War Powers Resolution ya 1973 inomira seimwe yenharo hurusa dzemitemo munhau yeAmerica. Yakanyoreswa pamusoro paPurezidhendi Richard Nixon’s, yakarongedzerwa kunzvera simba rapurezidhendi rokuisa mauto eU.S. kurwisano dzakashongedzerwa pasina mvumo yedare. Mavambo awo, zvisinei, akabatanidzwa zvikuru nekurukurirano dzemitemo pamusoro perondedzero yapamutemo yapanguva yakafanira pamusoro pemasimba apurezidhendi. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, uzivi hwetsika dzapakuvamba (jere), pfungwa yokuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yapakuvamba panguva yebvumirano. Mavatongi, vatongi, uye vagadziri vemitemo yehondo. Nyaya iyi inonzvera kuti uzivi hwepakuvamba hwakapesvedzera sei Hondo zveHondo, kurwisana kwemitemo uye kurwisana kwepamutemo kwakavapo pakati pesimba.

Kunzwisisa Uzivi Hwokuvamba

Uzivi hwezvorudzidziso hunotaura kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kushandurwa parevo yokuti vanhu vane mufungo vaizova vakakunzwisisa kuva kwakwakava panguva yarakatenderwa. Uku kuita kunosimbisa revo yapakuvamba yorugwaro nemamiriro enhau enhambo yokuvamba, kazhinji kazhinji kudzivisa rondedzero dzedare kana kuti dzezvamatongerwe enyika idzo dzinochinja nemipimo yapanguva ino. Chechi yeChirungu haisati iri iyo iyo iyo inova nerevo huru. [[FLT: 0] donzo revo [[FLT: 1] rinonangidzira paizvo mafitiro amene akarongedzerwa, nepo yavanhu] inotarira kuti mugari wemo ane mufungo angava akanzwisisa sei rugwaro rwemitemo panguva yerationzi. Vazvino uno uno uno uno uno unova Antonin vadededei vaGenescial, savaderist Sclarence, Sclarence anotomy, anotomy anotosaience.

Uzivi hwakawana kupesana mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20 semhinduro kune zvakaonekwa navatsoropodzi sechiito chokutonga uye kuverengwa kukuru kwesimba guru. Mumashoko akapoteredza emasimba ehondo, vatangi vanotaura kuti rugwaro nechimiro zveBumbiro remitemo zvinogovera kupesana kwakajeka, kwakatsiga kwechiremera pakati peCongress napurezidhendi. Iri boka, rinopikisana, rakarongedzerwa kudzivisa rudzi rwechiito chehondo chimwe chete icho Hondo Yemasimba ehondo yakaitirwa kudzora gare gare gare. Kupfurikidza nokuomerera kurevo yapakuvamba, vanodavira kuti kuparadzanisa kwemitemo yemasimba kunochengetwa, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende inochengetwa munhau dzehondo norugare.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Esimba Rehondo

Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yamasimba ehondo inowanwa zvikurukuru muNhevedzo I ne II. Chikamu I chinopa Congress simba rokuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta mauto ehondo, uye kuita mitemo nokuda kwokudzora kwamauto ane zvombo. Chikamu II chinoratidzira purezidhendi seMutungamiriri weGuta reHondo neGuta reHondo, uye remauto ehurumende apo anodanwa mubasa rehurumende. Boka iri rakanga riri muuyo wokusanongedzerwa paGungano reMitemo yeChibvumirano yeMitemo ya1787, chinoratidzira kusava novuriro yesimba rehurumende risingadzorwi nokuziva kudikanwa kwemurairo wakabatana mukati merwisano.

