Table of Contents

Kutanga: Zvinoreva Utongi Hwehurumende Yazvino Uno

Chirevo chehurumende chinomirira rudzi rwehurumende umo simba rakakwana rakanangidzirwa mumaoko omunhu mumwe kana kuti munhu muduku, asingaverengeki. Kusafanana negadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinoparadzira chiremera kupfurikidza nesarudzo, nzvero nedzinoganhuriro, uye ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, maautocracy anosimbisa kuita chisarudzo nokudzvinyirira. Nyaya ino inopa kunzverwa kukuru kweautocracy /i maitiro, mitoo yenhau, mitoo yokudzora, uye miuyo isingagumi nokuda kwenzanga. Kunzwisisa izvozvi kunokosha nokuda kwomupi noupi anonzvera miitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika yose, sezvo kudzora kweautocratic kunopfuurira kuumba upenyu hwamazana amamirioni avanhu nhasi.

Kurondedzera Kutonga: Nheyo Dzemitemo

Papfundo rayo guru, autocracy igadziriro umo munhu mumwe kana kuti boka rakasarudzwa rinoshandisa chiremera chisingadzorwi pahurumende navanhu varo. Mutongi kana kuti mutumbi unodzora hausati uchizviisa pasi pezvirambidzo zvapamutemo kana kuti zvesangano uye kazhinji kazhinji unotaura kuva woga pasimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Nheyo dzedemocratic dzakadai sokuparadzana kwamasimba, kusununguka uye kusarudzwa kwakarurama, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzavagari vemo haipo kana kuti inoderedzwa zvakakomba. Shoko pacharo rinobva pamidziro yechiGiriki [1] [FLT] (Umene) uye [FLT:] [FLT]] [3] .[ruSARUT]) (ruratilm) kana kuti mutemo mumwe. Zvisinei, injini yemiitiro yenyama yazvino unogona kutambanurira kudzorwa kuutsa udzori kana kuti idzorongedzeke.

Mativi Anokosha Egadziriro Dzegadziriro Dzezvinhu Dzinotonga

Utongi hwehurumende dzinotonga hunodzora hunobatana pamativi anoverengeka anovasiyanisa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti dzechikwata.

Kupa Simba Simba

Chiremera chose chine revo chezvamatongerwe enyika chinogara mumaoko omutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti murongi akasungwa zvikuru. Hakuna mapazu anozvimirira ehurumende, uye matare edare, echigaro, uye echengeteko anoshanda nokungwarira kwomutongi. Mabumbiro emitemo, kana aripo, anofuratirwa kana kuti kugadziridzwa padanho.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwedzidziso Dzematongerwe Enyika

Masangano echishoro anorambidzwa, anoiswa pasi pesimba, kana kuti anoiswa mumugariro usina simba. Masangano enzanga avanhuwo zvavo anotarisana nokunetswa, kuongororwa, kana kuti kuvharwa. Mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika yokutsiva inonzi inopandukira kana kuti inopandukira, kubvisa nenzira inobudirira mikoto yapamutemo yokuramba.

Kurambidzwa Kwerusununguko Rwevagari Vemo

Rusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, mapepanhau, uye rudzidziso runoganhurirwa nenzira ikarongwa. Kubudisa nhau kunodzorwa zvakasimba kana kuti kunodzorwa; kupinza paIndaneti kungacheneswa kana kuti kudzorwa; kuratidzira kwapachena kunosangana nesimba. Vagari vanogara vachinzverwa uye vachitya kurangwa nokuda kwokutaura mirangariro isingawirirani.

Kuvimba Nokubatana Uye Simba

Vatongi vehurumende vanochengeta simba kupfurikidza nechinhu chokudzivirira — mauto, mapurisa, masangano akangwara (“anoshandisa kusungwa, kutambudzwa, kunyangarika, uye masimba masimba patyisidziro dzinofungidzirwa. ”

Kushandiswa Kwezvinoitwa Nemakemikari

Apo sarudzo dzechikuva, dzakarongedzerwa kururamisa hurumende pasina kupinza mungozi makwikwi echokwadi.

Kutonga Kwomunhu Oga Nesekete Rounhu

Vatungamiriri vanowanzosakurira sekete rohunhu kupfurikidza neparadziro, mifananidzo, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinodzorwa nehurumende kuti vazviratidzire vamene sezvinokosha, zvisingakanganisi, uye zvakafanana norudzi.

