MuAmerican, masangano maviri makuru , Democratic Party ne Republican Party [ .(madamusarudzo nehurumende. Nepo mapoka echitatu aripo, United States yashanda nenzira inobudirira se [[FLT]] system [ yenhau yayo zhinjisaitiro. Asi nei nhau yacho, uye chii chakaedzwa kana kuti chikarakadzwe? Kupfuurira kwei kunobva pagadziriro huru yesangano renhau, tsaona dzenhau, uye zvikarakadzo zvakadzika mipimo izvo zvinodzivisa. Kunzwisisa izvozvi hakungori madikanwa bedzi nokuda kwemakwikwikwidza.

Chikonzero Nei U.S. Ine Muitiro Wamativi Maviri

Gadziriro ine mativi maviri haimanikidzwi neBumbiro reMitemo; panzvimbo pezvo, inobuda muvhenganiswa yamaminisita anovhota, zvirongwa zvapamutemo, uye kutsamira kwenhau. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anowanzonongedzera ku Duverger’s Mutemo [[, uyo unoita kuti maruwa ane mitezo imwe chete nevoruzhinji ade kuvhota apedzedzeredzei kubudisa gadziriro mbiri dzezvikamu. MuUnited States, rutivi rwuri rwose runosimbisa iyi tsvo.

Muwine Tora Kusarudza Kwose

Sarudzo zhinjisa dzeU.S. dzinoshandisa gadziriro yekutanga- yakapfuura-post [, umo mukwikwidzi ane vhoti zhinjisa awina(kunyange pasina voruzhinji). Ikoku kunoodza mwoyo mapoka maduku, sezvo vhoti dzawo dzisingatongoshanduriri muzvigaro. Vavhoti vechitatu vanohwina 10 muzana yevhoti, nepo boka guru rinowina 51 muzana muruwa rinowana mufananidzo wakazara. Iyi tapuro yemibato, inozivikanwa se “yakanga ine chinetso chevhoti, inoendesa kuboka guru ravanhu vaviri nokuda kwokutya kurasa vhiya yavo.

2. Electoral College

Electoral College musarudzo yamapurofesa inosimbisa chirongwa chezvikamu zviviri. Nemhaka yokuti vazhinji vanotaura mavhoti evhoti pamubayiro pahwaro hwose, vapatunhu vanotamburira kuwana trakiti. Nhamburiko yechitatu yerudzi inowana 20 muzana yevhoti yakakurumbira ingagona nyore kugamuchira mavhoti ezero kana akakundikana kukwirira 50 muzana munyika imwe. Kuvhota kwazvino uno bedzi kwakafanana naGeorge Wallace muna 1968 kwakauya kubva kuvatapambwa nyika dzose. Electoral Colleges inoumba chivako chikuru kuti vapinde mumakwikwikwi okushandira enyika.

3. Mavambo Enhau

Kuvambira pamavambo chaipo, mapoka akaumbwa kumativi akapoteredza zviono zvinokwikwidzana nokuda kworudzi rwacho: Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists muna 1790. Nokufamba kwenguva, ichi chirongwa chamaviri chakava tsika. Gadziriro yokutanga (Federalist vs. Demoracys-Republicans) yakaputsika, kuzotsiviwa bedzi ne Democrates vs. Whigs, uye ipapo nanhasi Democrates vs. Republican. Kuchinja kumwe nokumwe kwakachengeta makwikwikwidzano maviri nemhaka yokuti gadziriro inova pasi penyika haisati yachinja. Kunyange kumuka kupfupi kwokufambira mberi kweChiwirirano mu191262909. Chiwitiko chaMagaro chaMagariro enhau anokundikana kuputsa nzira yokuchinja zvikuru.

