Mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica, masangano mashomanene anoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo zvakananga zvikuru kupfuura mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvambira pasarudzo yapurezidhendi kudzika kurudzi rweboka rechikoro chomunzvimbomo, mapato anogovera gadziriro yokuronga iyo inoshandura zvisarudzo zvomunhu mumwe nomumwe kuva chiito chakabatana. Nepo vanoda kupiwa basa navashandi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoraira kungwarirwa, igadziriro yebato inovapinza, masangano emari, uye inoronga mitemo inorondedzera zvisarudzo zvinotarisana navavhoti. Kunzwisisa kuti mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshanda sei kunokosha nokuda kwomugari upi noupi anoda kupinda mune ubati ushe hwehurumende hunosarudzwa uye vatungamiriri vanozvidavirira.

Nyaya ino inoongorora rondedzero, mabasa, nhau, mamiriro ezvinhu, uye zvinonetsa zvemasangano ezvematongerwe enyika muAmerica, uye chinangwa chokubatsira varavi kuti vave vatori rutivi vakadzidza zvikuru mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Chii Chiri Misangano Yezvamatongerwe Enyika?

Mubato rezvamatongerwe enyika iboka rakarongwa ravanhu vanogoverana nhevedzano yemipimo, nharidzano, uye pfungwa pamusoro pemashandire anofanira kuita hurumende. Parivas vanobvumwa navanogamuchirwa nokuda kwebasa ravose, nhimbe yokuhwina sarudzo, uye ipapo shandira kushandisa zvirongwa zvavo zvemiitiro yakambova musimba. MuUnited States, mapoka makuru maviri ndiwo Democratic Party [ ne Republican Party [, asi masangano maduku anonzizve mapoka echitatu nepesvedzero.

Mapati anosiana namapoka efariro kana kuti matare ezviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika (PAC) mukuti anobatira vamiriri nokuda kwehofisi ndokutsvaka kudzora zvishandiso zvehurumende zvakananga. Mapoka efariro, mukupesana, anotsigira nokuda kwezvisakiso chaizvo pasina kutungamirira vadariro vawo vamene. Mapati anoitawo basa rakasiana mukugovera zvinodikanwa zvamamirioni avagari vemo muzvikuva zvinotsinhirana, kupfavisa chiso chavavhoti.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwemasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika eAmerica

Vavambi veUnited States vainyumwira mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika. George Washington akanyevera pamusoro pe “tapuro dzinokuvadza dzomudzimu webato” muAdiresi yake yeFarewell. Asi mukati mamakore mashomanene, gadziriro yokutanga yakabuda, ichiisa Federalis (yakaitwa naAlexander Hamilton) mukurwisana neDemocratic-Republicans (yakaitwa naThomas Jefferson). Kubvira ipapo, nyika yebato yawana chinjo dzechaidzoresa, imwe neimwe inoratidzira chinjo huru dzenzanga nedzemari.

Boka Rokutanga Nerechipiri

Kuvambira muma 1790 kusvikira kuma1820, Federalists naDemocratic-Republicans vakarwa pamusoro poukuru hwesimba rehurumende, bhangi renyika, uye muitiro wokumwe. Federalists dzakawa pashure peHondo ya1812, dzichipinza gadziriro ye “Era Yemirangariro Yakanaka” muDemocratic-Republican . Asi pakasvika kupera kwama1820, mapoka matsva pamusoro pezvikamu, kuvandudza kwomukati, uye uranda zvakaparira Democratic Party pasi paAndrew Jackson neWhig Party Henry Clay. Iyi gadziriro yechipiri yakagara kusvikira pa 1850s, apo mubvunzo wouranda wakaparadzwa neWhigs.