Chiono Chavatangi

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba dzinonongedzera kunharo dzavatangi kujekesera kunzwisisa kwavo masimba ehondo. James Madison akatsinhirana muFederalist Papers kuti gadziriro yeChession yecheki nedzikamo yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti “simba rokuzivisa hondo” raizoiswa muCongress, nepo purezidhendi aizoita hondo yakamboziviswa. Alexander Hamilton, muFederalist No. 69, akasiyanisa purezidhendi weAmerica namambo weBritain, achisiyanisa kuti masimba apurezidhendi seMutungamiriri wemaganhurirwa wemonare, achisiyanisa kuti masimba aizova“ akaderera zvikuru” kuMami, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti purezidhendi wacho aisagona kuzivisa hondo pasina kubvumirana neDare. Nyanzvi dzechechi dzinosimbisa kuti vaone simba rokuvamba kuita chibvumirano chehurumende, mutsika yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Rugwaro Nemavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo

Kubva mumurangariro wapakuvamba, rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo rimene rune mhete. Proging War Clausle (Article I, Chikamu 8, Claus 11) inopa Congress simba rapose kuti “kuzivisa Hondo,” iro vazivi vapakuvamba vanodudzira serinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri zviziviso zvemitemo netendero nokuda kwebvumirano yehondo. Mutungamiriri-Chief Claus (Mutenzi II, Chikamu 2, Clause) chinopa murairo pamauto anenge ava mumunda, asi harisati richireva simba rokuvamba hondo. Vapristary vanotaura kuti kurava kupi nokupi nokupi nokupindwa kwapa purezidhendi weSangano (Chief-Chief Claus) uko kunobvumira kuti nenzira isati yapa mavambo neyapa muganhu yehondo isati yapamhine muganhu wokutanga uye inodzo inodzo inosano yakagadzwa.

Chisarudzo Chesimba reHondo: Kugamuchira Vatungamiriri

War Powers Resolution ya 1973 yakaitwa mushure meHondo yeVietnam, rwisano umo purezidhendi weLyndon Johnson naRichard Nixon vakaita mabasa makuru ehondo pasina ziviso yehondo yapamutemo kubva kuCongress. Donzo guru reRevolution rakanga riri rokudzorera chiremera chesangano pamusoro pokugadzira hondo uye kudzivisa purezidhendi vomunguva yemberi kuita rwisano ine zvombo pasina bvumirano. Gadziriro huru dzinobatanidza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Chibvumirano: purezidhendi anofanira kubvunza Congress “muchinoitika chiri chose chinobvira” asati apinza masimba mukurwisana kana kuti migariro umo kubatanidzwa muhondo kwava pedyo kunoratidzirwa.
  • Kushuma: purezidhendi anofanira kuendesa mushumo wakanyorwa kuCongress mukati mamaawa 48 okusuma masimba, achitsanangura migariro, chiremera, uye inofungidzirwa ukuru nourefu hwevimbiso.
  • Act:[ Kutoti Congress ichizivisa hondo kana kuti chibvumirano chiito, masimba anofanira kubviswa mukati mamazuva 60, nefutunuko inobvira yamazuva 30 nokuda kwekotsekano yamauto.
  • Chisarudzo chapanguva ino: pakuvamba, Congress ingagona kuda kubviswa kwamasimba nokukurumidza kupfurikidza nokupfuudza chisarudzo chapanguva imwe, kunyange zvazvo iyi gadziriro yakashatiswa nenzira inobudirira nechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro muna 1983 mu S v. Chadha, icho chaidavira kuti magweta akanga asina kudzorwa.

Chisarudzo chacho chakanga chiri mhinduro yakananga kuvatungamiriri vainyengera, asi kushanda kwacho kwebumbiro remitemo kwakapanikirwa kubvira panguva yakwakanyorwa.Vanyori vechitendero chepakutanga vave vari pakati pevatsoropodzi vakwo vakawanda.

Kukumbira Kwemasimba Ehondo Kwekare

Vazivi vepakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji vanorangarira War Powers Resolution sebvumirano yokururamisa pamusoro pechinoshatisa mugove wapakuvamba weMitemo wemasimba ehondo.