4. Kuwana Bharuti Nemirau Yenharo

Mitemo yenyika nekurukurirano yenyika kazhinji kazhinji zvinoita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kwavada kukwaniriswa nokuda kwezvikamu zvechitatu kana kuti kutora rutivi mukurukurirano huru, ichisimbisa kudzorwa kwamativi makuru maviri. Mitemo yokupinda yeBallot inosiana nenzira youpengo: mune dzimwe nyika, boka idzva rinofanira kuunganidza zviuru zvesiginicha pamberi pesarudzo, nepo mapoka makuru anokwaniriswa nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Commission on Presidential Democratic Commentations neRepublican mapapati, inoisa musimboo wokuvhotera 15 muzana nokuda kwokubatanidza [1]a bar inodokuva iri nhambo yechitatu yezvikamu zvapamutemo yabviswa chinenge tsaona; izvo zvakagadzirwa uye zvakachengetwa namabato makuru maviri kuti zvigadzirwe.

5. Nhamba Dzakafara

Vose vari vaviri vaRepublicans naDemocrates vanounganidza mapoka akasiyana- siyana mu “mubatanidzwa,” kuderedza nzvimbo yokuti mapoka amarudzi apfuure. Dhemocratic inobatanidza masangano ebasa anofambira mberi, masangano avashandi, vavhoti vashoma, uye vane mwero; mubatanidzwa weRepublica unobatanidza evhangeri, vamiririri, vatsigiri vemitengo, uye vazivi venyika. Nokutora mifungo yokuwedzera, mapoka makuru anodzivisa kuumbwa kwemapati echikwata chimwe. Iyi nzira inoshanda nemhaka yokuti gadziriro yetsika inosarudzwa navose inodzosa: boka rinorega kurira ramato raiparadzanisa mavhotera eDdemocratic namavhotationotairwe. Naizvozvo vapanduki vanoramba vari mukati metende.

Migumisiro Yegadziriro Yezvikamu Zviviri

Mativi maviri ane miuyo mikuru pakudzora, kumirira, uye hurukuro yavose.

  • Kushanda: Nhamba yakaganhurirwa yemapati inoita sarudzo dzakananga nedzokudzora zvikuru. Masangano anoumba pamberi pesarudzo panzvimbo pashure, uko kunogona kupfavisa chirango chepati negadziriro yemitemo. Kuvavhoti vazhinji, chisarudzo cheviri chinoderedza vhiringidziko pabhokisi rebhoroti.
  • Kuchinja: Nezvisarudzo zvikuru zviviri bedzi, gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika rinowanzova rakasiana zvikuru. Magariro rimwe nerimwe anozvimirira amene saakasiana nerimwe, achikwidziridza nhimbe dzakashata nerucheno rwepfungwa. Nzvimbo yepakati inoderera, sezvo mativi ose ari maviri anokwikwikwidzana kusimbisa nzvimbo yavo panzvimbo pokufara pakati.
  • Chimichidzo chakadimudzirwa: Mifungo iri kunze kwezvikamu zviviri zvinozivikanwa inganzwa isina kuratidzirwa. Muvhoti anofarira kodzero dzepfuti netava yechengeteko yenzanga yakasimba, kana kuti uyo anorerekera kurumano asi anosununguka munzanga, haawani musha womusikirwo. Uyu “Mukaha unovapo” unoderedza kuvimbisana kwehurumende nokuvimbana mumasangano.
  • Strategic Vong: Vanhu vazhinji vanosarudza “chinopfuudza chezvakaipa zviviri” panzvimbo pomudaviri wavo kuti vadzivise kupambadza vvurudzi hwavo. Ikoku kunoparira denderedzwa umo mapoka echitatu asingagoni kutongowana simba rinodikanwa kuti apukunyuke. 2016 na 2020 vasarudzo vakaona mamirioni avavhoti vachikanda mabhorati nokuda kwavakuru vavakada, kungodzivisa zvavo rutivi.
  • Garack neLegislative Obblication: Gadziriro mbiri dzinogona kutungamirira kusimba remitemo renyika, zvikurukuru apo kudzorwa kwehurumende kunokamuraniswa. Zvikamu zvingaisa miganhu mitsva panzvimbo imwe painopfuura mutemo, zvichitungamirira kukudzima bhajeti, uye kudzokororwa kwematanho.

