Gadziriro yegadziriro dzegadziriro dzevhota ichinhu chehwaro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inopesvedzera zvakananga nzira iyo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa nayo kururama uye kuva vakarurama kwamasangano avo ezvamatongerwe enyika. Pakati pamarudzi akasiana-- siyana egadziriro dzezvisarudzo, gadziriro dzinoshandiswa navakuru-zhinji (jenass) dzinozivikanwawo sedzokuwanda kana kuti mitoo yakawanda (nenzvimbo yakatanhamara muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vakawanda. Iyi mitoo inopa muuyo wokukunda kumubhadharo kana kuti mubato namavhoti akawanda, zvimiro kwete miuyo bedzi asi tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yakafara. Kunzwisisa simba radzoro paruvimbo ruvimbiko rwehurumende inosarudzwa nechadenga kunokosha nokuda kwokusarira utano hwegadziriro dzamasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa nenzvimbo inogamuchirwa.

Kunzwisisa Masangano Evatungamiriri Vezvikwata

Gadziriro dzezvisarudzo dzinorondedzerwa nenheyo yadzo huru: muvhoti anogamuchira mavhoti akawanda zvikurusa anohwina sarudzo, kazhinji kazhinji pasina kuda voruzhinji chose (inopfuura 50% yevhoti). Kuchinja kunozivikanwa zvikurusa ndiko kutanga kwechiratidzo chenguva yakapfuura (FPPP), kunoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, India, uye United States (pakuvhota). Imwe chimiro igadziriro yemativi maviri (kana kuti inoenda-pa), inoshandiswa muFrance uye sarudzo zhinji dzepurezidhendi munyika yose. Dzimwe gadziriro dzinoshandisawo vhoti yakasiyana neyavavhotera uye vaderedzi vepasi pevhu, apo vavhotera vanobviswa kusvikira vawana vazhinjisa. Nepo iyi nzira ichipesana mumiteve inotsinhirana, inogoverana mumitengo yakajekerwa, pakubudirira.

Kutanga-Past-The Post (FPTP)

FPTP igadziriro yakapfava zvikurusa uye inozivikanwa zvikuru. Muruwa rumwe norumwe rwenzvimbo yapasi (kuvhota) vavhoti mumwe nokuda kwomudaviri wavo vanodiwa. Muvhoti ane nhamba yakakwirirasa yamavhoti anowana chigaro, pasinei zvapo nokuti ivo vakawana voruzhinji zvikurusa. Iyi gadziriro inokomba kuita hurumende dzakasimba, zvikurukuru mumasangano eparamende, nemhaka yokuti inowanzoshandura kuwanda kwamavhoti enyika muvhoti dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, mujaratiro re 2019, Conservative Partion yakawina 43,6% yevhoti yevhota asi yakachengetwa 56% yezvigaro muParamende. Iyi “Ndome yewin" inogona kugadzira hurumende dzakatsigikana asi inoshatsawo.

Mubatanidzwa wemadhora maviri (Rwisa-Off)

Gadziriro yamativi maviri yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti muwiridziridziri wokupedzisira ane tsigiro huru. Kana pasina mutsigiri anosvika voruzhinji zvikurusa mumativi okutanga, vaviri vapamusoro (kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva vakawanda) vanotamburira kurumwe rutivi rwechipiri. Vatambi ipapo vanosarudza pakati pavasara, uye muwini anogamuchira ruzhinji rwevhoti murucheto rwokupedzisira. Iyi tsika inozivikanwa navose musarudzo dzapurezidhendi muFrance, Brazil, uye nyika dzakawanda dzeAfrica. Inoderedza ngozi yokuwina nomuwirirani nouzhinji zvikuru asi inogona kuva inodhura kutungamirira uye ingava ichiri pasi pemirangariro miduku inovapo.

Kushandisa zvimwe (Instant-Roff)

AV() yashandiswa nokuda kweAustralian House of Declarations . vanobvumira vavhoti kuti vatsigiri vadete munhevedzano yedanho. Kana pasina mutendi akawana ruzhinji rwavavhoti vokutanga, muvhoti akasarira anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinodzoserwa kune zvimwe zvinoda. Muitiro uyu unodzokororwa kusvikira mumwe mutsigiri awana tsigiro yakafara nepo achidzivisa ndyiko dzevhoti yechipiri. Vatsoropotedza vanoti zvichiri zvisakiso zviduku kana zvido zvevatsigiri vavo zechipiri zvisati zvichiverengwa nenzira yakakodzera.