Marudzi Eautocracy

Kudzora kwehurumende kunoshandisa zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvesangano, chimwe nechimwe chine manyuko akasiana - siana okururama uye mashandiro okudzora.

Mutongi Wakakwana

Muumambo hwakakwana, mambo (mambo, mambo, kana kuti mambo) ane chiremera chikurusa pasina miganhu yebumbiro remitemo.Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza Louis XIV weFrance neumambo hweSaudi nhasi, umo simba rinogarwa nhaka ndokudziviswa namasangano akasarudzwa. Chido chomutongi mutemo, uye kutevedzana kunowanzova nhevedzano.

Kudzvinyirira

Hudzvinyiriri ihurumende inodzora yehurumende umo mutungamiriri mumwe, anowanzova mutungamiriri wemauto kana kuti wehurumende inochinja zvinhu (*-aresa simba kupfurikidza nesimba kana kuti nenzira dzisiri dzenguva dzose. Mutongi anotonga nomutemo uye anobvisa vakwikwidzani vose. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Adolf Hitler muNazi Germany naFrancis Franco muSpain. Zviremera zvingava zvechinzvimbo chavanhu kana kuti zvehurumende, asi muzvinoitika zvose, chiremera chomutungamiriri chakakwana.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy inonongedzera kukutonga kunoitwa neboka duku rapamusoro revatungamiriri vebhizimisi ($obhuzalday), vatungamiriri vehondo, vakuru vakuru vebato, kana kuti varimi. Simba rinoshandiswa pamwe chete nokuda kwefariro dzeboka rinotonga panzvimbo pevoruzhinji. Russia pasi paVladimir Putin yakarondedzerwa segadziriro yeoligarchy umo mubatanidzwa wesiloviki (vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vakuru vechengetedzo) uye vafeya vanodzora nyika.

Ubati Ushe hwaMwari

Mumasangano oubati ushe hwaMwari, vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vanoshandisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudzora kwakavakirwa pamutemo woumwari. Iran’s Islam Republic muenzaniso wakatanhamara wenguva ino, umo Mutungamiriri Mukurusa worudzidziso ane chiremera chakakwana pamasangano akasarudzwa. Mitemo inofanira kuwirirana nedzidziso yorudzidziso, uye kupesana kunowanzorongwa sokupanduka.

Junta Mauto

junta ihurumende inotungamirirwa navakuru vakuru vanotora simba munhanharo kupfurikidza nechigadziko. junta inomisa bumbiro remitemo, inorambidza mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mitemo nemirairo yekurumidziro. Mienzaniso yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inobatanidza kutora mauto eMyanmar muna 2021 uye Chile pasi paGeneral Augusto Pinochochet kuvambira muna 1973 kusvikira muna 1990.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yamasimba Oumambo

Kutonga kwehurumende kune mavambo akadzama enhau, nehurumende dzakawanda dzinosiya zviratidzo zvisingadzimiki pamarudzi adzo nenyika.Heino mienzaniso inoverengeka ine pesvedzero iyo inoratidzira mativi akasiana - siana okutonga kwehurumende.

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union, 1920s-19553)

Stalin akashandura Soviet Union kuva nyika inodzvinyirira kupfurikidza neKomonisiti yeboka ramasimba makuru, kuchenesa kukuru, gadziriro yeGulag, uye mapurisa epachivande akawanda (NKVD). Akabvisa vashori vose chaivoivo vanofungidzira, kuronga upfumi kwakadzika midzi, uye akamanikidza sekete rohunhu. Mutengo womunhu wakanga uri ngwavaira: mamirioni akafa munzara, kuurawa, uye misasa yavashandi.

Adolf Hitler (Nazi Germany, 1933-1945)

Hitler’s Third Reich muenzaniso unoshandiswa webasa roudzvinyiriri hwehurumende inotonga vanhu. Pashure pokuva nesimba kupfurikidza nemitoo yapamutemo nokutyisidzira, akabvisa masangano ehurumende yedemocracy, akatanga utongi humwe, uye akaronga kuparadza kukuru. Kudzora kwake kwehurumende kwakachengetwa kupfurikidza neGestapo, SS, uye chishandiso chamashoko akapararira.