Iyi migumisiro haidzivisiki mugadziriro yemativi maviri — mimwe miitiro yeparamende ine mativi maviri inoparira miuyo yemasero echipumburu chetsono (asi shanduro yeU.S., yakabatanidzwa nezvisarudzo zvikuru uye zvinobudisa nhau zvakakomba, inoita kuti mativi akashata ashande.

Zvingaitwa Kunzira Dziviri Dzakajairika

Vatsoropodzi vegadziriro yeU.S. vakakarakadza kwenguva refu chinjo dzouvako idzo dzingagona kuzarura suo rokupinda munzvimbo dzakawanda.

Masangano ane zvikamu zvizhinji

Munyika dzakadai seGermany ne U.K., kumirira kwakaenzana kunobvumira mapoka akawanda kugoverana simba. Kana U.S. ikagamuchirwa naichochi, mapoka maduku angagona kuwana zvigaro muCongress zvinowirirana negoverano yavo yevhoti. Germany inoshandisa gadziriro yakavhengana yemativi ose umo hafu yeBundestag inosarudzwa nepakati nemapoka, ichivimbisa kuti mapoka maduku akafanana ne Greens kana kuti Varep Party anowana zvigaro. United Kingdom ichiri kushandisa nzvimbo yokutanga-shure-poti asi ine nzvimbo ine revo yakasiyana-zhinji nemhaka yemapoka eruwa (SP, Pyraftry Cm) uye devodived paramendimendimendime. Kuchinja kwerudzi kuti iratidzirwe muU. House ingangogona kuita hafu yezvikamu, uye kumanikidzana kubatana kwehurumende.

2. Kugadzira zvinhu zvemazai

Kunonziwo kudzosa kuvhota, tsika inobvumira vavhoti kuti varootese nokusarudza. Kana pasina mutengi akawana zvakananga, akasarira anobviswa uye mavhoti anoparadzirwa kusvikira mumwe munhu ava nevoruzhinji. Ikoku kunoderedza “tapuro yepeyi yespoiser" uye kugona kukurudzira mvukotsi dzakawanda. Maine neAlaska ingadai yatoshandisa kuvhotera kwakarongwa kwevhotera kwamakurukuru. MuAlaska 20222, kuvhotera kwakarongwa, kuvhotera kunobvumirwa kukwidza kuri pakati nepakati penyika inobvumira kukunda kurwisana naDemocratro. [FT:]

Kupisa

Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira vanoda kutenderwa nevanopfuura vabato rimwe. Ikoku kunopa mapati maduku nzira yokupesvedzera nayo sarudzo pasina kuputsa vhoti. MuNew York, somuenzaniso, Country Families Party inogona kuyambuka demorat, achibvumira vavhoti kuvhota muganhu weWFP apo ichiri kutsigira mutevedzeri mumwe. Ikoku kunopa vapapati duku simba pamusoro pechikuva chikuru. Fusion yakanga yakakurumbira mune zvenhau muzana ramakore rechi 19 asi yakarambidzwa munyika dzakawanda pashure pokunge Populist yashandisa zvakanaka. Kuvhotera pamutemo kwaidzorwa munyika yose kugona kuvandudza pesvedzero duku mugadziriro inovapo yebato.

