Mabhiriyoni Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Akawanda

Sarudzo dzeAmerica dzakachinja kuva bhizimisi rinodhura zvikuru rinoumba chiyereso chaicho chemireza yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chiverengero cha2020 chama Sarudzo chakava neanenge mabhiriyoni $14 emadhora ose, kaviri hwerengedzo ya2016 uye kupfuura chisakiso chikuru chemugove chenyika duku. Nhimbe dzapurezidhendi zvino dzinopfuudza nguva dzose $1 mabhiriyoni Zvemari pagore, mijaho yedare rinokwikwikwidzana inowanzodya mamiriyoni $100, uye kunyange majekokota ezvikoro zvechikoro pane dzimwe nguva anobatanidza kushandiswa kwemibato. Kunzwisisa mari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari [ kuzivisa kwete uko iyi mari inongobva, asi nzira iyo inoparira nayo miuyo, makwikwikwidzano anodzo, makwikwidza anodzo adzo adzorwa zvikuru anoitwa muhurumende yehurumende youbati ushe hwehurumende.

Tsika yezvemari inoshanda kupfurikidza negadziriro yakaoma yemitemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye mhosho idzo pamwe chete dzinosarudza kuti ndiani anogona kupa mari, kuti imarii yaangapa, uye kuti chii chinodikanwa. Uku kuedza kwegadziriro yemipimo yokudzikamisa mikwikwidzano: kudzivirira uori, kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka, kuva nechokwadi chokuona zvakajeka, uye kuchengeta makwikwi anogamuchirwa. Bva vatsoropotetete ezvematongerwe enyika vanotaura kuti mitemo yazvino uno inokundikana kuita izvi zvinangwa, kuumba gadziriro umo fariro dzapfuma dzinoshandiswa nepo vagari vemo vanonzwa vasingadiwi zvikuru mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwemari Yemushandirapamwe muAmerica

Kubva Pakuwana Chinjo

Sarudzo dzapakuvamba dzeAmerica dzaida mari shoma, sezvo vadai vairwirwa vaisawanzova vanotsigira zvakananga, vachirangarira mubato wakadaro kuva usina kufanira. Mapepanhau akabatira senyanzvi huru yekurukurirano, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika aibata kurongeka kukurusa, uye upfumi hwomunhu oga hwaiwanzova hunodikanwa nokuda kwokuva nehofisi. Iyi tsika yaishanda pasina murairo muzana rokutanga ramakore republic.

Uori hweNhambo yeGilded pakati pama1870 na 1900 hwakashandura matongerwe enyika eAmerica. Robberbarons dzinowana mari yakananga, mari yebhizimisi yakadzora mabasa ezvamatongerwe enyika, kutenga mavhoti kwakanga kwakakurumbira, uye hakuna zvinodikanwa zvekuzivisa. Ruoko rwavanhu rwakakura sezvo uori hwakava mamiriro ezvinhu echinjo huru.

Progreated Era Reformation Kubva kuma1900 kusvikira kuma 1970 akatanga gadziriro yokutanga ine revo yokuronga. Thillman Act ya1907 yakarambidza mipiro yemasangano yakananga kuvada kutevedzeri. Federal Evolution Procratics Act ya1990 yaida kuziviswa kwemipiro yenhimberi nendyiko. Hatch Act yemubato wezvamatongerwe enyika yakaganhurirwa ya19391, uye Taft-Hartley Act yemicrome yakananga mipiro. Iyi mipiro yapakuvamba, nepokunokosha, haina gadziriro yokuchengeta mari inodzorwa uye yaidzorwa kazhinji kazhinji.

Basa Remari Renguva Ino

Federal Econstruction Campaigment Act (FACA) ya1971] yakamirira kuedza kwokutanga kwakakwana kudzora mari yenhimbe. Yakatanga zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvakarongeka, yakagadzira ganhuriro dzemipiro, yakatanga migove yavose nokuda kwenhimbe dzapurezidhendi, uye yakatanga miitiro yokudzikamisa iyo yakagovera kuzvidavirira kukuru zvikuru kupfuura nhamburiko dzakapfuura.

Kugadziridza muganhu wePost-Watergate kwa 1974 kwakasimbisa gadziriro yokuronga nenzira inokosha. Vakasika Federal Ecount Commission (FEC) sesangano rakasununguka rokuita kuti mari ishandiswe, yakasimbisa miganhu yemipiro, yakawedzerwa mari yavose, uye yakawedzera zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa. Iyi chinjo yaimirira chiratidzo chakakwirira chemitemo yemari yenhimbe muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri.