Kupinzwa Pasimba Rapasi Romukuru Mukuru

Nyanzvi dzenhau dzinotaura kuti chibvumirano chinobvumira chibvumirano chinopfuuridzirwa (chinopa chinyorwa nenguva yokubvisa. Chinodikanwa chokuti mauto adzingwe pashure pamazuva 60) Hurumende isingabvumiki nenzira inopfuurira kubvumira bvumirano inopa Congress `pachirongwa chehondo inopfuurira. Ichi, vatangi vanopikisana, kuti mamiriro ezvinhu apakuvamba ashande kuti purezidhendi anodzorwa namauto anenge angoshandiswa. Sezvo Mutongi Scalia akanyoresa mubvumirano yake Hamdi. VFLT.[FLD1] [2001], mutungamiriri weChin-Fysiffiat anobatanidzawo kuronga uye kuronga kudzosarusa.

Kuzivisa Hondo kwaClaus uye Revo ye “Hondo”

Vazivi venhau dzekare vanodenhawo rondedzero yakajeka yeRevolution ye “kurwisana.". Chisarudzo chinonyandura kushuma nezvinodikanwa zvokurega apo masimba anopinzwa mu“ hondo” kana kuti “kupesana uko kubatanidzwa muhondo kwava pedyo kunoratidzirwa zvakajeka nemigariro.” Vazivi veConfecto yeConstitution’s Proging War Clause vanopikisa kuti console yakaredzerwa kufukidza kuvimbisana kuduku kuri kwose kana kuti kurwisana kwenhambo pfupi. Madine, somuenzaniso, anosiyaniswa pakati pe “hondo yakakwana” uye“ hondo yakakwana" (yakaganhurirwa). Vamwe vamavambo anochengeta kuti purezidhendi webumbiro remitemo abvumire kuita denho dzehondo dzisati dzaitwa, sezvo izvi zvisarengwe zvisina kukura kusvika pakukura kwadzorwa kwehondo. Chikanganiso chakaoma kurwisana, kurwisana nokusarira kutsanangura kwose kwokunzwisisa.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Nokuzvidavirira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mumwe mutsigiri wemavambo anoisa ngwariro pakanganisika kwechisarudzo chechinjo yebumbiro-mitemo ramasimba. Vatsi vemavambo vanotaura kuti apo Vavambi vanomanikidzira kugadzira gadziriro umo bazu rimwe nerimwe richava namasimba akasiyana nemitoro, uye kuti Chisarudzo chinopinganidza miganhu iyi kupfurikidza nokupa mifungo kuChibvumirano yechipiri yemazano. Ikoku kunoderedza kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo Congress inomanics inomanikidzirwa kuvhotera kana kuti kushora bvumirano yehondo, mitezo yeDare reHurumende inogona kudzivisa mutoro nokuda kwechisarudzo chokutanga, nepo purezidhendi ane mhaka yerwisano. Chechi yetendero inofanira kuuya kuChibvumirano chemitemo pamberi pokutanga, panzvimbo pokuva nea yeChibvumirano, panzvimbo pokuva nebvumirano chapa pamutemo kupinda mutendero.

Kupomera Nezvidudziro Zvapashure

Vatsoropodzi vefundo dzemavambo dzemasimba ehondo — kubatanidza nyanzvi dzinotsigira War Powers Resolution(artgue kuti revo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro reMitemo haisati yakajeka seizvo vatsigiri vapakuvamba vanotaura. Vanoonesa kuti Vavambi vamene havana kubvumirana pamusoro pebasa resimba rechiremera, uye muitiro wenhau iwoyo chibviro chokuvamba wakawedzera nguva dzose chiremera chapurezidhendi. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Thomas Jefferson (Hondo dzeBumbiro reMitemo yeMitemo) naJames Polk (Hondo yeMexicania neAmerican) vose vari vaviri vakabatanidzwa muzviito zvehondo pasina kuzivisa kwehurumende yapamberipo, kugadza zviito zvapakuvamba nokuda kwechineitwe chavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru.