Hondo Yavagari Vemo Neboka Razvino Uno reRepublic

Kubva pakuparadzwa kweWhig Party, Republican Party yakavambwa muna 1854 semubatanidzwa unorwisana navaranda. Mu ehansi kwaAbraham Lincoln, yakawana chigaro muna 1860, ichimutsa njodzi yeRepublicses neHondo yavagari vemo. Pashure pehondo, Republican yakadzora zvamatongerwe enyika kwemakumi amakore, nepo Democrat yakava boka re “South” uye, gare gare gare, mubatanidzwa weNew Creance pasi paFranklin Franklin D. Roosevelt. Kuumbwa kwazvino uno---kuvapo (na Democrates sebato rinofambira mberi neRepublican sebato retsika sebato retsika dzakava neratinarivhinzi, apo Democrates yakadzikira pakati pezana ramakore rechi6520, yakawedzerwa neRegion Cormocques Act of 1964tic T.6666656.

Kuchinja Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura Nokuchinja

Kubvira kuma1970, mapati azova akabatanidzwa zvikuru mundangariro nemunharaunda. Mademocracy aenda kuruboshwe panhau dzenzanga nedzemari; maRepabhurikia aenda kurudyi. Iyi kombamiro, inowanzonzi polation[, yakagadziridzazve Congress, judicary, uye kunyange decutical. Mukuwirirana ne PREW Research Center[[, mukahahanya pakati peAvhareji yeDemocrat neavhareji yeRepublican panhau dze With zvino zvino papfundo ripi neripo.

Mabasa Emitambo Yemapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa mabasa aya kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei masangano achiramba achivhiringidzwa nevanhu pasinei nokusawirirana kwakapararira nokusabatana kwevanhu.

Kudzorera uye Kuisa Mazita Pachinhu Chimwe

Pasina mapati, sarudzo dzaizova dzakanyongana.Mapati aipinza nokushingaira vanhu kuti vabvume basa () kubva kudare reguta romunzvimbomo kuenda kuudenti(/uye kugovera rovedzo, kutsigira kutsigira, uye kutsigira. Anokwanisawo kuronga nokutora nokupfuudza kupfurikidza nePrimmies necouses, achipa vavhoti chisarudzo chine revo pakati pavakwikwidzani.

2 Kusarudza Mari Isinganyanyi Kuwanda

Vavhoti vazhinjisa havana nguva kana kuti unyanzvi hwokunzvera chimiro chomutevedzeri ari wose panhau iri yose. Mazita eboka anobatira senzira dzokupa mashoko. Apo mudaviri anobatira pasi pomureza webato, vavhoti vanogona kuwirirana nenzira ine mufungo nouzivi huzhinji hwemutengi nomuitiro. Ikoku kunoderedza mutoro wokufunga wokuvhota uye wewedzero.

3. Kuronga Hurumende

Mugadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana, mapati anobetsera kutsinhiranisa chiito mumativi makuru ehurumende nemitemo. Purezidhendi nemitezo yeCongress iyo inogoverana zita rebato kazhinji kazhinji vanobatira pamwe kupfuudza mutemo, kusimbisa vakagadzwa, uye kugadza purogiramu yenyika. Voruzhinji vari mukamuri rimwe nerimwe reCongress vanosarudza zvigaro zvedare, vanodzora rudungwe rwedare, uye zvimiro izvo zvikwereti zvinowana vhoti.

4. Kuchinja Kunoita Miitiro

Makore mana ari ose, maDemocrates naRepublicans anoronga nharidzano dzavo dzomutemo pachinhu chiri chose kubvira patarisiro youtano kusvikira kumugariro wokunze kuchengeteka kwenyika. Aya maplatifomu haasati ari mitemo inosungisa, asi anoratidzira nzvimbo yepati navaiti vemitemo. Anogoverawo hwaro hwokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vapiwe mutoro: kana boka richipikira chinhu chimwe uye richiita chimwe, vavhoti vanogona kuchiranga pabhokisi rebhoroti.