Kim Il-sung naKim Jong-un (North Korea, 1948-presente)

North Korea chirevo chehurumende chechiNgezi chinobatanidza sekete rohunhu noudzori hwakakwana hwehurumende. Mhuri yaKim yakatonga kwezvizvarwa zvitatu, ichitaura utungamiriri hwepfungwa dzaJuche (kuzvivimba). Hurumende inodzora zvinobudisa nhau dzose, inoganhurira kufamba, inoita misasa yetorongo hurusa, uye inoisa mari yakawanda muhondo apo chiverengero chavagari vemo chinotarisana nenhamo yakakomba yemari.

Fidel Castro (Cuba, 1959-2008)

Utongi hweMarx-Leninist hwakadzvinyirira chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinhu zvomunhu oga, uye yakatanga nyika imwe. Kuodzwa mwoyo kwakaparirwa, uye zviuru zvakatiza chitsuwa. Nepo hurumende yakagovera dzidzo nezvoutano, yakaganhurirawo rusununguko ndokuchengeta nzanga yamapurisa yapachivande. Mukoma wake Raúl akamutsiva, uye tsika inopfuurira nhasi.

Mubatanidzwa waAdolf Hitler muEurope: Benito Mussolini (Italy, 1922-1943)

Utongi hwemuMussolini muItaly hwakanga huri utongi hwechi20 hwapakuvamba hwakaparadza mabato edemokrasi, hwakaita mapurisa epachivande (OVRA), uye hwakashandisa mashoko anoparadzirwa kuvaka sekete rakapoteredza mutungamiriri. Kunyange zvazvo hwaiva hushoma kupfuura Germany yaHitler, hwakatanga mutevedzeri weautocracy yakapesvedzera hurumende dzakawanda.

Kutonga kwapakati muAfrica: Sani Abakaba (Nigeria, 1993-1988)

Mutungamiriri wehondo Sani Abaka akabvuta simba mukubvuta hurumende ndokutonga Nigeria nechibhakera chesimbi. Akarambidza basa rezvematongerwe enyika, vatori venhau vakasungwa, uye aifungidzirwa kuva akafurira mabhiriyoni.hurumende yake yakaratidzira utongi hwehondo muAfrica yapashure pokunge yava nyika inotongwa nehurumende, umo masangano ane udzvinyiriri uye mapoka edzinza aiwanzoita kuti udzvinyiriri hushande.

Mashandisiro Anoita Mashandiro Anoita Urongwa Hwematomudenga: Kudzora

Vatongi vehurumende vanoshandisa nzira dzakawanda dzokuita nadzo kuti varemekedze chiremera chavo uye vadzivise zvinetso.

Mashoko Anoparadzirwa uye Kudzora Mashoko

Vadzori vanodzora kufamba kwamashoko kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau zvakasanocherekedzwa kana kuti zvakasanocherekedzwa. Vanozvigadza vamene savadziviriri vedzikamo yorudzi, chengeteko, kana kuti mipimo yetsika, apo vanenge vachiisa vashori mumadhemoni savamiriri vokumwe kana kuti vavengi vavanhu. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza paradziro yeNazi pasi paJoseph Goebbels nagadziriro dzechiwi dzechikwereti zvenzanga netsorororo dzechinyiko dzenzanga dzechiChina.

Mapatronage NeElites Cooption

Vamiririri vanotusa vatsigiri vakavimbika nezvinzvimbo, pfuma, uye maropafadzo. Kupfurikidza nokudzora kusvika kuzvibvumirano zvemari, mabasa ehurumende, nyika, uye marezinesi (hwunovaka chikwata chokushandisa chinotsamira panyasha dzinopfuurira dzomutongi. Iyi inowirirana inobvira inowirirana uye inovimbisa fariro yevakakwirira mukupukunyuka kwehurumende.

Kuchengeteka uye Kuonekwa Nenjere

Hurumende inotarisira kuchengeteka kukuru yavagari vemo, inopinza mumapoka etsoropodzo, uye inodzivisa tyisidziro dzisati dzaoneka. Mapurisa ezvamatongerwe enyika (muchiito, Stasi muEast Germany, KGB muUSSR, SVAK muIran) inoita kuti mamiriro okunze okutya. Kushandiswa kwevazivisi kwakapararira, kuchikurudzira kuzvivarira kuzvibatanidza uye kukanganisa nzanga.