Bockley v. Valeo [77] [6] Dare rapamusoro rakaramba richigadziridza mamiriro ezvinhu ose. Rakati kushandisa mari munhimbe dzezvematongerwe enyika kunoumba kutaura kwakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment. Mitemo yemitemo yakatsigirwa semipimo yebumbiro remitemo kudzivirira uori, asi ganhuriro dzendyiko dzakaparadzwa sekuputsanya kwokutaura kwakasununguka. Chisarudzo ichi chakaparira musiyano mukuru pakati pemipiro nendyiko dzinopfuurira kurondedzera mutemo wezve nemari nhasi. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti mari inowirirana nekurukurirano yenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika, nheyo yakatungamirira jirisprudeko kwamakore anodokusvika makumi mashanu.

Manyuko Makuru Okushandisa Nhimbe Kutsigira

Mipiro Yoga Yoga: Hwaro

Vapi vomunhu oga [ vanogovera chiverengero chikuru chemari yenhimbe muvhoti dzeAmerica, asi pesvedzero yavo inosiana zvikuru yakavakirwa paukuru hwemipiro. Gadziriro inoparira nenzira inobudirira mitsetse yokutora rutivi yakavakirwa papfuma, nemirau yakasiana inoshanda kumwero yakasiana yokupa.

Vapi vaduku vanopa mari iri pasi pe $200 inomirira 15 kusvikira ku25 muzana yemari inotsigirwa. Iyi mipiro haiisiyi mumishumo yenhimbe, kureva kuti vanhu vanoona bedzi hwerengedzo dzinobatanidzwa panzvimbo pamazita avanhu vamwe navamwe. Chipo chiduku chinodonha pakati pa $50 ne $100, uye ava vapi vanosundwa zvikurukuru nembavarirano dzepfungwa panzvimbo pokutengwa. Kukwira kwemasangano epa paIndaneti kwakawedzera zvikuru ukoshi hwokupa kwemitengo duku yezuva nezuva mumichinguriro ichangobva kupfuura iyi, namapepa anovakirirwa kuvaka zvikwama zvehondo zvinokosha zvikuru kubva kuvatsigiri.

Vapi vapa mari zvikuru [ vanogovera $200 kana kuti kupfuura vanofanira kuziviswa nezita ravo, basa, uye mushandirwi. Ava vapi vanogovera 50 kusvikira ku70 muzana yemari chaiyo yenhimbe. Vanowanzopinda mapepa emari apo vanowana kusvika kwakananga kuvadaviri navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Vapi vazhinji vanoisa mipiro yavo pamiganhu yehurumende ndokushandisa mibatanidzwa yokubatanidza kuti vatambanure pesvedzero yavo kupfurikidza nokuunganidza mipiro inobva kuvasonganiri uye nhamburiko dzokuisa mari.

Mipiro yemari inopa pamwero yakakwirira inomirira 0,01 muzana yavagari vemo. Ava vanhu vanopa kuvanoda kufunda namatare, vanobatira semipiro yemari inogoverwa kubva mumibatanidzwa yavo, vanopa zvakananga kuSuper PACs, uye mari inobhadharwa nemhesano yakaderera zvikuru. Kuiswa kwemari kwezvamatongerwe enyika pakati peboka duku rino kunomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pomufananidzo wedemokrati neuen.

[[FAMU]

Matare Echiito Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

[ Action Committee (MAPAC) inogovera gadziriro yakarongeka nokuda kwemipiro nokuiparadzira kuvanoda nezvisakiso. Matare aya anoshanda pasi pegadziriro dzakananga dzemiitiro iyo inosarudza mibato yavo inobvumirwa neganhuriro yemipiro.

Akabatanidzwa paPACIRO anotsigirwa namasangano, mibatanidzwa, kana kuti masangano ezvokutengeserana. Anobhadharwa kupfurikidza nemipiro yavashandi yokuzvidira, nendyiko dzokutarisira dzinobhadharwa nesangano rinotsigira. MaPAC akaganhurirwa kusvikira ku $5 000 pavhoti yoga yoga uye anofanira kunyoresa neFEC, nemhiko yakazara inodikanwa nokuda kwemipiro yose inogamuchirwa nendyiko dzinoitwa.