Michina Inobatanidza Masangano Ezvigadzirwa Zvemagetsi Nemavoter Kuvimba

Chivimbo chezvisingashandisi mvura ndechezvakawanda, chinobatanidza chivimbo mumuitiro wokuvhota, gutsikano nomufananidzo, uye chitendero chokuti hurumende inoita chimwe chinhu kuzvinodikanwa zvomugari wemo.

Kujeka Kwezvinobva uye Kudzora

Rimwe ramasimba anodudzwa zvikurusa egadziriro dzavakuru vakuru isimba ravo rokubudisa miuyo yakajeka, inokatyamadza. Varairi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nyore kuti ndiani akawina uye akarasika, kuderedza kujeka pamusoro pokuti ndiani achaumba hurumende. Mugadziriro dzeparamende, FTPP kazhinji kazhinji inopa hurumende dzakawanda, idzo dzinogona kuita chiito nenzira yakananga pasina kuda kurukurirano dzemibatanidzwa. Uku kujeka kunogona kuwedzera chivimbo kupfurikidza nokusangana nekariro dzevhoti idzo sarudzo dzinofanira kuguma nehurumende inoshanda. Nzvero dzeInternational Institute for Democlacy and Electoral Irvice Implice inoratidzira kuti munyika neFPTP, gutsikano yedemocracy inogamuchirwa nedeticism inogona kuva yakakwirira zvikuru apo dare rinowana zvakajeka, kana kuenzaniswa nezvirimo apo kuumba mubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa.

Kuzvidavirira uye Chirango Chisina Kukodzera

Gadziriro dzokuzvidavirira dzinoita batano yakananga pakati pavavhoti nemumiriri wavo womunzvimbomo. MuFPTP, ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mutezo mumwe, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakananga kuvavhoti kuti vatsive kana kuti kuranga vamiriri vakavakirwa pakuita kwavo. Uku kuzvidavirira kwomunhu oga kunogona kusimudzira chivimbo chokuti vatungamiriri vanogona kubviswa kana vakakundikana. Kufunda kweCanada neBritain kunoratidza kuti vavhoti mugadziriro dzeFPPP vane bvirote mukana mukuru wokuvhotera chinyorwa chehurumende (*) kurangarira chinyorwa chehurumende mugadziriro dzemitengo. Zvisinei, uku kuzvidavirira kunogona kushatiswa negerrymaning kana kuti zvigaro zvakakotseka, apo kudzora kweboka rimwe kunenge kunosimbiswa, kuchideredza sundo yokubatanidza kupinda muchiuto chavo.

Mufananidzo Nokushandiswa

Nepo gadziriro huru dzinopa rujeko nokuzvidavirira, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoita zvakashata pamimiririri. MuFPTP, munzvero anogona kuwina nokuwanda kwakawanda sa 30% yovhoti, kureva kuti 70% yezvikamu zvinganzwa zvisati zvapinzwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, ikoku kunogona kubvisa chivimbo pakati pavatsigiri vemapati anorasikirwa, zvikurukuru kana vari mumapoka mashoma. Marudzi, mitauro, kana kuti maruwa mashoma angawana manzwi akaderera kana mavhoti avo akanangidzirwa mumaruwa mashomanene asi asingashanduriri muzvigaro zvemitemo. United Nations Development Programme yakapupurira kuti miitiro mikuru yemikorodzame inogona sei kubvisa mirangariro yokuparadza zvikuru munzanga dzakakamuraniswa zvikuru, zvinoderedza chivimbo mumasangano ehurumende.

Ufakazi Hwezvinhu Nenzvero Yehosha

Miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika yegadziriro dzavakuru vakuru pakuvimba nomuvhoti inosiana namashoko akapoteredza. Kunzvera nyika dzakati kunozivisa zvose zviri zviviri simba neutera hweidzi gadziriro.

