Table of Contents
Mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose, kuparadzirwa kwechiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akasiyana, anotungamirira, uye anotonga (jeni) kunoumba mavambo okutonga kwokuzvidavirira. Uku kuparadzana kwemasimba, kwakatanga kuziviswa nomuzivi weNjenganiso Montesquieu, kunodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi pakuunganidza kudzorwa kusingadzorwi. Kupfurikidza nokugovera kurongwa kwomutemo, uye kududzirwa kwomutemo kuti zviparadzane, democracy inogadzira mwero unozivikanwa sechekero nedzikano. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa haangori madikanwa bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi vezvizvarwa zvehurumende asi nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kuita nokushanda zvine revo revo. Nyaya inogovera kunzvera kukuru kwebazu rimwe nerimwe, mabasa avo, kufambidzana, uye dziviriro kwezvokutsigira kudzora kwoubati ushe hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.
Bazu Romutemo: Injini Yokuita Mitemo
Bazu remitemo rine mutoro mukuru wokugadzira, kuitisana nharo, uye kugadza mitemo inodzora rudzi. Mugadziriro zhinjisa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, iboka remabhiya ane mabhiya maviri (akaiswa kudzikamisa mativi akaenzana pakati pefariro dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo nenzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, United States Congress inoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare, nepo Paramende yeUnited Kingdom inobatanidza Imba yeCommons neImba yaMadzimu. Pasinei zvapo nechirongwa, mabasa makuru echirongwa chemitemo anoramba aripo: kumirira, kutungamirira, uye kubvumira.
Mavakirwo Emitemo
Masangano emitemo eBadameral anowanzova nekamuri rapamusoro nekamuri rakaderera, imwe neimwe ine zvisakiso zvakasiana nourefu. Kamuri rakaderera "ndaro yakaderera" yakadai seImba yavamiririri yeU.S. yakasarudzwa zvakananga navanhu, nezvigaro zvakagoverwa navanhu. Mitezo inobatira mashoko mapfupi, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji makore maviri, ichiva nechokwadi chokuti vanoramba vachigamuchira murangariro wavose. Imba yapamusoro yepamusoro (* kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inomirira migariro kana kuti nzvimbo, namashoko marefu, (makore matanhatu muU.S.) kugovera nokupfuurira. SaCanada, madhirose ane mitezo yeimba yapamusoro panzvimbo dzapamusoro panzvimbo pokuva vakasarudzwa, inobvumira nokuda kwounyanzvi nokuzvimirira. Kusavapo kwezvigarira, kunowanwa munyika dzeNew Zealand neSweden, kunobatanidza simba rose muchisarudzo chamagariro, asi kugovera kupfuudzo.
Mabasa okutanga naMasimba
Kuita pamutemo: Bazu remitemo rinotanga, kurukurirano, kuvhota, uye mavhoti pamabhiri. Mutezo upi noupi ungakarakadza mutemo, kunyange zvazvo mabhiri mazhinji anobva mumatare umo nyanzvi dzenhau dzakanatsa mutauro. Muitiro unobatanidza kurava kwakawanda, kunzwa, uye matare edare kuyananisa misiyano pakati pedzimba. Pashure pokupfuura dzimba dzose dziri mbiri, pepa rinoenda kumukuru nokuda kwetendero kana kuti kupfuu.
Kupa: Mitemo inobatira senzwi ravanhu vavo, ichireverera zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo apo inorangarira fariro dzenyika. Vanosangana navagari vemo, vanopindura kubvunziro, uye vaunza itiro hanya dzenharaunda kunhano yenyika. Uku kubatana kwakananga pakati pavadzorwi nehurumende chiratidzo chapamutemo wedemokrati.
Kupasa: Kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwedare, kunzvera, uye zvikumbiro zvemagwaro, bazu rewiwiro rinotarisira kushandiswa kwebazu guru remitemo. Somuenzaniso, Congress inogona kutungamirira vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kumanikidza ufakazi, uye kutanga mibvunzo mukusazvibata. Iri basa rokutarisira rinovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru arambe achizvidavirira kuvamiriri vavanhu. Ruzivo runobetsera rwokunzwisisa kutarisirwa kwedare irondedzero yehurumende [[FLT:]USA.USA.
Simba reBridge: Magaslects anobata “simba rechikwama.” Anofanira kutendera kurasika kwehurumende yose nokutera mitero. Mumasangano eparamende, mukuru mukuru anokarakadza bhajeti, asi kurukurirano dzedare nevhoti pairi. Pasina mvumo yemitemo, hapana mari inogona kusunungurwa, kupa chibvumirano chemitemo maruramiro pamutemo maruramiro makuru pamusoro pemiitiro.
