NYIKA DZAKASIYANA - SIYANA

Republic rudzi rwehurumende umo hurumende inorangarirwa se "nhau yavose" — yakabva mumashoko echiLatin inoisa paruzhinjia, inoreva "nhau yavose" kana kuti "chinhu chavanhu." Yakasiyana nehurumende, umo mutongi mumwe ane simba nekodzero yenhaka, chigaro choumambo muvanhu. Vanhu ivavo ipapo vanopa chiremera chokusarudza vamiririri vanotonga maererano nebumbiro remitemo. Iyi gadziriro inoganhurira simba rehurumende uye inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru varambe vachizvidavirira kuvagari vemo. Riphabliki dzinovakirwa panheyo yokuti hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo, kunyange avo vanouita kana kuti vanouchengeta.

Muenzaniso werepublic unopesana nokutungamirira hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, umo vagari vemo vanovhota panhau iri yose vamene. Panzvimbo pezvo, marepabhuriki anotsamira pamireza — mhinduro inoshanda nokuda kwenzanga huru, yakaoma umo kutora rutivi kwakananga kunoitwa nomugari ari wose muchisarudzo chiri chose kungava kusingashandi. uyu mugadzirirwo wokurangarira chaikoiko, kudzora kwounyanzvi, uye dziviriro yamaruramiro mashomanene mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji.

Mativi Enyika yeRepublic

Nepo nyika dzinotonga dzichisiyana zvikuru muzvivako zvadzo chaizvo nemagamuchidzanwa, dzinogoverana mavara anoverengeka anoasiyanisa nezvimwe zvimiro zvehurumende.

  • Rusarudzo rwoMutemo: Muriphabliki, mitemo inoshanda zvakaenzana kuvanhu vose — vagari vemo, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye kunyange vatungamiriri vakakwirirasa. Hapana munhu anohesvurwa kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo. Iyi nheyo inodzivisa kutonga kwoushingi uye inoparira mhoteredzo inodeya kuzivikanwa nokuda kwoupenyu hwenzanga nehwemari.
  • Kuparadzaniswa kweMasimba: Simba rinokamurwa pakati pamapazu akasiana — zvikurukuru mukuru mukuru, mutezo, uye mutongi — rimwe nerimwe namabasa aro rimene uye kunzvera mamwe. Uku kuparadza kunodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza udzori hwakanyanyisa uye kugovera mikana mizhinji nokuda kwokutarisira nokuzvidavirira.
  • Hurumende inomirira: Vagari vakasarudzwa vakuru vakuru kuti vaite zvisarudzo nokuda kwavo. Iyi mufananidzo injini inoshanda yeripabhuriki, inobvumira pesvedzero kukwirira apo inenge ichichengeta uchangamire hwakakurumbira. Kusarudzwa, ganhuriro dzenhambo nenhambo muhofisi dzinovimbisa kuti vamiririri varambe vachigamuchira kuda kwavose.
  • muganhu weConstigal Miganhu: Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kana kuti risina kunyorwa rinorondedzera masimba ehurumende uye rinoronga maruramiro avagari vemo. Iyi ganhuriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukupindira kwehurumende uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti chinjo kugadziriro huru yehurumende dzinoda bvumirano yakafara.
  • Kudzivirirwa kweMaruramiro Amaduku: Republics dzinodzivisa "kudzivirira kwomoyo wose kwamapoka maduku nemirangariro inopesana. Idzi dziviriro — dzakadai sekutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rwerudzidziso, uye muitiro wakafanira — dzinovimbisa kuti murangariro wakakurumbira haugoni kukurira maruramiro makuru.

Izvi zvinhu zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuti zvivake gadziriro inogamuchira vanhu uye inotsungirira kuisa simba mukurwisana nesimba.

Nhoroondo: Mavambo uye Kushanduka - shanduka Kwemarejiko

Kunzwisisa nhau iyi kunobatsira kujekesa chikonzero nei nyika dzinotonga dzakarongeka nenzira yadzakarongwa nayo uye nei dzichiri dzinokosha nhasi.

