MaRepublic anomirira chimwe chezvimiro zvinogara zvikurusa uye zvakapararira zvokutonga kwedemokrasi, zvikurukuru zvichiumba kuti mamiriyoni avanhu kupota nyika anosarudza sei vatungamiriri vavo ndokutora rutivi muupenyu hwavanhu vose. Painotangira, riphabliki igadziriro umo hurumende inorangarirwa se "nhau yeruzhinji" (] inopa ruzhinji, uye vakuru vakuru vose vanozvidavirira kuvagari vemo kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakagadzwa nemitemo yavose. Iyi inopesana nehurumende inosarudzwa zvakananga, umo vagari vemo vanovhotera pamitemo, uye namasangano echimbichimbichimbi apo simba rinonangirirwa. Kunzwisisa gadziriro idzo maredhibhuriki anosarudza vatungamiriri vavo kuvhotera yokupedzisira uye kupfuunzirori kupfumi nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kupfurikidza nokuzivikanwa muupenyu. Iyi nhau inonzvera pfungwa inodzorwa yehurumende, inodzorwa, uye denho yokusarudza basa rokuvhotera.

Kunzwisisa Pfungwa Yokutanga

Republic inowanzorondedzerwa nokuzvipira kwayo kumutemo, kumirira, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzevanhu. Kusafanana nehurumende inosarudzwa zvakananga umo mugari wemo ari wose anovhota panhau iri yose, riphabliki inopa simba vamiririri vakasarudzwa kuti vaite zvisarudzo nokuda kwavanhu. Iri dare rinomirira rakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa udzvinyiriri hunobvira hwevoruzhinji, dzivirira maruramiro mashoma, uye rega kubvumira nokuda kwemiitiro yavanhu vazhinjisa, uye kubvumira miitiro yapamutemo yakananga. Shoko rimene rinobva mumashoko echiLatin [[FLT: 0]], kureva "chinhu chishamiso" kana kuti "nhau," rinosimbisa kuti hurumende ibhizimisi ravagari vose, kwete chisakiso chehurumende.

Zvisakiso zvouzivi zvenyika dzazvino uno zvakaumbwa navafungi vakadai seNicolló Machiavelli, uyo akanyora pamusoro poudzori hweRepublic mu Discoes paLivy, uye gare gare naMontesquieu, vane mifungo pamusoro pokuparadzana kwamasimba yakapesvedzera zvikuru vamiriri veUnited States Constitution. James Madison, mu Federalistrisan No., akapikisa kuti republic ingagona kudzora zviri nani ngozi dzeidi pane hurumende yakachena yakachena, nemhaka yokuti vamiriri vakasarudzwa vaigona kuvandudza nokukudziridza mamiriro ezvinhu apasi pose. Iyi midziro yenhau inoramba iripo nhasi seyakakodzera kugadziriswa kwemitemo yenyika yose.

Zvinhu zvinokosha paripabhuriki zvinosanganisira:

  • Mitemo yoMutemo: inoshanda zvakaenzana kuvanhu vose, kubatanidza ayo ane simba. Hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo, uye miitiro yapamutemo inojeka uye inodeya kuzivikanwa.
  • Kupa: Vagari vakasarudzwa vakuru vakuru kuti vaite chiito nokuda kwavo mumitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye pane dzimwe nguva mabasa okutonga. Ava vamiriri vanozvidavirira kupfurikidza nesarudzo dzapanhambo nenhambo.
  • Kodzero dzemunhu: Republic inobatanidza chaizvoizvo mutongo wekodzero kana kuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzivirira vanhu pachido chevoruzhinji chisingadzorwi. Kodzero idzi dzinomanikidzirwa nedare rinotonga razvimirira.
  • Kuparadzaniswa kweMasimba: Simba reHurumende rinokamurwa pakati pamapazu akawanda() akadai semukuru mukuru, mutezo, uye mutongi (*) kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuva chine simba rakanyanya. Iyi gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo chiratidzo chokutonga kwapaburiki.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru mumhindumupindu yenhau yepfungwa dzeRepublica, nongedzera ku U.S. National Archive [, iyo ine magwaro apakuvamba enheyo idzo idzi.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwoutongi hweRepublican

Nepo marepubulika ari zvikurukuru akabatanidzwa nenhambo yazvino uno, pfungwa yacho ine mavambo ekare. Roman Republic, iyo yakagara kubva pa 509 BCE kusvikira pa 27 BCE, ndimumwe wemienzaniso yapakuvamba zvikurusa neinopesvedzera zvikurusa. Roma yakasanangurwa, vatarisiri, uye tribune, uye yakatanga gadziriro yakaoma yechekedzo nedzikamo, kubatanidza simba revato retribune. Kunyange zvazvo yakaganhurirwa nemipimo yazvino uno / vakadzi navaranda vaisagona kuvhota (h) Hurumende yeRoma Republic yakaisa hwaro hwekudzora.