Vatsigiri veRevolution vanotaurawo kuti hondo yazvino uno inoratidzirwa nenzvimbo dzinodzorwa nokukurumidza, mabasa okuvhara, uye ugandanga hwenyika yose . Nhaka huru kubva parwisano dzechi18 nerechiNgezi Vavambi vakafungidzira. Vanopikisa kuti kududzira kwepakuvamba kuti kuganhurira kwoupurezidhendi nenzira yakaoma hakubviri munyika umo tyisidziro dzinogona kuoneka nokukurumidza. Uku ndiko kusagadzikana kukuru mukurukurirano: vafundisi vapakuvamba vanorumbidza kutendeka kurugwaro rwebumbiro-mitemo nerefekitari, nepo vashori vavo vanosimbisa chinodikanwa chinoshanda nechinodikanwa chokuchinjirwa nemitemo.

Dare Rapamusoro rakadzivisa zvikuru kutonga zvakananga pamusoro pechibvumirano chemitemo cheChisarudzo cheHondo. Mu Crocker v.Reagan [19984] uye Campbell v. Clinton [2000], matare akaderera aidavira kuti nhau dzacho dzakanga dzisiri mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika isina ruramisiro, achisiya chisarudzo muhurumende yokusava nechero. Uku kudzora kwedare kwakabvumira mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuudzira makwikwidzano awo pamusoro pamasimba ehondo pasina nhungamiro yakajeka yebumbiro remitemo.

Chisarudzo Chiri Mukushandiswa: Kubva Kuimba Yembato Kuenda Kubhidhani

Chifo chokugadzwa kwake, hakuna purezidhendi akabvuma Chisarudzo cheHondo sechinosungirwa nebumbiro remitemo. Purezidhendi ari wose kubva kuGerald Ford kusvikira kuJoe Biden akaisa mishumo mugadziriro yokushuma yeRevolution, asi vakaita nguva dzose saizvozvo “kubatana ne” panzvimbo pe“kuwana chibvumirano, kuchengeta kurambidzwa kwavo kwemitemo. Muitiro uyu wakaita chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa cheRevolution chaMazuva 60 kubuda nguva inopfupika zvikuru. Mapuresi akasatanga mabasa ehondo muGrenada (19983), Panama (19999), Peresia (1991), Balkan (1999), Livia (201), uye (2017) pamberi pekutsvaka mvumo.

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba dzave dzichitsoropodza zvikuru izvi zviito. Vanopikisa kuti mapurezidhendi, pasinei zvapo nechikamu, akafuratira nenzira yakarongwa revo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro reMitemo kupfurikidza nokubata simba reMutungamiriri nomurwi sebasa rokufamba - famba kuti ashandise simba pose pavanoona kuti rakakodzera. Chisarudzo cheHondo, chakaitwa pakuvamba kuongorora mufambiro uyu, panzvimbo pezvo chakava shizha remitsetse iyo purezidhendi anoshandisa kutaura kuti abvuma nepo anopfuurira kuita chimwe chinhu. Kubva mumurangariro wepakuvamba, Chisarumbidzo chakakundikana kudzorera dzikamo yemitemo yemasimba ehondo, nemhaka chaiyo nemhaka yokuti chakagadzirwa pamusoro pemirangariro isiri yepakuvamba pamusoro pechisarudzo chapamutemo.

Nharo Dzazvino Uno Nenguva Yemberi Yesimba Rehondo

Gakava pamusoro pouzivi hwekare neWar Powers Resolution rinopfuurira kupedzerwa mukurukurirano dzemiitiro yenhambo nenhambo. Nhengo mbiri dzinoshanda zvikuru ndiko kushandiswa kweuto mukurwisana navatambi vasiri venyika uye kutsamira kuri kuwedzera paChibvumirano nokuda kwokushandisa Mauto Ehondo (AMF).