United Kingdom

UK’SFTP yakatsoropodzwa kare nokuda kwokusasarura kwayo. Mukusarudza kukuru kwa 2015, UK Independence Party (UKIP) yakawina 12.6% yevhoti yenyika asi chigaro chimwe bedzi asi rugaro rumwe chete. Nenzira yakafanana, Liberal Democrates yakachengetwa 7.9% yevhoti asi 1,2% yezvigaro. Iyi “yakavhota” uko varambwa vasingapi kuratidzira kuti vadaviri vaiwirirane. /can Flated disvesting vatsi nokuvimba, zvikurukuru pakati pavatsigiri vemapoka maduku. Zvisinei, UK inofarikanya mwero mikuru inoenzaniswa nokuvimba nehurumende itsva, rutivi rune rutivi runobva mugadziriro inokunda hurumende inokwanisa kusimbisa mitoo yenzanga. Chimiro chenzanga chenzanga apo gadziriro yenzanga inoshariranwa inoratidzira nokugutsikana namakumi amakumi amakore.

Canada

Gadziriro yeFPTP yeCanada yakatungamirira kukudzokororwa kwe “kukunda kusingaruramisiwi”. Uko mubato anowana zvigaro zvizhinjisa asi mavhoti mashoma kupfuura mumwe mubato. Muna 2019, Liberal Party yakawina 33.1% yezvigaro zvevhoti ne157, nepo Conservative Party yakahwina 34,3% asi zvigaro 121 bedzi. Miuyo yakadaro inogona kukuvadza nzwisiso dzokururama, sezvo vavhoti vangarangarira kuti kugoverwa kwezvigaro hakuratidzi zvido zvavo. Tsvunga dzinoitwa neEvoms Canada dzinoratidzira kuti apo vazhinjisa veCanada vanogamuchira FTPPP, vanovimba zvikuru apo miuyo inoshatsa mavhoti akakurumbira. Reformations dzakakarakadzwa, asi dzisingadzorwizve, ne 201 vatsigiri vatsi vaAbo veboka reBoruzhinji.

France

France inoshandisa gadziriro yemativi maviri nokuda kwesarudzo dzayo dzeNational Assembly. Iyi tsika inowanzopa mubayiro pamativi ane mwero, postristi iri parumananzombe nepo ichideredza migumisiro yakanyanyisa yemibatanidzwa yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukusarudzo ya 2017 yomutemo, mubato waPrezidhendi weMacron weMacroblique En Marche yakahwina 28.2% yevhoti yokutanga yemitengi asi yakachengetwa inopfuura 60% yezvigaro nemhaka yekuvhotera kwapamutemo nemapristas mumativi echipiri. Muuyo unosimbiswa chivimbo pakati pavatsigiri veMacron asi wakadzamiswa pakati pechikamu cheRevotal National Front neFrance yakashatiswa. [[FLT:] FIC] proto con anoramba kuvimba mumapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinonziwanwa kuva namasangano anosarira kunzira yokusarira.

India

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, inoshandisa FPTP murusarudzo rwayo rweLok Sabba. Pasinei zvapo noukuru hwayo nemhatsa, gadziriro yakabudisa kazhinji kazhinji hurumende dzakatsiga, misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pasi peBharatiya Janata Party (BJP), iyo yakawina 37% yevhoti muna 2019 asi 56% yezvigaro. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti FPPPP inovimbisa kuva nehurumende yakazvikamu zvizhinji zvakakamuka mumativi. Zvisinei, vatsoropote kuti gadziriro inobvisa mativi eruwa: mativi ane tsigiro huru, kufanana neBjutal Dha, inosano, inosanoita zvakanaka, nepo mapoka enyika anotsigirwa nezvinoparadzirwa zvingava pasi pemadhina. Kunzvera neCentrea yeStueting yeDroeting inoshation ichiripo apo inopfurwa zvikuru, inopfuudza pamusoro pezvigaro zvikuru zvechitendero cheIndia, uye vanowana zvikuru.

Kutsoropodza Nezvinetso

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzawo, gadziriro dzavakuru vakuru dzinotarisana netsoropodzo dzinokosha idzo dzinogona kusekesa chivimbo chomuvhoti kwenguva refu.