Nen - inobata---net PACS inoshanda samasangano akazvimirira epfungwa. Anotsigirwa nemipiro inobva kuvatsigiri panzvimbo pokubatanidzwa nesangano ripi neripi kana kuti mubatanidzwa. Mipiro yakafanana inoshanda sepaPACIFUUPU, asi aya masangano anowanzonangidzira ngwariro panhau dzakati panzvimbo petsigiro yakafara. MaPACIC angashanda nezvivako zvezvipiri zvebasa kana kuti vashandi vebasa rinotsamira pamitengo yavo nevavariro.

.Leadership PACS inodzorwa navezvamatongerwe enyika vamwe navamwe uye inoshandiswa kutsigira vamwe vadariro, kuvaka pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kutsigira zvinyorwa zvemari nezvinoitika. Aya matare anotarisana neganhuriro dzisina kusimba pamusoro penziraidzo dzingashandiswa, kuchitungamirira kukuvadziko yomunhu oga nokudzorwa kwemitemo yemari yenhimberi. Leadership PACs yakakura mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura sezvo mitezo yeDare rinotsvaka kuvaka mibatanidzwa yesimba nenzvimbo yavo vamene nokuda kwemibato youtungamiriri kana kuti nzvimbo yakakwirira.

Mapaundi Anokosha: Kushandisa Mari Zvisina Muganhu

PCS yakabuda zvakananga kubva kuCitizens United v. FEC chisarudzo muna 2010 uye yakachinja nzvimbo yenhimbe yemari. Matare aya anomirira kuchinja kukuru mukufamba kunoita mari mumatongerwe enyika eAmerica, achigadzira mikoto mitsva yokushandisa zvisina muganhu kunoshanda muwirirano yemipiro inodzorwa.

Mavara makuru[[FLT PAC] eSuper Act 1] anobatanidza mipiro isina kuganhurirwa inobva kumanyuko api naapi, kupedza kusina muganhu pakutumira mashoko ezvematongerwe enyika, kurambidzwa kwetsinhirano nenhimbe dzechirongwa, kuziviswa kwapamutemo kwavapi navapi, uye mano okushambadza, kuronga zvinoitika, uye kuvhotera. Kurambidza kubatana kunokosha kururamisirwa kwavo kwapamutemo, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropote vachitaura kuti kubatira pamwe kunoitika nguva dzose kupfurikidza nemabasa akasiyana- siyana.

Vatambi vamasangano muzvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yePaC zvikuru zvinobatanidza PACIRO ZVINE muganhu zvinotsigira nenzira isingabvumirwi nenzira yapamutemo nhimbe dzakati, mapoka anonangidzirwa zvinyorwa zvinotsigira nokuda kwemiitiro yakati kana kuti pfungwa, masangano ebato anotsigira zvinangwa zvemapati, mabasa epfuma yemabhiriyoni anofambiswa nepfuma, uye mapoka ebhizimisi kana kuti mubatanidzwa unotsigirwa anosimudzira fariro dzesangano.

Munhambo yesarudzo 2020, Super PAC yakasvika inenge mabhiriyoni $2,1, inomirira chikamu chinokosha chendyiko dzese dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kudyira kwakabvisa simba rokuita zvisarudzo kuvada kupfurikidza namapoka okunze ayo anotarisana nezvinodikanwa zvishomanene nezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa.

Mapoka Emari Asina Kunaka

Mapoka emari echibharo anoshanda mumativi ebumbiro remitemo remitero risina kumboitirwa basa rezvamatongerwe enyika asi akava motokari dzinowedzera nokuda kwokushandisa sarudzo nokujeka kushoma. Masangano aya akava chinhu chikuru kumasangano ezvemari enhimbe dzazvino uno, zvikurukuru pamwero yakakwirira zvikurusa yendyiko yokushandisa.

501 (c) (4) masangano enzanga enzanga anodikanirwa pamutemo kuva nezvamatongerwe enyika sechimwe chinhu chisati chiri chinangwa chawo chikuru, asi kuchengetwa kweichi chinodikanwa kwave kuri kuduku. Mapoka aya haazivi mupiro wawo kuvoruzhinji, anogona kuita mipiro kuSuper PACs, uye akava zvamatongerwe enyika nomutoo unowedzera mumabasa awo. Mari yerima inosvika anenge mamirioni $750 muzhezha ra202020, nakawanda wayo inopfuura nomuuyu mukoto.