Migariro Yebumbiro remitemo Nezvisarudzo Zvinodzorwa

Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvazvino uno zvinochengeta zvimiro zvokunze zvedemokrase(nzi “demokratismendis, paramende, sarudzo) nepo zvichivimbisa kuti hazvipi chinetso chaicho kumutongi. Chishoro chinorambidzwa, chinomanikidzirwa kupinda mumapati omucheto, kana kuti chinobvumirwa bedzi sevhara rinodzorwa. "Ubati ushe hwehurumende" hunobetsera kuva nomufananidzo wapamutemo nokuwana yamuro yamarudzi ose.

Mazano Okuparadzanisa uye Okutonga

Vamiririri vanoshandisa mapoka edzinza, echitendero, kana kuti enharaunda kuti vadzivise kushora kwakabatana. Vangapa ropafadzo boka rimwe pane vamwe, kunetsana kwepakati, kana kuti kushandisa kupomera kukundikana kudzora.

Kutapura Kunoita Autocracy Munzanga

Migumisiro yokutonga kweautocracy inotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu(sarejistati, mari, nzanga, uye ndangariro. Nepo mamwe maautocracracy achiwana dzikamo yenhambo pfupi kana kuti kukurumidza kugadzira zvinhu, ndyiko dzenhambo refu dzakakura.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwerusununguko Rwezvematongerwe Enyika

Kupindira mune zvematongerwo enyika kunotsiviwa nokuteerera kusingashandiswi.

Kusagadzikana Kwemari Nokusaenzana

Urongwa hwemaautocracracy hunowanzotambura nokugoverwa kwemari kusina kwazvo, chikamari, uye mwero yakakwirira youshati. Pasina gadziriro dzinooneka dzemitemo kana kuti kodzero dzezvinhu, kushambadzira mari kune dzimwe nyika kungadziviswa. Nepo mamwe maautocratats (g., Lee Kuan Yew muSingapore) akakwanisa kukura mune zvemari, mamwe akawanda (umr., Mugabe muZimbabwe) anoparadza upfumi hwavo. Ukanyanya kuwanda sokuwana mitengo yenyika. [[FLT: 0]] Kunzvera kwemasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika kunoratidza kuti maauto ane mwero yokukura kwenguva refu kupfuura democrati.

Kupunzwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwegadziriro dzetsika − kutambudzwa, kuchengetwa kwokudzvinyirira, kunyangarika kwakamanikidzirwa, kuuraya kwezvokurapa kwakapararira muhurumende. Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu eependent anorambidzwa kana kuti anonetswa. International Criminal Court yakapomera vatungamiriri vanoverengeka vehurumende mhaka dzavanhu.

Kusagadzikana Nekusagadzikana Kwenzanga

Kudzvinyirirwa kunoparira pfundepfunde. Apo nhamo yemari kana kuti mativi ezvamatongerwe enyika anotanga, zvichemo zvakadzvinyirirwa zvinogona kuparira kusabvumirana, kumukira, kana kuti kumukira. Arabian Spring ya2012 yakaratidzira kuti maautocracy anoratidzika kuva akatsiga (Tunia, Egypt, Libya) anogona kuparara nokukurumidza apo masangano akakurumbira anokurira rutyo. Zvisinei, chinjo dzinowanzotungamirira kukusagadzikana kwenguva refu kana kuti zvimiro zvitsva zvemaromatomato.

Kuwa Kwechivimbo Chavose Neguta Guru Renzanga

Mumasangano ehurumende, vagari vemo vanodzidza kusavimba masangano uye kusava noushamwari. Kuvimba kwehurumende navanonzvera uye kunoparadza kubatana kwenzanga. Vanhu vanozvipinza muupenyu hwavo voga, vachidzivisa rudzi rupi norupi rwebvumirano yehurumende ingakwezva. Uku kupesana kunogona kupfuurira kunyange pashure pokuchinja kwehurumende.

Kuchinja Kubva Kuutongi Hwoutongi Hunoende Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Utongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu hwakawanda nhasi hwakabuda mumasangano ehurumende achichinja zvishoma nezvishoma, achichinja zvinhu, kana kuti achichinja.