Kuwa kweRome Republic kwakatsiva kutonga kwoumambo, asi pfungwa yeRepublic yakamutsidzirwa mukati meRenaissance muruwa rweguta seFlorence neVenice. Gare gare, vazivi vokuvhenekerwa vezana ramakore rechi17 nerechi18 vakanatsa rondedzero yeRepublic, yakasimbisa kodzero dzomusikirwo nebvumirano dzenzanga. Chinjo yeAmerica (1775-171783) uye kuumbwa kwakatevera kweU.S. Constitution muna 1787 yakagadza riphabliki huru yehurumende iyo yaizova muenzaniso wamarudzi akawanda. Chinjo yeFrance yakatsvakawo kuvamba republicism, kunyange zvazvo kutrukira kwayo kwakanga kwakaipa zvikuru.

Nhasi, republics dzinotora zvimiro zvakawanda: gadziriro dzapurezidhendi (mutoo, United States), gadziriro dzeparamende (mutoo, Germany, India), uye gadziriro dzisina kutsarukana (mutoo. France). Imwe neimwe inochinja nheyo huru dzomufananidzo nomutemo kuwirirano nenhau yayo. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindu inobetsera vadzidzi navadzidzisi kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri simba nezvinopesana nehurumende yeRepublica.

Kusarudza Kunoita Vatungamiriri Vavo: Kuronga Kunoita Vagari Vemo

Kusarudzwa kwevatungamiriri muRepublic muitiro wezvikamu zvakawanda wakagadzirirwa kushandura kuda kwevanhu kuva udzori hwepamutemo. Nepo zvinenge zvichitaurwa zvichisiyana nenyika, marepabhuriki akawanda anogoverana gadziriro imwe cheteyo inobatanidza sarudzo, nzira dzokusarudza nadzo, uye miitiro yokuisa mubatanidzwa.

Basa Rikuru Rokusarudza

Sarudzo inzvimbo inosarira republic ipi neipi. Zvinogovera mutoo wenguva dzose, une rugare kuti vagari vemo vasarudze kuti ndiani achazvimirira pamwero yomunzvimbomo, yenharaunda, uye yorudzi. Zvisarudzo zvinogona kuitwa panguva dzakatsiga( somuenzaniso, makore maviri, mana, kana kuti matanhatu) ari ose anotsamira pahofisi. Kuwanda kwesarudzo kunovimbisa kuti vamiriri vanoramba vachizvidavirira kuvhota.

Sarudzo dzazvino uno dzinodzorwa nemitemo yakaoma nemirau kuva nechokwadi. Masangano eependent anosarudza kururama, gadziriro dzokuvhota, uye miitiro yokutarisira zvakarovedzeka. Zvisinei, perero yasarudzo inotsamira zvikuru pakuvimba navanhu. Apo vagari vemo vanodavira nhau dzavo uye kuti muitiro wacho hauna kubatwa zvisina kufanira, vane bviro huru yokutora rutivi. Nenzira yakapesana, kupomera kwechitsotsi kana kuti kudzongonyedza kwourongwa hwegadziriro yose yehurumende.

2. Kusarudza Kukuru uye Kusarudza

Pamberi pesarudzo yavose, mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika anowanzoita sarudzo huru kana kuti masangano okusarudza vadaviri vavo.

  • Avhura mavhoti: Api naapi akanyorwa, pasinei zvapo nesonganiro, anogona kutora rutivi mubato guru. Ikoku kunokurudzira mubato wakafara asi kunogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira nokuvhota kwapamutemo (g., vavhoti veboka rinopikisa kuti vatsigire mutsigiri asina simba).
  • Mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa bedzi ingavhota mubato ravo vamene guru. Ikoku kunosimbisa kubatira pamwe kwebato asi kungadzivisa vavhoti vakazvimirira mukutora rutivi munhambwe dzapakuvamba dzechisarudzo chavanhu.
  • SAMI-PRIMA: Mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa uye vavhoti vasina kuvhota vanogona kutora rutivi, asi mitezo yamamwe mapoka inodzingwa. Uku kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunokudza kutora rutivi apo inochengeta pesvedzero huru yebato.