Kumanikidza Vanhu

Mapati anoisa mari yakawanda munhamburiko dzokubuda panzvimbo yezvokunyora (GOTV) kubatanidza kuvhara pasuo, kubhangisa runhare, tsamba dzakananga, uye kushambadza kwemichina. Anodzidzisa vagari vemo pamusoro pemisi inotsaurirwa kunyoresa, nzvimbo dzokuvhota, uye nhau huru. Kugadzirira uku kunokosha zvikuru nokuda kwemapoka ane muganhu wakaderera wenhau, zvakadai savanhu vaduku nenzanga duku.

Kupa Chishoro Nokuzvidavirira

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakanaka, boka rinobva musimba rinobatira sechishoro chakavimbika, kunzvera zviito zvoruzhinji nokupa mitemo inotsiva. Iri basa remitemo rinovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinokurukurwa pachena uye kuti voruzhinji havagoni kuita pasina kutsoropodzwa. Rinogoverawo vavhoti vane imwe nzira yakajeka mukusarudza kunotevera.

Boka: Kubva Pabasa Kukuva Dare Renyika

Kunzwisisa chirongwa ichi kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei vanhu vakasiyana - siyana vachigona kutaura nemanzwi akasiyana zvichienderana nenharaunda yacho nenhau yacho.

Mapati Omunzvimbomo Neoruwa

Mapoka aya omunzvimbomo anonyoresa vanoda kuendeswa kuhofisi dzemanisiparati neruwa, mugamuchiri anosangana nezviitiko, uye vazvipiri vanounganidza mukati memasarudzo. Kazhinji kazhinji inzvimbo yokutanga yeonano yavagari vemo vanoda kubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Mapati Ehurumende

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine dare guru rinoronga nhimbe dzemahofisi ehurumende (hurumende, mutongi wehurumende, mutongi mukuru) uye rinotarisira nhume dzehurumende kukokorodzano yenyika. Mapati ehurumende anoitawo basa rinokosha mukuchinja mativi pashure pokuverengwa kwavanhu, achidhirowa mepu dzemitemo dzinogona kuumba dzikamo yesimba kwemakore gumi.

Mapati Enyika

Democratic National Committee (DNC) neRepublican National Committee (RNC) inotarisira nhimbe dzapurezidhendi, kutsigira masangano ekokorodzano, uye kugadza mitemo yekokorodzano dzorudzi. Idzowo dzinoshandisa mashoko makuru nemibato yezvokusarudza, kubatanidza zvirongwa zvemibato yakatanhamara. Makore achangobva kupfuura aya, mapoka enyika ava ane simba zvikuru mubatanidzwa wenyika nemapoka omunzvimbomo, nemhaka yezvirongwa zvemari yakarongwa uye zviteshi zvezvinobudisa nhau.

Basa Rekokorodzano

Makore mana ari ose, boka guru rimwe nerimwe rinoita kokorodzano yorudzi yokurumbidza nomutoo wakarongwa mukwikwidzani waro woupurezidhendi, kugamuchira chikumbiro chebato, uye kukurudzira vakatendeka. Nepo muuyo wokukwidziridzwa unowanzozivikanwa pachine nguva mberi nemhaka yemiuyo mikuru, kokorodzano dzinoramba dzinokosha nokuda kwokubatanidza boka racho uye kunyandura simba kunanga kuchisarudzo chikuru.

Misangano Yechitatu Nemasangano Okuzvimirira

Kunyange zvazvo United States ine gadziriro mbiri yezvitima inoodza mwoyo zvakasimba budiriro yechitatu, mapati maduku akaita rutivi runokosha rwenhau mukumutsa nhau idzo mapoka makuru anofuratira.Mienzaniso inobatanidza Populist Party muma 1890 (iyo yakatsigira varimi nenhungamiro yenjanji), Party Reating in 1912 (iyo yakasimudzira garikano yenzanga nokuchengetwa kwezvokutenda), uye Green Party neLibetarian Party mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvinoita Kuti Zvibudirire Kwechitatu