501 (c) (6) Sangano dzezvokutengeserana dzinoshanda mumirau yakafanana. Mapoka akafanana namakamuri ezvokutengeserana namasangano ebhizimisi anosvikira nokushambadza pasina kuzivisa manyuko azvo emari. Mipiro kumasangano iwaya inowanzova inoshanda zvakananga sendyiko dzebhizimisi, ichigovera betsero yokuwedzera yemitero yendyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika inoshanda muidzi mikoto.

Mitoo yemitambo yetsoro-rokuna inobatanidza kupfuudzwa kwakawanda pakati pamarudzi akasiana-- siyana amasangano anopa mari anotova manyuko akajeka. Mari ingayerera namapoka anoverengeka isati yasvika kunzvimbo yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika, ichiita nzira idzo dzakaoma kana kuti dzisingabviri kuti vanzveri navanyori venhau vatevere. Kunetseka pamusoro pemari yokumwe yokupinda mutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza neidzi nzira kwakatungamirira kukudana nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo kuita kwemitemo yakaganhurirwa nekusabvumirana kweGenestici

Matare Ebato Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Masangano eParty anoshanda pamwero mizhinji uye anogovera shopu yakakomba yomubato wenhimbe. Matare aya anotsinhiranisa mibato mumadzinza akasiyana- siyana ndokugovera zviwanikwa izvo nhimbe dzisingagoni kubudisa nenzira yazvo.

Matare erudzi kubatanidza Dare reDemocratic National Committee neRepublican National Committee system system professolitial professor, tsigiro kudzika madzinza embavhaira, kuvaka zvivako zvemasangano, uye kutarisira mabasa makuru okupa mari. Matare aya akashanduka kuva akatanhamara kubvira panguva yemari yakapfava, apo mipiro isina kuganhurirwa yaipfuura napartisaijatinair Reformation Act ya200.

Matare eReligional akadai seDemocratic Congregation Campaign Committee, National Republican Congregational Committee, Democratic Senatial Campaigment Committee, uye National Republican Senatorial Committee Committee inonattee panzvimbo dzeImbarication neDare. Matare aya anonangidzira ngwariro zvakananga panzvimbo dzamakwikwikwikwi, vanonyoresa, vanonzvera chishoro, uye vanoita zvisarudzo zvemariro zvinogoverwa izvo zvinogona kuva netapurira pesvedzero hurusa.

State nenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo[[FLT: 1] zvinobata midzi inoronga, nyoresa, uye kubuda namabasa enyika. Vanosanotsinhirana namatare enyika kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvokubatanidza zvibvumirano zvinobvumira vapi kunyora macheki makuru ayo anoparadzirwa panguva iyeyo mumatare ebato akawanda nenhimbe dzedanho.

Mashandiro Anoita Vanhu Vose

Nhevedzo dzemari dzavose [[FLT: 1] dzazova dzinosiinwa zvikurukuru sezvo vadairwi vakuru vakaramba kutora rutivi. Gadziriro inogovera mari inowirirana zvikuru namari yakasarudzwa navose kuvadaviriri vanobvuma kupedza ganhuriro, asi iyi ganhuriro yazova isingashandiswi sezvo nhimbe dzawedzera. Macandidate anogona kukwidzira zvakawanda kupfurikidza nemipiro yapachivande kupfuura gadziriro yavose inogovera, kuita kutora rutivi kuvadziko yakarongwa.

Zvirongwa zveruwa nezvomunzvimbomo zvakaratidza chipikirwa chikuru nemutsva. Nyika gumi nezana dzinopa rudzi rwakati rwemari yavose. Chirongwa cheConnecticut Connecticut Commution chasvika mwero yetapuro yakakwirira uye chakashumwa nokuderedza pesvedzero dzefariro chaidzo mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Nemitengo yemari yeNew York City inoisa mipiro miduku, ichigovera mubatanidzwa wakawanda unokurudzira vadanho kuisa ngwariro pamidzi youswa. Programu yeSandromeoccoptic Vouch inogovera mugari wemotery anokwanisa kugovera vaparisorisokororo, nepo maGeneral Ecorations anopa muteoperamari yavose mipiro yavose kuvose vanobvuma kupedza migano youdzo yapa muganhu womukati.

Mitemo: Miganhu, Kuvhara, uye Kumanikidzwa

Miganhu Yezvipo Zveboka

Nokuda kwechikamu 2023-2024 chesarudzo, ganhuriro dzemupiro dzehurumende dzinogadza miganhu yakananga nokuda kwemarudzi akasiyana emipiro. Vapi vamwe navamwe vangapa $3,300 pasarudzo kuvavaki, nesarudzo huru nedzevoruzhinji dzinoverengwa zvakasiana, nenzira inobudirira vachibvumira $6,600 pamunhu mumwe padenderedzwa rimwe. Matare ezvamatongerwe enyika angagovera $5 000 pasarudzo. Miganhuro yeboka inosiana inosiana yakavakirwa padare chairo norudzi rwemupiro.