4. Kusarudzwa Kwoutere

Mune dzimwe sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, vada kutora vanoshandisa pasina mapepa ebato. Kuwedzera mutoo uyu kungagona kuchinja kuiswa kwengwariro kubva pakuzivikanwa kwebato kuenda kunzvimbo dzemiitiro. Guta reMinneapolis rinoshandisa kuvhota kwakatanhamara mumijaho yemakurukota yeguta isiri reparatis, uye nyika dzakawanda dzinova nekusarudza kwedare redare. Kana vari vatongi, vachichinjirwa kunzvimbo dzisiri dzepapatika vangaderedza betsero yetendero yeboka ndokubvumira vanhu vari voga uye vapatutsi vechitatu kukwikwikwidza patsoka dzakaenzana. Zvisinei, chinjo yakadaro ingada kusarudzwa kwemitemo yemitemo munzvimbo dzakawanda.

Kuchinja Zvinhu

Zvikarakadzo zvakadai sokufutunura Imba yaVamiririri, kuchinja kuti Electoral College inoshanda sei, kana kuti kugamuchira chimiro chakaenzana kungagona kuderedza zvose kudzora kwamativi maviri. Imba yakadzorwa pa435 mitezo, pasinei zvapo nokuwanda kwavagari vemo. Kutambanudza Imba kukuva 600 kana 700 mitezo ingaderedza ukuru hweruwa ndokuderedza mupingo wevapatunhu vechitatu. Electoral College yaigona kugadziriswa kupfurikidza neNational Popular Vote Tortstative Common, uko kwaizobvisa nenzira inobudirira kuwirira muwirirano yehurumende-te-te-te-test. [FGOLD:] Mutemhitem] Mutemhizha weruwa Vote's Collet. [FFLD 1] akatootations 15 C.C, nemhaka yezvitsa zva 195]

Mienzaniso Yezvikamu Zvechitatu Munhau yeU.S.

Nepo gadziriro yezvikamu zviviri yave ichidzora, mativi matatu akabuda panhambo nenhambo ndokupesvedzerwa, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokumanikidza vanhu vakuru kugamuchira pfungwa dzavo.

  • Party (“Bull Moose”) Party yakatungamirirwa naTheodore Roosevelt muna 1912, iyo yakawana rutivi runokosha rwevhoti yakakurumbira (27% yevhoti yakakurumbira uye 88 vavhoti) ndokusundira kuchengeteka nokuchinja munzanga panhau dzenyika.
  • Party yePopulist [[FLT: 1] yama 1890, ayo akatsigira varimi navashandi, akatsigira sirivha yapachena, uye akapesvedzera chikuva cheDemocratic Party pasi paWilliam Jennings Bryan.
  • [[FLT: 0] Vasocialist Party of America, iyo yakawana mavhoti anopfuura 900 000 muna 1912 ndokusarudza vakuru vakuru vazhinji vomunzvimbomo, yakatanga pfungwa dzakadai seinishuwarenzi yokushaya basa uye penjeni yakwegura iyo gare gare yakava inogamuchirwa.
  • Parti yeLibertarian ne Parti yoruwanza , inopfuurira kutungamirira varwi. VaLibertrian Party vakakwanisa kuvhota chiverengero chayo chakakwirira zvikurusa (3.3%) muna 2016, nepo Green Party’s Jill Stein yakawina 1% muna 2016, ichinyora mashoko anobvira okutsoropodza magariro makuru kuna Donald Trump.
  • Ross Perot’s Reform Party, iyo yakapesvedzera kurukurirano muma 1990 pamusoro pokutengeserana negadziriro yezvibvumirano. Perot yakawina 19% yevhoti yakakurumbira muna 1992(kutora kwechitatu kwakanakisisa chifo cheRoosevelt(asi mavhoti echitsama chamajereta. Nhau dzake (NAFTA, mari yemari) yakagamuchirwa gare gare nemapoka makuru ose ari maviri.
  • Parti yeBumbiro reMitemo nedzimwe nhengo duku dzinowana panhambo nenhambo mahofisi enzvimbo yehurumende, asi simba ravo rorudzi rinoramba riri duku nemhaka yemhinganidzo dzokuvaka.

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti vanhu vechitatu vanogona kuumba gakava kunyange kana vasingawanzohwinwirirani muvhoti.