Mapoka echitatu anotarisana nemhinganidzo dzakadzika dzouvako, kubatanidza nhindi-yose sarudzo , mativi anoganhurira mitemo yokupinda, kubviswa mukurukurirano dzapurezidhendi, uye gadziriro yezvemari yenhimbe iyo inoda kuti nzvimbo dzivepo. Mukuwirirana ne Libary of Congress, izvi zvinhu zvinobatanidza kuita kuti mativi echitatu emotokari yokuramba arambe kupfuura nzira chaiyoiyo yokuenda kusimba. Zvisinei, mativi echitatu anogona kupesvedzera mavhotera kubva kumativi makuru, sezvakaitwa naRalph Nader 2000 kana kuti Jill Stein muna 2016.

Majeri Anozvimirira Neasina Kuora

Mukuwedzera kumativi echitatu, nhamba inokura yavavhoti inozivisa sevaIndependent. Maererano neGallup, inenge 40% yavaAmerica zvino vanozvirangarira vamene kuva vanozvimirira mune zvematongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo vachiwanzotsamira kune rimwe boka guru.Vanoda kuzvipira, vakadai saAngus King of Maine kana kuti Bernie Sanders (uyo akahwina basa renzvimbo isina chiratidzo chetsika yebato, asi ivo vanosiyanisa zvinonyanya kusimbisa kudzora kwegadziriro yePitpleicat.

Matambudziko Anotarisana Nemapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nhasi

Pasinei zvapo nokuzvitsigira kwazvo, mapati ezvematongerwe enyika eAmerica anotarisana nezvinetso zvakakomba zvinoverengeka zvinotyisidzira kushanda kwawo uye kuva apamutemo.

Kuita Kuti Simba Rive Nemarara

Sezvambotaurwa, izvi zvakatungamirira kusangano remitemo, zvikurukuru muDare, umo vanachiduku vanopa vaparidzi mano okudzivisa zvikwereti zvakawanda. Kubvumirana kunowanzorangarirwa sokunyengera kwevatsigiri vebato, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kupedza zvinetso zvakaoma zvakadai sokuchinja kwekutama, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye chikwereti chorudzi.

Kuramba Tichivimbana uye Kubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano

Kuvimba kwavanhu namapati ezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaderera zvikuru. Nzvero ya2022 ne Pew Research[ yakawana kuti inenge bedzi 17% yeAmerica inotaura kuti inovimba nehurumende yehurumende kuita chiri chakarurama zvikurusa yenguva yose. Vagari vazhinji vanorangarira kuti mapato anoonekwa navapi vakapfuma nefariro chaidzo panzvimbo pokuvhotawo zvavo.

Pesvedzero Yemari Nemapepa Ane Simba Zvikuru

Chichitevera chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra2010 mu Cizens United v. FEC, mapoka okunze anogona kukwidza ndokushandisa zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa pakushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvikamu zvikuru zvinobatira pamwe chete navatungamiriri vebato, asi zvinogonawo kusunda vakwikwidziridziridziri kunzvimbo dzakanyanyisa. Iyi mari yakawedzera murangariro wokuti gadziriro yebato yakashata uye haigamuchiriki kuvaAmericawo.

Kusarudza Kwepakuvamba Nezvikoro Zvakanyanyisa

Sarudzo huru kazhinji kazhinji dzinodzorwa navashingairi vamasangano vanoshingaira zvikurusa, avo vanogona kubvisa vatsigiri panzvimbo yacho.Iyi simba rakaparira chiverengero chakati chavanoda kubvisa mumapoka avo vanorwisa kuwina sarudzo dzavose, kuchibetserazve kuparira kukurumidza uye kuodzwa mwoyo navavhoti.

Kuchinja Gadziriro Yeboka

Nyanzvi navachinji vehurumende vakakarakadza chinjo dzinoverengeka dzokupedza zvinetso zvokusawirirana, mari, uye chivimbo chakaderera.