Mipiro kuPUC inoganhurirwa ku $5 000 pagore kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, nePC-PAC inotamisirwawo kusvikira ku $5 000 pagore. Mipiro kumatare ebato inobvumira vanhu kupa mabhii ebato erudzi $41 300 uye $10 000 kumatare ebato ehurumende neomunzvimbomo, nemimwe miganhu yakaoma zvikuru inoshanda pamubatanidzwa wakananga wematare anogamuchira mari.

Mitemo yeAggreate pahwerengedzo yemipiro yakabviswa neDare Gurusa muMcCcheon v.FEC (2014. chisarudzo ichi chinobvumira vapi navapfumi kupa chitsama chikuru kumunhu ari wose, PAC, uye dare rebato, kuwedzera zvikuru chitsama chemunhu mumwe anogona kupinda mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokudzivirira

Ani anofanira kuzivisa [[FLT: 1] anobatanidza vakwidziridziridzi kana kuti vanopedzera $5 000 kana kuti kupfuura, PC dzinogamuchira kana kuti kupedzera mari inopfura $2 000 kana kuti kupfuura, vanhu vanopedzera madhora ari oga, mapati ose, uye maPUC navanopa. Zvikumbaridzo izvi zvakagadzirirwa kutora mubato une revo wezvamatongerwe enyika nepo zvichirega kutora rutivi ruduku pakushuma mitoro.

Zvinoziviswa[ zvinobatanidza mazita nekero zvinopa mupiro, mabasa navashandirwi, zvitsama zvemipiro nemisi, udzame hwendyiko, zvikwereti nemisengwa. Mashoko aya anobvumira vanhu, vatori venhau, uye vanzveri kunyora mari vari kutsigira basa rezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuziva mitoo yepesvedzero.

Apo kuzivisa kunoitika kunotsamira parudzi rwedare nenhambo yesarudzo. Mishumo yeMakenuro inodikanwa mumakore okusarudza, mishumo yomwedzi nomwedzi mumakore esarudzo, zviziviso zvamaawa 48 zvinodikanwa nokuda kwemipiro mikuru inogamuchirwa pedyo nesarudzo, uye mishumo yamaawa 24 inodikanwa nokuda kwendyiko dzakazvimirira dzinopfuura zvitsauko zvakati.

ZVINOITA KUTI UZIVE: Zvinetso Zvokumanikidzwa

.Federal Evolution Commission inotarisana nedenho dzinokosha dzouvako dzinoganhurira kushanda kwayo. Komishoni ine mitezo mitanhatu, isina kupfuura mitatu kubva pabato ripi neripi, uye mavhoti mana anodikanwa nokuda kwechiito chipi nechipi chokuchengeta. Ichi chirongwa kazhinji kazhinji chinoguma neguva rakafa pamitsetse yezvibvumirano, kuchisiya kuputsa kusingapikirwa. Basa racho rinoramba riri pasi pevhoriyamu uye riri pasi peboka romubato rinofanira kutarira, uye chiteshi chikuru chezvirongwa chakakura mumakore akawanda okudzorwa kwezvipo.

Kupunza kunobatanidza mipiro yakanyanyisa miganhu yapamutemo, mipiro yekambani kana kuti mubatanidzwa yakananga kubva kumari yemari yose, mipiro yenyika yokumwe, kukundikana kunyora mishumo inodikanwa, kuputsanya kwemibato pakati penhimbe namapoka okunze, uye kushandiswa kwomunhu oga kwemari yenhimbe nokuda kwamadonzo asiri ezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuputsa kunobva muzvikanganiso zvamapepa zvamaune kuedza kudzoresa mutemo.