Roman Republic: Kuedza Kukuru Kwokutanga

Roman Republic (5092) muenzaniso wapakuvamba zvikurusa wehurumende inosarudzwa navagari vemo. Pashure pokuparadza umambo hwayo, Roma yakatanga gadziriro yakaoma yecheki nedzikamo iyo yakabatanidza Dare rakaumbwa navakwidzi, vatongi vakasarudzwa (vakadai savamiririri, vapendi, uye vanzveri), uye magungano akakurumbira umo vagari vemo vaivhotera mitemo navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Rome yakanga isiri yedemo yehurumende nemitemo yazvino uno — yaibvisa vakadzi, varanda, uye vasiri vagari vehurumende — asi yakaunza pfungwa yokuti chiremera chapamutemo chinowana kuvanhu (kana kuti chipfuure chipfuu chigamuchi chigaro chavanhu) uye simba iroro rinofanira kuparadzirwa mumasangano akawanda kuti vadzivise udzvinyiriri.

Roman Republic yakanyandurawo mufungo webumbiro remitemo rakavhengana, iro rakabatanidzwa kuva madzimambo (vatongi), masangano echikuru (Dare redare), uye (magungano) ehurumende yehurumende. Uku kubatanidzwa kwakanga kwakaitirwa kudzikamisa fariro dzinokwikwidzana uye kudzivisa boka ripi neripi kuti risadzore. Kutsiga nokukura kweRoma pasi petsika ino kwakaita kuti muenzaniso weparabhuriki uve mutevedzeri wenyanzvi dzapashure nevakuru vakuru vakuru.

Zvisinei, pakupedzisira Hurumende yeRoma yakakundwa nouori hwomukati, kusaenzana kwenzanga, uye kukunda kwemauto, zvichiguma nokumuka kwaAugusto noUmambo.

Vanofunga Zvakajeka uye Kuchinja KwechiRepublicism

Kwamazana amakore pashure pokuwa kweRoma, pfungwa dzeRepublica dzakanyangarika zvikuru mumatongerwe enyika anoshanda, dzichirarama zvikurukuru mumanyoro enyanzvi uye mumaguta mashomanene eItaly akadai seFlorence neVenice. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira kuVenutswa uko urpablicism yakawana kumutsidzira kune simba. Vazivi vakadai se John Locke, [[FLT]] Minteusquieueult, uye [[FLT:] Jacques Rous Rousseauburg []

Locke akataura kuti hurumende yapamutemo inowirirana na [[[FLT: 0] bvumirano yezvidzorwa uye kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye chinhu icho pasina hurumende inogona kuputsa nenzira yapamutemo. Rondero dzake dzebvumirano yenzanga nehurumende yakaganhurirwa dzakapesvedzera zvakananga vaAmerica. Montesquieu, mubasa rake renyika [[FLT:] Mudzimu weMitemo yemitemo , inodzivirira rusununguko rwe [[FLT:], kunyange zvazvo ichipa pfungwa yakananga yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, [[FLT]] sechinongeri chakavimbika chinodzivirira chirevo chisaidzo mukurwisana nemutongi wehurumende. Iye akapikisa kuva nefaro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. [5]

Iyi nheyo yokuvhenekerwa yakasimbiswa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18, nenzira inoshamisa zvikurusa muchinjo dzeAmerica neFrance. United States Constitution, yakasimbiswa muna 1788, yakava muenzaniso unorondedzera wehurumende yazvino uno yehurumende, ichibatanidza hurumende inomirira, kuparadzana kwemasimba, uye mutemo wakanyorwa wekodzero. Chinjo yeFrance, kunyange zvazvo yakanyongana zvikuru, yaibatanidzawo mirangariro yehurumende yorusununguko, kuenzana, uye nzanga — izvo zvaizopararira muEurope yose uye munyika mumazana amakore akatevera.