Nzira Dziri Mberi: Kuchinja Kwaigona Kuita

Kuchinja kweElectoral muUnited States kwakaoma zvikuru nemhaka yokuti mapoka makuru maviri anodzora mitemo yomutambo. Zvisinei, chinjo inogona kubva mukuedza kwehurumende, kufambisa uswa, uye kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo.

  • State-Bative Reformation: United States ine simba rokuchinja mitemo yadzo dzimene yesarudzo. Maine naAlaska vakagamuchirwa kuva vavhoti yakarongwa kupfurikidza nokutanga kuvhota; dzimwe nyika dzinogona kutevera. Kumirira kwemitemo yehurumende kunobvirawo, kunyange zvazvo kungada maruwa matsva uye zvimwe denho dzedare.
  • National Popular Vote Interstate Convention: Kana nyika dzakaringanira dzichipfuudza mavhoti (270 akasarudzwa anodikanwa), Electoral College yaizodziviswa nenzira inobudirira, ichideredza nzvimbo yemativi maviri musarudzo yapurezidhendi.
  • Kukudza Imba: chiitowo zvacho cheDare chingagona kuwedzera chiverengero chezvigaro zveImba, izvo zvingaderedza ukuru hworuwa ndokuita kuti zvive nyore nokuda kwemativi echitatu kuwina zvigaro zvoga zvoga pasina kuvaka mudziyo worudzi.
  • Chisakiso nokusatendeseka: Masangano akafanana RERITUS uye Chisakiso cheCommon[ chitsigiri nokuda kwokuchinja kukuru kwezvisarudzo, kubatanidza kuvhota kwakarongwa, kuvhota kwemari, kuvheneka kwemibato, uye zviito zvenhimbe.
  • Comment Denho kumitemo yokupinda nemirau yekurukurirano zvakabudirira mune mamwe matare, uye nhau dzinopfuurira dzingagona kupfupikisazve mhinganidzo dzakaderera nokuda kwemativi echitatu.

Kuchinja uku hakuvimbisi kuti zvinhu zvichangoerekana zvachinja, asi kunoparira miganhu mumativi maviri. Kunyange kuvhota kwakaderera kana kuti kuvhota kwokuvhota kwakasiyana - siyana kungagona kusimudzira nzvimbo ine simba zvikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika umo mapoka echitatu ari motokari dzinobudirira nokuda kwemimiririri panzvimbo pevaparadzi.

Zvinogona Kuitwa Nevanotengesa Zvokudya Zvino

Nepo kuchinja kwokuumba kuchitora nguva, vavhoti vamwe navamwe vanogona kuita nhano dzokutsigira tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yakasiyana zvikuru:

  • Vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakawanda veDemocratic and Republican vakatsigira kuvhota kwakakodzera kana kuti kumirira kusarudzwa kwemitemo.
  • Sarudzo dzepokutanga kazhinji kazhinji dzine nhambo dzakaderera, dzichipa vavhoti vanonyandurwa pesvedzero inopfuura.
  • Vamba mapoka evafundisi anomanikidza kuti pave nokuchinja kwemari kusiri kwepaturiki, kuisa panzvimbo yavose, uye kutsigira kugadziridzwa kwemari.
  • Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzokuvhota kunogona kuvaka simba rokuchinja.

Pakupedzisira, gadziriro ine mativi maviri haisati iri mutemo womuzvarirwo − ichibereko chemitemo yakaitwa navanhu, uye vanhu vanogona kuchinja mitemo iyoyo.

mhedziso

Gadziriro ye yemimwe mibatanidzwa miviri muUnited States mugumisiro wenhau, mitemo inosarudzwa, uye mhinganidzo dzesangano. Nepo yakagovera dzikamo, yakaganhurirawo miganhu nechisarudzo. Mitemo yokutsiva yakarongwa nepakati penzvimbo. Yakafanana nenzvimbo yokuvhotera kana kuti kuisa miganhu.