Nzira Dzokuchinja

Kuparadza kunogona kubva mukurukurirano dzapamusoro (g., Spain pashure porufu rwaFranco), kumukira kwakakurumbira (mutook., Rupanduko rweHukunje rweHumi yePhilippines muna 1986), kana kuti kukundwa kwehondo (mutook., Germany neJapan pashure peHondo Yenyika II). Muzvimwe zviitiko, vaorocrates vanoderera nokuzvidira mukupindura kudzvinyiriro yomukati kana kuti yokunze, sezvakaitika muChile pashure pokurasikirwa nePinochetech's arseum.

Mhinganidzo Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Inogara

Kuchinja kubva muautocracy hausi muitiro unotevedzerwa. Kutonga kwomutemo kusingadzoreki, kusaenzana kukuru, uye tsika yeudzvinyiriri zvinogona kubvisa udzori hwehurumende inodzorwa nemunhu. Nyika zhinji dzinowana "backlack" umo masangano ehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji matsva anotapwa neyaichimbova maautocrat kana kuti oligarch, kuchitungamirira kukudzorwa kwehurumende yedemokrati kana kuti chikwata chehurumende yechisimba yechidhimoni chinotsiva mativi mazhinji eaicho.

Fundo Yenhau: Chitsuwa cheArabia Nemigumisiro Yacho

Kuramba kwakakurumbira kwakapararira kuMiddle East muna 2011 kwakawisira pasi vatongi vane simba vagara kwenguva refu muTunisia, Egypt, Libya, neYemen. Asi Tunisia bedzi ndiyo yakakwanisa kusimbisa gadziriro yedemokrase. MuIjipiti, chiuto chakadzorwazve pasi paAbdel Fattah el-Sisi, kuchiumba chirongwa chitsva cheautocracy chinodzvinyirira zvikuru kupfuura chekare. Ijipiti inoenzanisira kuti kubvisa autocratat hakuvimbisi democracy; pasi pemasangano esimba uye zvinhu zvenyika yose zvinova namasangano azvose anoita mabasa anokosha.

Kutonga KwechiNgezi Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Utongi hweautocracy hahusi chinhu chisaririra chenguva yakapfuura. Mukuwirirana neDemocracy Index yakabudiswa neEconomist Intelligence Unit, inoda kuva 40% yavagari venyika inogara muhurumende dzinodzvinyirira. Marudzi akadai seChina, Russia, Iran, Turkey, Venezuela, Hungary, uye Belarus akaona kudzorwa kwehurumende yedemokratiki kana kuti kubatanidzwa kwekutonga kweautocratic mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Unyanzvi hutsva hwezvokunzvera, kudzora magariro, ungwaru hwenzanga, uchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu nemidziyo isina kumboitika kuti zvidzore nokudzora vagari vemo.

Kumuka kwe "Dhipatimentialism ” munyika dzakadai seChina, negadziriro yayo yechikwereti yenzanga neGreat Firewall, kunomirira mhindumupindu yeidzoro. Munguva ino, dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dziri kugamuchirawo matanho asina kukodzera kuiswa muuwandu hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji (hwunomanikidzira rusununguko, kuderedza majaji, kana kuti kuputsa zvirongwa zvechishoro.) Kunzwisisa autocracy inoshanda zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwehurumende, kunzvera kwemitemo, uye kudzivirira kwemipimo yedemocracy.

Mugumo: Chikonzero Nei Kunzwisisa Nhau Dzeudzvinyiriri

Utongi hwehurumende, muzvimiro zvahwo zvakawanda, hunoramba huri mutoo mukuru wehurumende munyika yose. Kurondedzera kwahwo mativi , kudzvinyirirwa kwesimba, kudzvinyirirwa, uye kutsamira pakumanikidzwa . zvinoparira miuyo mikuru nokuda kworusununguko rwomunhu, kubudirira kwezvemari, uye kuva negarikano. Nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti gadziriro dzemaautocracy dzinogona kupa kutsiga kana kuti kuchinja nokukurumidza, chinyorwa chenhau chinoratidza kuti idzi mhindudzo dzinowanzova dzinopfupikiswa uye dzinouya pakurasikirwa nokutambura kukuru. [FLD] Kuchinja utongi hunova nohumbiso dzinoda kuzvipira kumutemo, masangano anozvimirira, uye kubatanidzwa kwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza urongwa hwezviito zvechitokisi chadzo, tinoshongedzerwa zviri nani kuziva tyisidziro kurukuremekedza nokutsigira masangano avanhu. [FFF]