Kushatiswa uye Kupambadzwa

Gadziriro dzinoita nokugara mukaha pakati pevhoti negoverano. MuFPTP, boka rinowina 40% yevhoti ringawana 60% yezvigaro, nepo boka rine 20% ringawana pasi pe5% yezvigaro. Uku kubvisa nzvimbo kunoreva kuti vavhoti vazhinji “varambwa" – vanoisirwa vada kurasikirwa nechinhu chisiri chikuru kupfuura vamwe. Chivimbo cheVoter chinogona kuderera apo vagari vemo vanoona kuti vhoti yavo haiverengeki kutoti vatsigire mutungamiriri wemibatanidzwa. International Institute yeDiffagency ye Dificific naEctor Consolation [[FLct1:]] inotaura kuti munyika dzine simba rokuvhotera, kuvhota, kuvhota, uye kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kuderera.

Kushandisa Mano uye Kukanganisa Kwakakodzera

Gadziriro dzavagadziri dzinokurudzira kuvhota namanomano, uko vagari vemo vasingavhoti nokuda kwomudikani wavo anodiwa asi nokuda kwomudaviri muduku kuti vadzivise muuyo unotova wakaipisisa. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kuva kune mufungo, kunosekesa kumirira kwechokwadi uye kunogona kubereka kunyomba. Vanoona vanganzwa vachimanikidzirwa kubvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira mipimo yavo, uko kunoderedza kuvimba mumuitiro wokuvhota. MuUK, kuvhota kwamazano kwazova kwakakurumbira zvikuru, newebsite namasangano anorumbidza kuti kusimbisa sei simba razvo.

Kupoka Kwezviduku Nemapoka Akasiyana - siyana

Gadziriro dzavanamupindwi dzinogona kubvisa nenzira yakarongwa mapoka maduku asinganyanyowaniki munyika. Somuenzaniso, mapoka maduku edzinza kana kuti edzinza akapararira mumaruwa akawanda angasatongova navada kusarudzwa. MuUnited States, kunyange zvazvo vaAmerica neHispanic vakawana kuratidzirwa muhuwa, pesvedzero yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika inowanzova inovhenganiswa negerrymermercing kana kuti maruwa akarongedzwa. Brenan Center yeChiratimende [ yakapupurira kuti gadziriro dzeFPTP muU.S inotungamirira sei kudzorwa kwenzanga dzezvikamu zviduku, kuchiparira kuderera kuvimba nehurumende pakati pemapoka iwawaya.

Kuchinja Kunodzongonyedza

Nzvero dzamarudzi ose dzinoratidza kuti nyika dzine gadziriro dzavakuru vakuru dzinova nedanho rakaderera zvikuru kana richienzaniswa naavo vanomirira nokukamukana. Iyi nzira imhaka yokuti vavhoti vanotsigira mapoka maduku kana kuti maruwa vanoona sundo duku yokuvhota, kuziva mudaviridzi wavo kusingabviri kukunda. Kudzokororwa kwezviratidzo zvinobvisa chivimbo nokuvimbisana. MuUnited Kingdom, kuvhota kwavose kwave kuri avhareji inenge 65% chifo cha 2000, zvichienzaniswa nemwero yakakwirira zvikuru (kazhinji kazhinji kanopfuura 80%) mumasangano akaenzana neDenmark. Nepo zvinhu zvakawanda zvichitapura kuvhotera, gadziriro yokuvhotera ichinhu chikuru chinopa chivako.

Kuchinja uye Kumwe Kunotsiva

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakachinja zvinhu kuti dziwedzere kururamisira uye kumiririra vamwe, dzichiona kuperevedza kwekuvimba kunokonzerwa nemasangano makuru anotarisira vanhu.

Masitiro emombe akavhenganiswa

Mitemo yakavhengana yakabatanidzwa nenhengo imwe nenzvimbo yepapamusoro. Voters dzinovhota mbiri: imwe nokuda kwomutsigiri woruwa uye imwe nokuda kweruvara rwebato. Ikoku kunochengeta kumirira kwomunzvimbomo apo inenge ichivimbisa kuti dare rose reparamende rinowirirana nevhota. Germany, New Zealand, uye Scotland inoshandisa MMP. muNew Zealand, kutama kubva kuFPTP kuenda kuMMP muna 1996 kwakatungamirira kukuvimbwa neboka dukusa, semasangano maduku akadai seGreens neNew Zealand akatanga kutsigira. Zvisinei, MMP inounzawo hurumende dzenyika imwe nyika, idzo dzinorangarira sechinongeri. Kunzvera kweNew Zealand kunoratidza kuti pashure pokugadziriswa, nokugutsikana kwegadziriro yavaka zvikuru pakati peavo vainenge vakanzwa zvakanaka.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV)