Utera hwokumanikidzira[[FLT: 1] iitiro hanya inopfuurira. Mhaka yokuchengeta inopfuurira inopfuura makore maviri kupedza, faindi iduku pamusoro pomwero wokuputsa, kukwirira kwoutsotsi hakuwanzoitika, mutemo weganhuriro kazhinji kazhinji unodzivisa chiito pakuputsa kwavakuru, uye dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inogona kupesvedzera zvisarudzo. Uku kusava nesimba kunoderedza tapuro inodzivisa mitemo yemari yenhimbe uye inobvumira kuputswa kwemitemo yemibato kupfuurira nemiuyo yakaganhurirwa.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusoro Zvikurusa Zvakachinja Zvinhu Zvose

Buckley v. Valeo (19976)

Key yeiyi nhau yehwaro yakasimbiswa kuti kupedzera mari mune zvamatongerwe enyika kunoumba kutaura kwakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment. Mitemo yemupiro yakatsigirwa semitemo yebumbiro remitemo kudzivisa ushati kana kuti chitarisiko chouori. Mitemo yeExpenditure yakaparadzwa seganhuriro dzisingawirirani pakutaura kwakasununguka. Zvinodikanwa zveDhiviswo zvakatsigirwa sebasa rehurumende dzinokosha. Mitengo yavose yakawanwa semitemo kana ikaramba iripo.

Sangano raBuckley rakaitwa negadziriro yazvino uno yokusiyanisa mipiro nendyiko, musiano unopfuurira kuumba mutemo wemari pasinei zvapo nokutsoropodza kukuru kunobva kunyanzvi uye vatsigiri vanopikisa musiano wacho uri zvose zviri zviviri wokuitwa uye haushandi.

Vagari vomuUnited v. FEC (2010)

chiratidzo chemhindumupindu [ chakasimbisa kuti masangano namasangano ane maruramiro eFirst Amendment okushandisa mari pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rakaramba richitaura kuti ndyiko dzakasununguka hadzigoni kushatisa vada kutsva nemhaka yokuti ndyiko hadzina kubatanidzwa nenhimbe. Kushandiswa kwesangano risina miganhu pamubato wezvamatongerwe enyika wokuzvimirira kwakabvumirwa. Zvinodikanwa zvokudzivisa zvakachengetwa, uye zvinorambidzwa kubatira pamwe chete.

[FLT] yave iri yechienzi. Kuputika kukuru kwakachinja kupedzwa kwokuzvimirira kwenzvimbo kubva murutivi rukuru rwemari yenhimbe kuva rutivi rukuru rwemari yenhimbe. Mari yerima yakawedzera sevapi vaitsvaka kudzivisa kuziviswa. Ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika yakawedzera zvikuru. Pesvedzero yaBilliopell yaigona kutsigira mari dzinozvimirira dzisingaganhurirwi. Kudzorwa kwavose kwakanga kuri kunokosha, nokuvhota kwairatidza chishoro chikuru kuchisarudzo netsigiro zvechinjo.

McCutcheon v. FEC (2014

Ichi chisarudzo chinokatyamadza miganhu inoiswa pamipiro pamunhu mumwe nomumwe, kubvisa kepisi yacho yose pakupiwa vose vanobhapatidzwa namatare. Vapi vamwe navamwe vangapa zvino chiverengero chisina kuganhurirwa chenhamba yavadaviriri namatare, kunyange zvazvo ganhuriro dzapasi pamugamuchiri asara. Matare anobhadharwa anobhadharwa akakura sebasa rinobvumira vapi kunyora cheki huru dzinoparadzirwa muvagamuchiri vakawanda. Chipesvedzero chavapfumi vapfumi chawedzera sezvo zvino vanogona kuzadza gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika nemipiro yakakomba kudare riri rose rinowanika.

Zvii Zvazvino Uno uye Zvinoitika

Matare anopfuurira kutsigirazve mari yenhimbe kupfurikidza nokuparidzwa kunopfuurira. Zvinetso kumirairo yomupiro wenyika yokumwe zviri kuedza ganhuriro dzaavo vangatora rutivi muvhoti dzeAmerica. Kupesana pamusoro perondedzero yokubatira pamwe pakati penhimbe namapoka okunze kuri kusarudza kushanda kwezvinodikanwa zvokuzvitonga. Zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zviri kuedza kujeka pakutaura kwakasununguka. Mapurogiramu emitemo yehurumende anotarisana nezvinetso zvinosiana zvakavakirwa pagadziriro yawo yakananga. ganhuriro dzehurumende dzinonanga kumiganhuro inobvumira.

Tapuro Chaiyoiyo Yenyika

Kutapura Kunoita Mari Kusarudza

Betsero dzokugona kubhadharisa nokushandisa kupfurikidza nemikoto mizhinji. Mari inotenga zita kupfurikidza nokuzivisa, mabasa emari, inotsigira nhamburiko dzokuvhota nokuunganidza, inobhadhara nokuda kwokuvhota uye mashoko, uye inobvumira mhinduro dzinokurumidza idzo zvinetso zvinogona kushandisa nokukurumidza.