Mari Dzinovhurika uye Kugadzira Zvinhu Zvine Simba

Zvivako zvinovhura zvinobvumira vavhoti vose (_hapana rutendero rwebato) kutora rutivi mukusarudza mavhiyi. Rankedąchoice (RCV) inobvumira vavhoti kuvhota kuti vadedze vatsvaki munhevedzano yedavi, uko kunogona kuderedza kutsigira kwakaipa uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakundi vane tsigiro huru. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naAlaska naMaine, dzakatogamuchira RCV nokuda kwesarudzo dzehurumende, nemigumisiro inovimbisa.

Kushanda Pachena Kwenhimbe

Kuti aderedze pesvedzero yavapi vakawanda, mamwe maguta nehurumende akaita mapurogiramu maduku akafanana. Somuenzaniso, mari inowirirana yeNew York City inopa mibatanidzwa 6milio1 yemipiro pasi pe $250. Pamwero wehurumende, Purezidhendi Econstation Fund yakaparara zvikuru, asi vamwe vanoda kubhabhatidzwa (seBack Obama muna 2008) vakasarudza kusarudza. Kuwedzera mari yavose kunogona kubatsira mapoka kudzorera vagariwo zvavo.

Kusimbisa Mapati Omunzvimbomo

Simba rebato rinodzosera kunzvimbo dzinonzi uswa rinogona kubatsira kuvakazve kuvimba. Matare ebato reko anowanika zvikuru kuvavhotiwo zvavo uye anogona kushanda senzvimbo dzokurovedza vanoda kuzoshandira hofisi yakakwirira. Kukurudzira kutora rutivi mumatare enzvimbo yeruwa nekokorodzano dzeruwa kungagona kuvandudza chimiro chebato kubva pasi zvichikwira.

Basa Remaruwa Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Mukushatisa Mufambiro Wezvibvumirano

Masangano anorondedzera nhau dzinokosha uye dzinowirirana nenzira dzinotsigira rutivi rwavo. Somuenzaniso, boka ringasimbisa funganyo yezvemari mugore rimwe uye mipimo yetsika mune rimwe, zvichitsamira pakuti ishoko ripi rinotsigira.

Nzvero inoratidza kuti zivikanwo yebato ndichimwe chezvisarudzo zvakasimba zvikurusa zvechisarudzo chevhoti ($wharmagn kunyange kupfuura nzvimbo dzakananga dzenhau. Ichi chinoitika, chinonzi “paratishani,” chinoreva kuti vavhoti vanowanzogamuchira mirangariro yetsika yebato ravo vakasarudzwa panzvimbo peimwe nzira. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kupfavisa kuita chisarudzo, kunobetserawo kudzokorodza uye kupararira kwemashoko asina kururama.

Mugumisiro: Chikonzero Nei Mapati Achiri Anokosha

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika haana kukwana. Anogona kuva anokamuranisa, akaremara, uye anononoka kuchinja. Bva anoramba ari motokari huru idzo vagari vemo vanoronga nadzo pamwe chete kupesvedzera hurumende. Nhevedzano yamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika muAmerica yedemocracy[ kupfavidza, kupinza vatungamiriri, sarudzo, uye kugovera kuzvidavirira. Pasina iwo, tsika yaizova inonyongana zvikuru uye inotaputsika zvikuru kumafungiro avanhu vakapfuma kana kuti masangano anokwezva.

Nokunzwisisa kuti nhau yepati dzinoshanda sei (nziyo dzavo), mabasa avo, kuronga, uye zvikanganiso zvavo zvinogona kubatanidzwa navo zvinobudirira zvikuru.Kungava nokupinda musangano webato romunzvimbomo, kuvhota muchinjo huru, kana kuti kuraira, vagari vemo vane simba rokuumba gadziriro yebato rimene. Munguva yokuvimbwa kwakaderera uye kubatana kwepasi pevhu, kuvimbisana kungava kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.