Vanozivikanwawo sevhota yechipiri, RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuti vatsigiri vave netsigiro yavazhinji apo vanobvisa kudikanwa kwekutora kwakaparadzana. RCV inoshandiswa muAustralia, Ireland, uye U.S. maguta anoverengeka (g., San Francisco, Minneapolis). Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti RCV inoderedza nhimbe yakashata uye vanokurudzira kukwirira kuchiva chakafara, icho chinogona kuwedzera chivimbo. Vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti RCV haisi kubvisa hurukuro yeproportiontial kumaruwa nechaiwin ayo angabudisa maruwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, nefundo ne [FFLD:]

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Masangano ePR akazara anoisa zvigaro kumativi akavakirwa pagoverano yawo yevhoti, achishandisa marusando ebato kana kuti mavhoti anosimudzirwa. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hwehurumende hwakawanda hweEurope (mutoo, Sweden, Belgium) hunoshandisa PR. Masangano aya anobudisa maparamende akawanda anomiririra uye muvhoti mukuru asi kazhinji kazhinji anoda hurumende dzinobatana, dzinogona kuva dzisingatsigiki. Kutengesa pakati pemireza nemubatanidzwa kuri pakati pekurukurirano. Kuvhotera kuri pakati pekurukurirano. Kuvhotera kunowirirana nenzwiwa kwavo, PR kunowanzoita kuti vavimbe zvikuru. ACEALC Know.] Kugovera mashoko makuru anoratidza kuti kuvimba neboka rezvirongwa zvematoota, zvikurukuru munzanga dzinodzorotemwara.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzamaroja makuru dzezvirongwa zvokuvhota dzine pesvedzero huru neyakaoma pakuvimba navavhoti nokuvimba nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Masimba adzo nenzvimbo inozvidavirira, hurumende dzine chikamu chimwe chete, uye kumirira kwakananga kweruwa () zvinogona kusimudzira chivimbo kupfurikidza nokuita kuti muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika ujeke uye upedzise. Zvisinei, aya masangano mamwe chetewo anogona kuparira kuva noushamwari hwakajeka zvikuru kupfurikidza nokusazvidira, kupambadza vhoti, uye kuderera kwamanzwi mashoma. Muuyo pakuvimbwa kunotsamira pazvinhu zvakapoteredza zvakadai setsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvapo kwamanzwi munzanga, uye mwero wezvakasiana - nzanga.

Vagari vanorangarira kuti mavhoti avo haatongotapuri muuyo wacho kashomanene kuvhota kana kuti kupinda mune zvamatongerwe enyika, uye vangava vanozvidza hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vamene. Nenzira yakapesana, vavhoti vanoona mutsva wavo akasarudzwa kana kuti boka ravo rinomirirwa vanorangarira gadziriro yacho seyakarurama. Kuchengeta chivimbo chakafara, hurumende dzakagadzwa dzakawanda dzakagamuchira masangano akavhengana kana kuti masangano anodzikamisa miuyo yezvigaro. Gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pokuchinja kwechisarudzo chakasarudzwa munyika dzakadai seCanada, United Kingdom, uye United States rinoratidzira kungwariro inowedzera kuvimbwa kusati kuri kusingangoerekanirwi kupfurikidza nechirongwa chehurumende icho chinodzikamisa muganhu nechero.

Pakupedzisira, hapana gadziriro yevhota yakakwana. Gadziriro dzamagorofa dzichapfuurira kuva chisarudzo chinoshanda nokuda kwenzanga dzinokoshesa dzikamo noutungamiriri hwakakwirira hwakasimba. Zvisinei, kuti vatsigiri vavhoti vachengete, vaiti vemiitiro vanofanira kugovera aya masangano anoratidzira kupesana kwedanho( somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokutanga mativi apamusoro, kuvhota matsva, kana kuti masangano edzidzo anozvivhota. Sezvinoita democracy, ukama pakati pemitemo yevhotaro navagari vemo rucharamba ruri nzvimbo inodenha kunzvera nekurukurirano yavose.