Caucuses, mukupesana, imisangano inorerukira apo mitezo yebato inokurukura vada kufunda uye ipapo kuvhota, kazhinji kazhinji noruoko kana kupfurikidza neshoo yetsigiro. Idzo hadzina kuzivikanwa zvikuru nhasi asi dzichiri kushandiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzeU. Muitiro wokusarudza une revo dzinokosha: kusarudza kwavada kubhapatidzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunosarudza vavhota musarudzo yavose.

3. Kusarudza Nokutumira

Sarudzo dzavanhu vose idanho rokupedzisira apo vavhoti vanosarudza pakati pavada kusarudzwa. Mutoo uyo vavhoti vanochinjwa kuva zvigaro kana kuti simba ravakuru vakuru unosiyana zvikuru pakati perebhurari. Sangano rinozivikanwa zvikurusa ndiro rokutanga-pasipo (FPPP), rinoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited States, United Kingdom, uye Canada. MuFPTPP, muvhoti ane vhoti zhinjisarudzo murutsi, kunyange kana vasingawaniki voruzhinji. Vatsoropoteri vanoti FPTP inogona kutungamirira kumireza yakashata nerasika.

Zvimwe zvacho ndeizvi:

  • propartical idiagramme (PR): masett mudare remitemo anogoverwa pahwaro hwezvikamu zvevhoti zvinogamuchirwa nebato rimwe nerimwe. Iyi gadziriro inoshandiswa mumarepubulic akawanda eEurope, akadai seGermany neNetherlands, uye inowanzoita mibatanidzwa mizhinji.
  • Vatambi vakabviswa-Choice Voting (RCV): Vamiririri vezvirongwa munhevedzano yedariro. Kana pasina muvhoti wokutanga wevhiyi, vada kubhabhatidzwa vakaderera zvikuru vanobviswa uye vavhoti vavo vanoparadzirwa. RCV inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakafanana neMaine (U.S.) uye nokuda kweSarudzo yeSarudzo reAustralia. Inogona kuderedza kudikanwa kwezvisarudzo zvikuru uye kukurudzira batira pamwe.
  • Maround System maviri: Akakurumbira mumarepublic apurezidhendi seFrance neBrazil, umo kana pasina mutsigiri anowana voruzhinji zvikuru mudenderedzwa rokutanga, mufashoni unochengetwa pakati pavadaviri vapamusoro.

Gadziriro imwe neimwe ine zvibvumirano zvokutengesa pamusoro pomufananidzo, dzikamo, uye gutsikano yomuvhoti. Nokuda kwepfupiso huru yegadziriro dzevhiyi, Electoral Reform Society [[[FLT: 1] inopa tsananguro dzakadzama.

4. Kokorodzano Dzinodzorwa Nezvibvumirano Zveboka

Pashure pesarudzo huru, mapati anowanzoita misangano yenyika kana kuti yezvirongwa zvapamutemo kuti asarudze nenzira yakarongwa ndokugamuchira nzvimbo yebato. Izvi zvinoitika zvinobatira zvose zviri zviviri serevo yokupedzisira yemiuyo yokutanga uye musangano wavose wokuvaka simba. Kusimbiswa kunobva munhamba dzebato dzakatanhamara, mapoka ezvishuvo, kana kuti vaichimbova vamiriri vezvinzvimbo vanogona kupesvedzera zvikuru sarudzo yavose kupfurikidza nokuratidzira pamutemo netsigiro yakafara.

Kurumbidza Mumuitiro: Kodzero, Mitoo, uye Kutora Rutivi

Asi kuvhota kwacho kwakakomberedzwa nenhau dzinotaurwa nemutemo, uye dzenzanga dzinosarudza kuti ndiani anovhota, sei, uye kuti vavhoti vacho vane nhau yakawanda sei.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Nokuzivikanwa

Nyika yose inosakisa (yamaruramiro okuvhota vagari vose vakura pasinei zvapo nedzinza, chirume, upfumi, kana kuti mugariro wenzanga), ndiro basa richangobva kuitwa muUnited States. Somuenzaniso, Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota, uye Confection yechi 19th Amendment (1920) yakabvumira vakadzi kodzero yokuvhota. Zvisinei, gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pemitemo yevhoti, felon rakaparadza kunyoresa, uye miitiro yokuvhotera yakatanhamara kuti kuwanikwa kunoramba kuri nhau inokwikwikwidza.