Marudzi Makuru ERepublic

Marepublic anouya muzvimiro zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chine gadziriro dzacho chacho chimene dzokuronga uye masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika.mapoka anozivikanwa zvikurusa anobatanidza marepublic apurezidhendi, republic of parmeter, uye republics yehurumende.

MaRepublic aPurezial

Muredhinari redhigirii yehurumende, mutungamiriri anobatira vose vari vaviri mukuru wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende , akasarudzwa nenzira yokuzvimirira padare. Purezidhendi ane chaizvoizvo masimba makuru, kubatanidza murairidzo wehondo, mano okugadza mutemo, uye chiremera chokugadza mitezo yedare navatongi (panemvumo yetendero yemitemo). United States, Brazil, Mexico, uye South Korea mienzaniso yakatanhamara. Rwirimendi dzinopa mitsetse yakajeka yokuzvidavirira — conchorces — consociose — consocio anokwanisawo kutungamirira kuwirira muboka apo vateshina dare navanotonga vanoshora.

Mareparera

Muparamende yeparamende, hurumende inotorwa kubva muhofisi uye inozvidavirira kuparamende. Mutungamiriri wenyika kazhinji kazhinji ndipurezidhendi wetsika ane masimba akaganhurirwa, nepo mukuru mukuru wehurumende ari mutungamiriri wehurumende anotungamirira boka revazhinji kana kuti mubatanidzwa muparamende. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoramba ari muhofisi bedzi kana vachichengeta chivimbo chehurumende. Kana vakarasikirwa nevhoti yokusavimba, zvisarudzo zvitsva kana kuti hurumende itsva inofanira kuumbwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza India, Germany, uye Singapore. reparmastery relivricrationsssss dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinochinja zvikuru uye dzinogona kupfuura masangano apurezidhendi, asi vangashaiwa mwero mumwe chetewo wokunzvera nokuenzana.

Federal Republics

Republic yehurumende inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yepakati nehurumende dzeruwa dzakazvitonga zvishoma (nyika, maruwa, kana kuti macanton). Ichi chivako chinobvumira nzvimbo kuchengetera udzori hukuru pazvinhu zvomunzvimbomo — dzidzo, zvokufambisa, kukotsekano yavose — nepo hurumende yepakati inobata dziviriro yenyika, dare rokumwe, uye mari. Hurumende dzeruwa dzinobatira munyika huru, dzakasiyana-- siyana umo gadziriro yeboka ringava risina maturo kana kuti inodzvinyirira. United States, Germany, Switzerland, uye India inyika dzose dzinowedzera chivako chezve chechekerero rwechekerero nerechi.

Nyika Dzinopesana: Musiyano Unokosha

Vanhu vazhinji vanoshandisa mashoko "republic" uye "democracy" zvakafanana, asi haana kufanana. A democracy inosimbisa mutemo mukuru — pfungwa yokuti kuda kworuzhinji kunofanira kusarudza muitiro wavose. sharepublic[[FLT]], kupfurikidza nokupesana, kusimbisa ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo nedziviriro yomunhu oga nekodzero shomanene mukurwisana noruzhinji. United States, somuenzaniso, inowanzorondedzerwa se "constitual republic" panzvimbo pe "democracy" kusimbisa kuti masimba mazhinjisa anoitwa nemitemo isingagoni kudzorwa nyore nyore.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. vakanga vachitya chavaiti "vadiani voruzhinji" — ngozi yokuti vazhinjisa vanoshandisa simba ravo kudzvinyirira vashomanene, kuvhozhokera zvinhu, kana kuti kuparadza rusununguko rukuru. Naizvozvo vakagadzira gadziriro iyo ichaita kuti zvitevedzere kupfurikidza namasangano akatanhamara, sarudzo inosundirwa, bidaralism, uye mutongi anozvimirira. Izvi zvingaderedza nhanho yokuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye zvinoda kubvumirana kukuru nokuda kwechinjo huru mumutemo. Sokutaura kwakaita James Madison muchi [Flect:0] Fareda. [[10 FLT:1], mumiriri weRegia reparation anogona "kuna nokukudza mirangariro yavose" kupfurikidza nokukwenetedza kwakakurumbira.