Mitoro Yokuwedzera
Masangano mazhinji ehurumende anosimbisawo kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru, zvibvumirano zverafy, uye —in faceal systems) ane simba rokupa ndokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru kana kuti vatongi. Somuenzaniso, Dare reUnited States rinosimbisa vatongi veDare Gurusa uye vanyori vekabhii, uye Imba inovamba zvibvumirano zvokusabvumirana.
Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri: Kushandisa Mitemo Yorudzi
Bazu guru rinopomerwa kusimbisa mitemo, kutungamirira gadziriro dzehurumende, kutungamirira muitiro wokumwe, uye kutungamirira kudzivirira nyika. Rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi (mumiitiro yapurezidhendi) kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende (mumiitiro yeparamende), achitsigirwa nekabhineti nedare guru. Simba romukuru mukuru rinotsamira pakukwanisa kwake kushandura vavariro yomutemo kuva chiito chaichoicho.
Chivako Chechiremera
Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzakadai seUnited States, purezidhendi ndiye zvose zviri zviviri mukuru mukuru wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, anosarudzwa nenzira yakazvimirira nedare. Purezidhendi anogadza vanyori.__Vatungamiriri vemadhipatimendi makuru akadai seDefense, State, uye Treasurer(ss) vanozviisa pasi pebumbiro remitemo. Pasi pedare rinoreveta masangano ehurumende, anoumba masangano, masangano, uye mahofisi anoshandisa mapurogiramu anobva kuchengeteko yenzanga kuenda kumitemo yemhoteredzo.
Gadziriro dzeParamende seUnited Kingdom dzinoita mutungamiriri wehurumende, nepo purezidhendi wehurumende kana kuti wetsika achibatira somukuru wehurumende. Mutungamiriri wehurumende ndiye chaizvoizvo mutungamiriri webato guru mudare remitemo, achivimbisa kurongeka kwapedyo pakati pezvirongwa zvehurumende nemitemo. Uku kubatanidzwa kwamasimba kunogona kukurumidzisa kugadzirwa kwemitemo asi kungaderedza ukuru hwechekedzo nedzikamo.
Mapazi Nebasa
Raw Enictment: Mukuru mukuru anotarisira anovimbisa kuti mitemo yose inopiwa nedare rinotonga inoitwa. Ikoku kunobatanidza kupa mirau, kushora, uye kutarisira masangano anochengeta mutemo. Somuenzaniso, Department of Justice inoita kuti mitemo yehurumende iteererwe, nepo Environmental Protection Agency inoshandisa mhepo yakachena nemitemo yemvura.
Affairs and Treaties: Mutungamiriri anomirira nyika mukurukurirano dzamarudzi ose, kutaurirana, uye kuraira mauto akashongedzwa. MuUnited States, zvibvumirano zvezviratidzo zvapurezidhendi, asi zvinoda Dare raidzorwa (vhoti mbiri ne 3). Mutungamiriri anopawo mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira mabasa ehurumende pasina tendero yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo mirairo yakadaro ichigona kuchinjwa navadzori vezvomunguva yemberi kana kuti kuparadzwa nematare.
VET] Simba: Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, mutungamiriri anogona kuisa mutemo weveto kupfuudzirwa neCongress. Uku kuita sechenjero huru: chibvumirano chinogona kukurira bedzi chiverengero chamatatu maviri bedzi mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, izvo zvakaoma kuwana. Vaveto nokudaro vanodzivisa wirirano ndokudzivisa mutemo kuisa mitemo inotora dare risingawirirani nehurumende kana kuti kusachenjera.
shoodit Procation: Mukuru mukuru anowanzogadzirira ndokupa bhajeti ine udzame kuimba yomutemo, achironga kupedza zvinhu zvinokosha nokuda kwegore rinouya. Nepo mutezo wemitemo unofanira kuubvumira, chikarakadzo chomukuru chinoumba kurukurirano ndokuronga kariro dzakavakirwa.
Matambudziko Emazuva Ano
Bazu guru rakura zvikuru uye rakakura muzana ramakore rapfuura. Uku kukura kwakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pe “hurumende youtarisiri”(8) isina kurongwa yaidzora vane chiremera chinokosha chokugadzira mitemo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ikoku kunosekesa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yedemocracy, nepo vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti udzori hwazvino uno hwakaoma hunoda unyanzvi. Kutarisira kwakadzikama kunobva kudare remitemo nenzvero yedare kunoramba kuri madikanwa kuchengeta simba rechiremera mukunzvera.
Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo Nokudzivirira Kodzero
Bazu rinodudzira mitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Inoshanda kupfurikidza nedare ravakuru, kubva kumatare edare omunzvimbomo kusvikira kudare gurusa renyika. Rusununguko rwedare remitemo nerusaruro rwezvamatongerwe enyika (hwunokosha nokuda kweruramisiro isina rusaruro uye dziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga.)
Zvivako Zveimba Yaishandiswa Nevafundisi
Ubati ushe hwehurumende huzhinji hune gadziriro yamativi mazhinjisa yedare. Pasi pane matare anotonga, umo mhaka dzinotongwa pakutanga, ufakazi hunopiwa, uye vatongi vangasarudza maidi. Kumusoro kwavo imatare enzwisiso, anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Pamusoro pazvo idare gurusa (kana kuti dare rebumbiro remitemo), iro rinoita tsananguro dzokupedzisira dzebumbiro remitemo uye rinogadzikisa mirau inorwisana yapamberi yevhu. Vatongi vanogadzwa nenzira yapamutemo nemukuru wedare rehurumende uye vanosimbiswa nedare rehurumende, kana kuti mune dzimwe nyika, inosarudzwa navose kana kuti nedare rinotonga razviga.
Mitoro Yako
Mitemo yeMitemo yeProto: Madare ajekesa revo yemirau nemirau apo gakava rinomuka. Somuenzaniso, kana mutemo ukati “mavhiri anorambidzwa mupaki,” dare rinofanira kusarudza kana zvigubhu zvemagetsi zvichikosha semotokari. Iri basa rokududzira rinovimbisa kushandiswa kwemitemo.
[[FLT: 0] Judicial Review: Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chedare rinotonga ichiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvisati zviri zvehurumende. Iri simba, rakatangwa muUnited States ne Marbury v. Madison [1803] [83]), rinobvumira matare kubvisa mabasa ehurumende anoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Masimba anohwirudzura akafanana aripo muhurumende dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo nemisiano: Dare rapamusorosoro rinogona kubudisa “kudzosa pamutemo mukusawirirana kwematevedzero". Asi haagoni kudzosa mutemo mukuru nemhaka youchangamire hweparamende.
Chisarudzo:[[FT:1] Matare anogovera nzvimbo isingatori rutivi mukupedza rwisano pakati pavanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye masangano ehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokutonga kwehurumende neutsotsi, anoita marutongeso, mirango, zvirango, uye mirairo.
Kudzivirira Kodzero: Hurumende inodzivirira maruramiro makuru akadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye muitiro wakafanira. Zvisarudzo zveLandmark zvakadai se Brown v. Dare reDzidzo[ [1954] rakaparadza ganda, nepo Marand v. Arizona[[FLT:] [196] yakatanga kodzero dzekupomerwa mhaka. kupfurikidza nokurevesa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, matare anoshanda sedziviriro inodzivirira ruzhinji.
Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nokuzvidavirira
Kutsigira kusasarura, vatongi vanowanzofarikanya kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kana kuti mashoko marefu nedziviriro pakuderedzwa kwomubhadharo. Zvisinei, vanoramba vachizvidavirira kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakadai sokutevedzerwa nokuda kwokusazvibata uye kuongororwa kwavo. Dzikamo pakati pezvimiriro nokuzvidavirira yakakomba; kunyanyovakwa kwakaipa kunogona kuparira kusakendenga, nepo kudzora kukuru zvikuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika kungabvisa chivimbo. Kukurukurwa kwapachiuno chedare, Connell Information Institute yemitemo yewerudzuro yedare [[FLT: 1] ichinhu chakaisvonaka.
Kupindirana Kwebazi
Pane kungotaurawo pfungwa yokufungidzira, kubatana uku kunoitika zuva nezuva muutongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.
| Branch | Check on Others | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Legislative | Oversees executive actions; approves appointments and treaties; can impeach and remove; controls funding | Congress holds hearings on presidential conduct |
| Executive | Vetoes legislation; appoints judges; commands military; conducts foreign diplomacy | President vetoes a bill passed by Congress |
| Judicial | Declares laws unconstitutional; reviews executive orders; interprets legal disputes | Supreme Court strikes down a statute |
Kunzvera kunokosha kunobatanidza simba romutemo rokukurira wirirano huru zvikuru (inonyandurazve chiverengero chikuru chehurumende), simba romutungamiriri rokubudisa kanganwiro (kuganhurira kutonga kwedare), uye simba rokutonga rokuzivisa zviito zvokutungamirira pasina murairo. Idzi simba rinotsamira pasimba resimba rebatira pamwe nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, richidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora vamwe.
Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yemacheki Anoshanda
Muna 1974, Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rakabvumirana kurayira Purezidhendi Nixon kubudisa matepi eWatergate, ichisimbisa kuti hapana mukuru mukuru ari pamusoro pomutemo. Chinoitika chacho chakatungamirira kukurega kweNixon, kuratidzira nzvero dzedare nedzemitemo pasimba roukuru. misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, Congress akashandisa chiremera chayo chokutarisira kunzvera zviito zvebazu rechiremera, uye purezidhendi akashandisa majeri kuumba mutemo.
Kukosha Kwokuparadzana Kwesimba
Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuri rutiviwo zvarwo rwourongwa, --irwo ihwaro hwehurumende yakaganhurirwa norusununguko rwomunhu. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinodzivisa kuiswa kwesimba kunotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri. Mienzaniso yenhau, yakadai sehurumende dzamadzimambo dzakakwana dzeEurope nehurumende dzamasimba masimba dzazvino uno, inoratidza chinoitika apo bazi rimwe rinotonga. Mukupesana, hurumende dzinotonga dzinochengeta paradzano yakanaka nedzikamo dzinokomba dzinokomba kudzivirira maruramiro uye kutsigira dzikamo yezvamatongerwe enyika zvinobudirira zvikuru.
Betsero Nokuda Kwavagari Vemo
- Kudzivirirwa Pakubatwa Zvisina Kufanira: Hapana mutambi mumwe anogona kudzora nenzira yokuzvidira, mutero, kana kuti vagari vemo vakanyarara pasina kunzverwa namamwe mapazi.
- Ubhadharo: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kufumura ndokururamisa kusazvibata mune dzimwe, kuchichengeta hurumende ichiratidza pachena.
- [[FLT: 0] Kuparadza: mativi mazhinji echisarudzo anovimbisa mitemo kuva nechokwadi chakakwana chokuitwa, kuderedza miitiro yakagadzirwa nokukurumidza kana kuti isina kurongwa.
- Chirindiso cheJudicial: matare eIndependero anogona kudzivirira maruramiro evoruzhinji pazvishuvo zvoruzhinji kana kuti avakuru vakuru vanonyengera.
Matambudziko Nematambudziko
Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunogonawo kuita kuti pave necherokuchinja, zvikurukuru mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi umo mukuru mukuru nedare rinotonga vanotonga nemapoka akasiyana - siyana.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti dzimwe nguva kubudirira kunotambura uye kuti mhinduro yenjodzi inganonoka. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vanopindura kuti kudzora kwapashoma napashoma kungava kuri nani kuita chiito nokukurumidza, chisingadzorwi. Chinokosha chiri mukuchengeta dzikamo inobvumira hurumende inobudirira pasina kurega rusununguko.
Mapazi Matatu Ari Kuitwa: Kuenzanisa Maonero Anoita Mapazi
Nepo muenzaniso webhuranti iri yavose muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kushanda kwayo kunosiana zvikuru. MuUnited States, paradzano yakajeka iripo necherekedzo dzakasimba. Mumiitiro yeparamende seGermany kana kuti India, mukuru mukuru anobva mudare, achidzikamisa kuparadza asi anosimbisa. judicary mumiitiro yakadaro inowanzova namasimba akasimba okuhwirudzura. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano inobetsera vagari vemo vemo yedemokrati ipi neipi inonzwisisa sei mativi akasiyana etsika dzavo vamene anotapura Hurumende. Nokuda kwokupfupikisana, International IDEA’S State of Democracyism
mhedziso
Kunzwisiswa kwakakwana kwebazu romutemo, rokutungamirira, uye rokutonga kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kutora rutivi mune revo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinotakura mitoro yakasiyana, bva rinosungwa pamwe chete negadziriro yokutarisirana iyo varindi vanorwisana neauto. Dare rinoita mutemo, zvishandiso zvokutonga, uye vatongi vanoududzira (*se panguva yose apo vanotsvaka nokudzikamisana). Chimiro ichi chemitemo chakabatana, kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe nguva chinoshataiswa uye chichinonoka, chinodzivirira rusununguko uye chinovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba ine mutoro kuvanhu. Nokufunda iyi mitoro, vadzidzi vanogona kupa miganhuro yomunguva yemberi kuti ive yakarondwa, vagari vanoziva nheyo dzemitemo yehurumende. Sevagari vemoswo, basa redu richagara ripo, uye rinoita kuti mapazuro ose achengete gadziriro inogarira mberi nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinouya.
Nokuda kwokuravazve, National Archives yeConstitution udzame hwekuparadzana kwapakuvamba kwamasimba eU.S., uye Garag. gov gadziriro yemitemo inotungamirira [ inoratidzira kuti zvikwereti zvinova mutemo sei.