Nyika dzinorevesa mari dzinoedza kuita kuti kuvhota kusvike kupfurikidza nokugovera kuvhota kwokukurumidza, maposi mubhoti, uye zviteshi zvokuvhota zvinotakurika. Bva mhinganidzo dzakadai semitsetse mirefu, kurovha kunovhiringidza, kana kuti ganhuriro pavhotera kwapasipo dzinogona kudzvinyirira kuvhota, zvikurukuru pakati penzanga shomanene nedzisingawanikwi mari yakawanda. Kurangarira kusvika kwakaenzana mutoro mukuru wehurumende ipi neipi inomirira mipimo.

Mitoo Yokukudza Nayo

Kuvhota kwakabva pakuvhota nepepa kusvika kumichina yokuvhota nemakombiyuta.

  • Paper Balots: Voters dzinoratidzira zvisarudzo zvavo papepa, izvo zvinoverengwa nemaoko kana kuti nezvinonzvera kuona. Mapepa mabhulopoti anopa chinyorwa chokuedzesera uye anogona kusanyanyova nengozi yokutema, asi kuverenga kwamabhuku kunogona kunonoka uye kukanganisa.
  • .Electronic Voting Machine (EVM): inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seIndia neBrazil, EVM inobvumira kumhanya nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, funganyo pamusoro pokuchinja nokushaikwa kwepepa dzakatungamirira nyika (mh., Netherlands) kudzisiya.
  • Mapasi In neMari: yakakurumbira nenzira inowedzera, zvikurukuru pashure pedenda reCOVID-19. Kuvhota matsamba kunowedzera rutyo pamusoro poutsotsi, kunyange zvazvo fundo dzichiratidza kunyengera kwakadaro kuva kusingawanzowaniki.
  • [[FT:0] Internet Voting: inoshandiswa munzvimbo shomanene nokuda kwesarudzo dzakaganhurirwa (musarudzo yapapalamende). Nepo kwakakodzera, kuvhota kweInternet kunosuma ngozi dzeindaneti dzinopfuura betsero dzapanguva ino nokuda kwamarepublic akawanda.

Kutora Rutivi Nokudzokera

Voter restaunt ichiratidzo chikuru choutano hweRepublic. Zviratidzo zvikuru zvokuti vagari vemo vanonzwa nhau yavo uye kuti vanobatanidzwa mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvhota kwakaderera, kuno rumwe rutivi, kunogona kuratidzira kusakendenga, kuvhiringidzika, kana kuti mhinganidzo. Mukuwirirana nemashoko anobva Internationaltive Institute for Democracy and Electoral Transpation (IDA) , muvhotera wenyika yose musarudzo yorudzi aderera zvishoma nezvishoma mumakore makumi achangobva kupfuura, kunyange zvazvo zvichichinja zvikuru nenyika. Zvisakiso zvinopesvedzera zvinobatanidza makwikwikwikwi okuvhotera, kurererwa kwechitsaru, kuwanda, kuvhota, uye kushanda kunooneka kwehurumende.

Vadzidzi nevagari vemo pavanonzwisisa kuti vhoti dzavo dzinochinja sei kuva vatungamiriri uye kuti vazviise muutungamiriri, kazhinji kacho vanoshandisa kodzero iyoyo.

Makepi Nedzikamo: Kudzivirira Republic

Kufanira kwerepabhuriki kunotsamira kwete bedzi pasarudzo dzapachena asiwo padziviriro dzinodzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe(kuuraya, kugarisa, kana kuti kutonga). MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, Congress anogona kukunda vavhuri navakuru vakuru vakuru, uye Dare rapamusoro rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kubatana. Mitezo yakafanana iripo mune dzimwe nyika, kunyange zvazvo chiyero chakananga chichisiyana.

Masangano akasununguka akadai semasangano anovhota, masangano anorwisana nouori, uye mapepanhau akasununguka anokoshawo. Anogovera kujeka, kunzvera kusazvibata, uye anova nechokwadi chokuti vatungamiriri vapindure kuruzhinji. Pasina izvozvi, kunyange gadziriro dzevhota dzinosanosarudzwa dzinogona kukanganiswa nouori, chitsotsi, kana kuti kudzosa kwoudzvinyiriri.

