongedzera ku 60 communistrate kana kuti 60, kusimbisa basa reDare. Muna 2010, kutangwa kwe [FOct:] Precurective de Constitution (PFFFFF])

India

Gadziriro yezvokutonga yeIndia iri pakati peyakana gurusa munyika yose. Dare repamusorosoro reIndia rine simba rokushayisa simba gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo kana vachiputsa “mabumbiro emitemo”, dzidziso yakatanga kuiswa mu Kavanabhati v. Hurumende yeKerala[[FLT] [10] [1073]). Iyi dzidziso inodzivirira mavara makuru akadai somutemo, kuzvitonga, uye unani pakusaiswa mu [[FLT] kunyange neParamendi. matare eIndia anofarisisawo vanhu vose, achibvumirawo kukumbira kodzero dzavo dzose dzevo. Dare rehurumende rinodzivirira pamutemo rinobatira mundima imwe chete sesimba rehurumende, risingadzokororerwiwo segwegwetetetetetetetetetetetete sehurumende yenzanga yenzanga.

Canada

Canada’s .C. [19982] akatanga chimiro chakasiana chehwirudzuro. Dare rinogona kurova mitemo inoputsa kodzero dzeTchata, asi Charter inobatanidza [ irina pawirirano yekodzero dzekodzero dzechidhindo [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [3] (Urudzi rwa 33) runobvumira masangano okugadza mitemo kuti adzore gadziriro dzakati dzechikamu chegore chakati. Iyi “idzosera inodzosa muganhudzodzoro yesimba rokutonga neuchangamire hwedemocracy. Nhau dzakadai se [FLT:] r. R [FFFFFF:5] [oct5] [or] (orst]) (orst Frometer) [5]

Kukosha Kwokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura dare kunokosha munhevedzano ipi neipi yebumbiro-mitemo iyo inotsvaka kuganhurira simba rehurumende nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvose zvehurumende zvinowirirana negadziriro dzapamutemo dzakatangwa kare, kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kunotsigira murairo [ womutemo [ nheyo yokuti hapana munhu, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, ari pamusoro pomutemo. Inogovera gadziriro ine rugare, yesangano yokupedza gakavarariro pamusoro perevo yomutemo, inodzivisa kusabvumirana kwakadaro munjodzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti masimba masimba.

Uyezve, hwirudzuro yedare inodzivirira maruramiro echinzvimbo mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji. Makuru eDhemocratic, nepo achikosha nokuda kwokutonga, anogona kuita mitemo iyo isina kunaka kana kuti inodzvinyirira mapoka asina dziviriro. Apo matare anodzikamisa mitemo yakadaro, anosimbisa kuti kodzero dzinokosha hadzisi pasi pezvishuvo zvakakurumbira. Chisarudzo mu [[FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education muenzaniso une simba: pasina kuhwirudzura, chikoro chingagona kuva chakapfuurira kwamakumi amakore akawanda mumiitiro huru.

Pakupedzisira, hwirudzuro yedare inokurudzira kuzvidavirira kwehurumende [. Kuziva kuti zviito zvavo zvingava zvinoongororwa nedare, masangano emitemo nevakuru vakuru sezvingabvira zvikuru kuita mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Uku kudzivisa kunosimudzira kunyorwa kwokungwarira kwemitemo, kuremekedza muitiro wakafanira, uye kunamatira kukodzero. Muchitsama, kuhwirudzura dare hakusati kuri ganhuriro pademocracy asi dziviriro inovimbisa democracy inoramba iri yechokwadi kumisero yayo yehwaro.

mhedziso

Kuhwirudzura dare rutivi runokosha, rune donzo, uye panhambo nenhambo runomutsa nharo rwekudzora kwazvino uno kwebumbiro remitemo. Kuvambira pakuvamba kwaro mu Marbury v. Madison kushandisirwa kwaro munharo dzapanguva ino pamusoro pezvakavanzika, uenzani, uye simba ravakuru, inogovera gadziriro ine nheyo yenheyo yokutarisira mutemo nezviito zvehurumende. Nepo nharo pamusoro porumano rwayo noukombiso dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira, nzwisiso huru yehwirudzura inoramba iri madikanwa kuchengetedza ganhuriro dzemitemo, kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu, uye kutsigira mutemo. Kunzwisisa nhau dzawo, nheyo, uye misiano yenyika yose inoshongedzera vagari vezvirongwa zvemitemo nenzira ine mufungo kuti vawirirane chokuita nokupfuurira kushanduka - mavambo nokuvapo kweiyi gadziriro inotongedzero inokosha.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera rugwaro rwakazara rwezvisarudzo zvechiratidzo kupfurikidza ne Cornell Legal Information Institute, zvinyorwa zvapamutemo zvamashoko Oyez Project[, zviwanikwa zve [FLT] German Constitution , uye Paramende yeUK] mashoko pa