[[NHAU: 0] Betsero dzakaoma mumari inotsaurwa ihuru. Vatengi vanowanzokwidza mari inopetwa katatu kusvikira ku4 kupfuura vapikidzi vavo, vanobetserwa nemari yegore rose apo zvishoro zvinofanira kuvaka gadziriro, kuva nemhindu kuPACIS uye zvimwe zvinhu zvebato, uye vanofarikanya mwero yokusarudza inodarika 90 muzana muImba, nemhaka yeiyi betsero yemari.

Mari haivimbisi rukundo, asi inoparira danho rinofanira kurangarirwa navose kuti risvike. Musiyano wehomwe unodzivisa vangada kuwanikwa vapfumi, kushambadzira zvinyorwa kupfurikidza nokuratidzira rudzi rwenhimbe, pesvedzera kutsigira kunobva kuvatungamiriri vebato namapoka ezviwaro, uye zvinotapura mirangariro yavavhoti yemibato.

Pesvedzero Yetsika

Nzira iyo muitiro wemipinduro unoshanda nayo kupfurikidza nemiitiro mizhinji. Masangano anobatanidza mari anogovera kusvika kwakananga kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, achibvumira vapi kuita nhau dzavo panhau dzakati. Kubatana pakati pavapi navatsigiri vanodzidzira kunowedzera simba remipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Donor anobetsera kuronga zvirongwa zvokudavidza uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vemitezo vachipindura . Mitemo inopedzerwa kumutemo inopesvedzerwa nemupi wemigodhirotsi mukati mei. Kuisa mumitengo yemitengo inodzo inoumba mitengo yemitengo yezvamatongerwo enyika inodzo inodzo inodzoidzwa uye inoshanda.

Nzvero dzenzvero dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti zvisarudzo zvapfuma zvinomirirwa zviri nani mumiuyo yemiitiro kupfuura murangariro wavanhu. Mirangariro inoremedzwa zvikuru mukuita mirau inorema zvikuru kupfuura mirangariro yavagari vemo vemo vechiverengero. Murangariro wavose panhau umo inopesana nezvisarudzo zvomupi pane dzimwe nguva inofuratirwa chose chose. Mitemo yemitengo yemibato yebhizimisi inowanzopfuudzwa apo indasi inotaputswa yakaita mipiro inokosha. Mitemo yerhasi zvikurukuru inobatanidza zvisarudzo zvezvinodikanwa zvemariwo zvavagari vemo, inoratidzira miuyo yakasiana nezvinokarakadzwa navanhu vose.

Kuvimba Noruzhinji Kunoita Kuti Vanhu Vavimbe

.Campaign yezvemari noururami hwedemokrasi zvakabatana zvikuru. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti 77 muzana yeAmerica inodavira kuti mari ine pesvedzero huru mune zvamatongerwe enyika, 65 muzana inotsigira chinjo huru, kuvimba nehurumende kuri pedyo nedzikaderera dzenhau, mirangariro youori yakapararira mumapoka avagari vemo, uye kutora rutivi kunoodzwa mwoyo apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti tsika inotsigirwa nefariro dzakapfuma. Iyi mifungo inoderedza kuva nomutemo wedemocraticism uye inoderedza kurongeka kwehurumende.

Kuchinja uye Zvisipo

Kukarakadza Kuitwa kweMwedzero yeBumbiro reMitemo

Nhamburiko ku Chikamu chinochinja cheMarudzi United kupfurikidza negadziridzo yebumbiro-mitemo yakawana tsigiro inokosha. Nyika makumi maviri nembiri dzakakumbira ganhuriro yaizobvumira kupedzerwa kweganhuriro, kudzorera ganhuriro pakushandiswa kwesangano nokubatanidzwa, uye kusimbisa kuti mari haisati iri kutaura nokuda kwamadonzo emitemo. Chikarakadzo chacho chakatarisana neganhuriro yakakwirira yemitemo inoda mafiti maviri edzimba dzose dzeChivakori uye matatu enyika, asi chine tsigiro yavose ingagona kutsigira nhamburiko yavose munguva refu.