Masangano akawanda emazuva ano anosanganisirawo madhipatimendi ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu — kusarudza nguva dzose, kushora nzanga dzose, uye kudzivirira kutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika nokubatana.

Chikonzero Nei Marepabhuriki Achikosha Munyika Yazvino Uno

Munhambo yokutonga kwechiremera kunowedzera, kuderera kwechivimbo mumasangano, uye chinjo yokugadzira zvinhu inokurumidza, nheyo dzokutonga kwehurumende dzinopfuura kare.Republic dzinopa gadziriro yakabvumikiswa yokudzikamisa rusununguko nenhevedzano, dzichigonesa chiito chakabatana mukudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei nhau inogona kubetsera vagari vemo kuva vamiririri vakapikirwa zvikuru vokutonga kwavo vamene.

Kurwisana Nechisimba

Mativi makuru esangano renyika dzinoparwa pamutemo — kuparadzana kwemasimba, kutonga kwomutemo, matare akazvimirira — anoita mhinganidzo dzakawanda dzinorwisana nokubatanidzwa kwesimba rehurumende. Vatungamiriri vanoedza kudarika simba ravo vanofanira kurwisana nedare rehurumende rinogona kurega kutsigira mari, mutongi anogona kuparadza zviito zvavo, mupepanhau wakasununguka unogona kufumura kubatwa zvisina kufanira, uye vagari vemo vanogona kuvhota kuti vasave panzvimbo yavo. Hapana sangano rimwe chete risingatavirirwi kubata kana kuti kushatisa uori, asi kubatanidzwa kweidzidzikugona kuoma zvikuru nokuda kweachitongeri mudzvinyiriri uye kuva nesimba. Riphabliki dzinochengeta masangano akasimba uye vagari vemo vakangwarira vakabvumikisa kuva vakasimba zvikuru mukurwisa kudzorwa kwehurumende.

Kusimudzira Mutoro Womuchato Nokubatanidzwa

MaRepublic anobudirira apo vagari vemo vanorangarira zvakakomba mitoro yavo. Kusafanana negadziriro dzinoraira kuteerera kusingashandisi pamutemo, republic dzinoda kuziviswa, kutora rutivi kwokushingaira. Kugovera kunongova bedzi chimiro chikurusa chebvumirano yavagari vemo. Vagari vanofanirawo kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro penhau dzavose, kubatira mumatare ehurumende, kutora rutivi mukutonga kwomunzvimbomo, uye kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vapi vapindurire pakati pesarudzo. Utano hweRepublic inotsamira pamugariro wadzo yetsika dzayo yevagari vemo vemo — tsika, tsika, uye mavara zvinotsigira kuzvidzora. Apo vagari vanopa mutoro wose kubatira vamiriri vomunyika yose muupenyu hwavose, tsika inova inova inova inova inotaputswa nengozi yokubata zvakatanhamara, uori, uye kusava nehanya. Dzidzo munzanga dzenzanga — kubatanidza kuremekedza mirangariro inopesana, uye kuzvipira kuupenyu hwavose — zvinokosha nokuda kwehurumende vagari vehurumende vagari vehurumende.

Kujairana Nezvinetso Zvazvino Uno

MaRepublic nhasi anotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzinokosha idzo vatangi verechikuru vaisagona kukarira. Missinttion na disonsor yakapararira nokukurumidza nomumapuratifomu emitauro, kubvisa hwaro hweidi hunodikanwa nokuda kwokurangarira. [[FLT:]] tsvimbo yeProtopiation [[[FLT:]] inoisa itiro kuenzana kwematikiro [[[FLT:]] yezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pokuti kuenzana kunogona kupukunyuka nokuvaka pamwe chete. [FL:]

Kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi zvinoda zvose zviri zviviri kuchinja nokuvandudza tsika. Kusimbisa kuzvimirira kwezvinobudisa nhau uye kusimudzira kurava nokunyora mashoko kungabatsira kurwisa mashoko asina kururama. Kuchinja kweElectoral — zvakadai sokuvhota kwakatanhamara, masangano okuzvimirira, uye kutambanudza kusvika kunzvimbo inoshandira — kunogona kuita sarudzo huru zvikuru uye kumiririra. Kusimbisa upfumi hwemari uye nzira dzemari dzokutsigira nadzo mari kunogona kuderedza pesvedzero yavapi vapfumi vogarira voga voga uye kudzorera chivimbo mumasangano avamiririri. Panguva iyoyo, kusimudzira tsika dzehurukuro yevagari vemo, dzidzo yenzanga, uye kuroodzadza nzanga kunogona kuvakazve dzimbahwe renzanga iro mari inotsamira paripo.

Kuchinja Kwenyika Yose KwechiRepublic

ChiRepublicanism hachina kuganhurirwa kunyika ipi neipi kana kuti nharaunda. Muenzaniso weRepublica wakachinjirwa kumamiriro etsika akasiyana - siyana kupota nyika, kubva ku India (Republic yenyika hurusa) ku South Africa (nyika yepamutemo yakaberekerwa mukurwisana norstruction) ku [[FLT:]] Germany [[[FLT:]] (Republic republic republic resitives replatives inoval inovaki inovakwazve inovakwazve pashure pezvinotyisa zvechiNazi). Nyika dzose idzi dzakava namasangano echiRepublication kunhauro yadzo, magariro enzanga, uye magamuchidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuchinja kwadzimwero yechikurusaro yeidzo yechitematiki inopfumisa mamiriro ezvinhu adzodzoro adzose.

Masangano enyika dzakawanda akadai se United Nations ne Internationalpotendi yeDidemocracy neElectoral helpation (IDEA) basa rokutsigira utongi hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupota nyika, kugovera zviwiro nokuda kwegadziriro yemitemo, dare rakasarudzwa, uye dzidzo yehurumende. Kuparadzirwa kwenyika yose kunoratidzira chikumbiro chehurumende inozvidavirira, inoganhurirwa, uye inogamuchira vanhu vainobatira.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi kweHurumende yeRiphabliki

Marepublic haana kukwana, anogona kuva anononoka, anokakavadzana, uye anokangaidza. Anoda nhamburiko yenguva dzose, kungwarira, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kubva kuvose vari vaviri vagari vemo navatungamiriri. Anogona kukundikana — seizvo Roman Republic, Weimar Republic, uye vamwe vazhinji vanoratidzira.

Nhau yokuedza nokuvandudza inhau yehurumende. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuwanazve ndokusimbisazve nheyo dzokutonga kwehurumende yeRepublic — mutemo wokuparadzana, kudzivirirwa kwemasimba, uye kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kwevagari vomunyika vanoziva. Idzi nheyo hadzisati dziri kuzviparadza; dzinotsamira pakuzvipira kwavanhu vanonzwisisa ukoshi hwavo uye vanodisa kuvadzivirira. Munyika umo zvinotsiva zvoudzvinyiriri zvinopfuurira kukwezva, basa rokuchengetedza nokusimbisa masangano eRepublican rinoramba riri rokukurumidzira sezvakwakambova.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti marepublic ari akadini, kuti anoshanda sei, uye nei achikosha, vagari vemo vanogona kuva vatori rutivi vanobudirira zvikuru mukudzora kwavo vamene — uye vadziviriri vanokwanisa zvikuru vegadziriro inopera simba, inokosha yokuzvitonga uko uriphabliki hunoita kuti kubvire. Nokuda kwokuravazve panheyo dzouzivi dzeRepublicism, [FLT] SS [FLT] Encyclopedia of Philosophy inogovera nhau yakaisvonaka, nepo Encyclopædia Britannica inogovera nhau yehurumende yeRepublican.