Kurovanywa Netsvina uye Kuurawa Kwevanyajambwa

Vatungamiriri vose veWar Power Resolm, Trump, uye Biden vakaita kurovanya uye vakarangana kuuraya mapoka amagandanga munyika dzakadai seYemen, Somalia, uye Pakistan. Uku kushanda kunowanzoitika pasi pechikumbaridzo che “hondo” sezvinorondedzerwa neRwer Powers Resolce, uye purezidhendi vakashandisa AUMFs kubva muna 2001 na2002 kuti vavapembedze. Vamiririri vepakuvamba vakasimudzira kuitira hanya kuti AUMFS, yakaitirwa kurwisana kwakananga muAfghanistantiast neIraq, yave yakarendeswa kupfuura zvayavo. Ikoku, vanopikisa, mutemo wemitemo uyo Dare remitemo rinofanira kubvumira kuti chiremera chive chigaro chitsva. Vamwe vatsigiriri nokuda kwekuzvipirazve kwehondo yehondo yehondo, umo hondo dzinoda kubvumira kuvhotera kutsigira kutsigira kutsigira kutsva kwehondo itsva.

Kuedza Kuchinja Simba Rehondo

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mitezo yeCongress yakabva kumativi ose ari maviri yakatanga mutemo wokudzosa kana kuti kuhwirudzura War Powers Resolution. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvinotsvaka kusimbisa chisarudzo kupfurikidza nokubvisa mano apurezidhendi okudzivisa kuzviisa pasi, nepo vamwe vangaganhurira ufakazi hwayo kubvumira uchenjeri hukuru zvikuru hwapurezidhendi. Nyanzvi dzepakuvamba dzakatsigira nhamburiko dzokudzorera masimba ehondo kunheyo yemitemo: kuraira kubatanidzwa kwechibvumirano chapamutemo chipi nechipi chaichoicho chehondo, nepo zvichibvumira purezidhendi kupindura migariro chaiyoiyo nemamiriro ezvinhu okuzvimirira. Chinetso mukurondedzera “kukwirira kwechinjo” uye“ kudzosera kupfurikidza nenzira iyo iri yose iri yomuzvarirwo.

mhedziso

Uzivi hwekare hunopa chibvumirano chine simba uye chakadzikamiswa cheHondo Chisarudzo. Kupfurikidza nokuomerera parevo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro reMitemo, vazivi vapakuvamba vanosimbisa nzira umo gadziriro dzeChisarudzo dzinoshandiswa nadzo . Zvikurukuru ganhuriro yezuva 60 rokurega uye zvinodikanwa zvokubvunza zvinopfuura izvo zvirongwa ndokudzongonyedza masimba apurezidhendi eHondo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vatangi vanotsoropodza zvikuru nzira iyo vapurezidhendi vakashandisa nayo zvisarudzo muChigamuchigamuchidzo kutsiva hondo pasina tendero yedare rinobvumira. Muuyo wacho igwema rinopanikirika: Chigadziro cheHondo Hachina kudzorera chiyero chemitemo icho varwi vapakuvamba kana kuti vagove vagovera basa nokuda kwemabasa ehondo azvino uno.

Sezvo United States inopfuurira kutarisana nedenho dzakaoma kutarisana nechengeteko (kubva kuugandanga hwenyika yose kusvikira kumakwikwi makuru amasimba) mubvunzo wokuti ndiani anosarudza apo mauto eAmerica anopinda munzira yokukuvadza anoramba achipfuurira seanokosha senguva dzose. Chitendero chekare, nesimbiso yacho parugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo nenzwi rokugadzira zvinhu, pasina panikiro chicharamba chiri chinhu chikuru mukurukurirano iyoyo. Kana chingagovera nzira kumasimba ehondo ane mubatanidzwa mukuru zvikuru (kana kuti chicharamba chiri bhendi rouzivi rinorwisana nezvinopesana nezvinopindwa nemitemo zvinoyerwa (jeresa) mubvunzo uyo muitiro womunguva yemberi bedzi nokududzirwa kwedare zvinogona kupindura.