Zvinetso Zvava Kusangana Nazvo MumaRepublic

Kunzwisisa zvipingamupinyi izvi kunokosha chaizvo kuvadzidzisi uye kuvagari vemunyika vanoda kudzivirira uye kuvandudza utongi hwehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Mumarepublic akawanda, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ava akasiana zvikuru, kuchitungamirira kukuvadziko huru. Ikoku kunogona kuguma nokurongeka kwemitemo, uko kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunodokuva kusingabviri, uye mabasa ehurumende akadai sokuronga mari kana kuti kuronga anononozeka. Kuchinja kunowedzerawo kusavimba mumasangano uye kunogona kuita kuti vavhoti vave vanotapurwa zvikuru kukutaura kwakanyanyisa. Zvikonzero zvinobatanidza kuputsanya, kuparira maruwa akakotsekana, uye pesvedzero yavatsigiri vechinjo dzinobatanidza kugadziridza puro dzinokurudzira kuvhotera kwapamhotera kana kuti kuvhotera kwapaburi.

Mari Mumatongerwe Enyika Nemari Yechirongwa

Ndyiko inokwira yenhimbe nepesvedzero yavapi vakuru ($FLT: orgoxpolations, vanhu vakapfuma, uye mapoka ezviwaro) zvakamutsa funganyo idzo vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanova vanocherekedzwa kuva vanobhadharwa pamari panzvimbo pezvinzvimbo zvavo. MuUnited States, Dare Gurusa reDare]] Chibaisaizimu United chisarudzo [2010]] chakabvumira mari yezvamatongerwe enyika yakazvimirira, zvichitungamirira kukuwedzera kwe "mari yakagadzirwa napaCCCS. Mamwe marepublic anodzosaiom, asi komba komba yepasi pose inodhura kumitengo inoparira kusawirirana. Kuchinja kwakadaro senhimberipi puro, mipiro, uye kuoneka kunopesana.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Nhambo yemitengo yakaunza denho itsva: mashoko enhema kana kuti anotsausa anogona kupararira nokukurumidza kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, kusekesa kuita zvisarudzo nokuparadza chivimbo mumiitiro yokusarudza. Vatambi vokunze vangaedzawo kudzongonyedza kupfurikidza nokusimudzira masangano kana kuti kuparadzira mashoko. Kurwisa mashoko asina kururama kunoda dzidzo yokunyora nokunyora, mitemo yedare rinoyera, uye masangano anozvimirira. Vagari vemo vanogona kunzvera mashoko nenzira yokusangwarira vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kudzivirira perero yeRepublic yavo.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nekudzvinyirirwa Nemagetsi

Nepo nyika dzose dzichishuva kushatisa, mukushandisa mamwe mapoka anotarisana nemhinganidzo dzakagadzirirwa kuderedza simba rawo rokuvhota. Mitoo yokudzvinyirira inobatanidza mitemo yeID yorumano, kubviswa kwerobhoti, kuderedza maawa okuvhota, uye kupfiga nzvimbo dzokuvhotera munharaunda duku. Gerrymering(kukweva miganhu yeruwa inosarudzwa kuti itsigire paboka rimwe chete.[1] Kuedza kwemitemo uye mapoka evoki vanoshanda kurwisa miitiro iyi, asi zvinoramba zviri kurwisana mumitengo. Somuenzaniso, [FLT:] Brenan Center nokuda kwaMasarusarudzo [[FLT] [FFFFF:1]] kunogoverarovswo]

Mugumisiro: Nguva Yemberi Youtongi hweRepublic Republic

Kusarudza vatungamiriri (kubva paprimerimes uye sarudzo kusvika kunzira dzokuvhota nadzo uye kudzivirira zviri pamutemo) chinhu chinokosha kuutano hwehurumende ipi neipi. Kuziva, kuvimbisa kuva vagari vemo ndiko kuongorora kukuru pasimba, uye dzidzo inoita basa rinokosha pakutsigira pfungwa dzehurumende.

Kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi, vachiziva kuti maripabhuriki inoshanda sei iri nhano yokutanga yokuva vatori rutivi vanoshingaira panzvimbo pokuva vacherechedzi vasingashandisi basa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa miitiro yokusarudza mutungamiriri, ukoshi hwekodzero dzokuvhota, uye tyisidziro dzinogona kusekesa miitiro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji, vanhu vanogona kubetsera kuita kuti republic yavo ive inodzorwa zvikuru, inozvidavirira, uye inosimba.