Kuchinja Kwomutemo

nokuda kweInternat Act (HR 1) yakakarakadza chinjo huru kubatanidza zvisarudzo zvemari yavose nokuda kwevapindi vehurumende, yakasimudzira zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa nokuda kwendyiko dzose dzezvamatongerwe enyika, yakasimbisa mitemo yokuronga kuti miraudzo ivhare, kuchinja kuti ipedze kuisa mari yokumwe mukusarudza. Nepo mutezo wacho waipfuura Imba muDare rechi117, wakatarisana nechishoro chakabatana muDare.

Act [DISCLOSE ingada mapoka emari yakasviba kuzivisa vapi, kusimbisa ganhuriro dzenyika dzokumwe kudzivisa kubvenga, kuwedzera kujeka paIndaneti kuti ipedze kushambadzira kwemichina, kuvhura makambani anoisa mari muburi retsono, uye kushandisa kushuma chaikoiko kwenguva nokuda kwendyiko dzazvimiriro. Uyu mute wapfuurawo musha kanoverengeka pasina kuva mutemo.

Nyika Nezvirongwa Zvomunzvimbomo

Kuedza kwokubudirira panzvimbo yehurumende nomwero womunzvimbomo kunoratidzira kuti chinjo inobvira. Purogiramu yemari yavose yeConnecticut yasvika 77 muzana yokutora rutivi pakati pavatemi vehurumende uye yakarumbidzwa nokuderedza fariro chaiyo. Purogiramu yeSeattle Democracy Voucher inopa vagari vemongi vaigona kugovera vapasvuri, kuwedzera kutora rutivi kuduku. Gadziriro yokupa yavose yaratidza kutora rutivi kwakasimba uye miuyo yakananga pamarudzi anokwikwikwidza. Miganhu yomupiro yeMontanea yakatsigirwa nematare uye yakabetsera kuchengeta zvisarudzo zvemakwikwikwi. Zvirango zvechiono zveAlaskaro zvakagovera kuoneka izvo zvinobetsera kuzivisa.

Mifanikiso inopinza [ inopfuurira kukudziridzwa. Gadziriro duku dzinowirirana dzinowedzera tapuro yemipiro ine mwero, gadziriro dzinopa mipimo dzinotambanudza mano okupa kuvagari vemo pasina mari inoraswa, kutangwazve kwokuzivisa kunoshandisa ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuti mashoko asvike zvikuru kuvavhoti, mipiro yokuedza nzira dzakasiana - siana dzokupa, uye zvinodikanwa zvekurukurirano yavose zvinovimbisa kuti vavhotera vanzwe zvakananga navatsvaki pasinei zvapo nebudiriro yemari inogamuchirwa.

Kutapura Kunoshanda Pavagari Vemo

Nzira Yokushandisa Nayo Mari Yenzvero

Matururo evagari vemo anoda kunzvera mari anowanika nyore nyore. Website yeFEC (FEC.gov) inogovera kusvika kumishumo yenhimbe yehurumende ine manyuko anosefa anosechwa.Opensets.org inopa kunzvera nokutevedzerwa kwemipiro yenhimbe uye mari inoshandiswa. Tevedzera mari yemari yemari yehurumende. org inogovera mahofisi esarudzoro anochengeta marekodhi ehurumende nemubato wezvirongwa zvomunharaunda.

Chinofanira kutsvakwa chinobatanidza vapi vakakwirira vapi vapa mari, mitoo yemipiro inobva kumaindasitiri akati kana kuti mapoka echimuko, manyuko okunze anopedza tsigiro kana kuti vatsigiri, reshiyo dzavapi vaduku nevakuru vanoratidzira kana kuti kana mutsigiri achiva nechero wemari achiratidza kana tsigiro inobva mukati meruwa kana kuti kunze kwenzvimbo ichibva.

Kodzero Dzako Neganhuriro

Somunhu mumwe nomumwe [, ungapa kuvanoda kupiwa mukati memiganhu yemitemo, kuzvipira nguva isina kuganhurirwa kunhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kupinda mukushandisa kwakasununguka pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunofanira kuzivisa mubato apo unodikanwa nomutemo, uye haufaniri kugamuchira mipiro inobva kumarudzi okumwe kana kuti kushandisa mari yesangano kana kuti mubatanidzwa nokuda kwemipiro yakananga pasina zvivako zvakafanira.

Miitiro mikurusa inobatanidza kuziva miganhu yemipiro pamberi pokupa, kuchengeta mapepa emipiro nokushandisa mari yakazvimirira, kushandisa mari yomunhu oga bedzi uye kudzivisa gadziriro dzemari yokudzorerwa, kushuma zvakarurama mushandirwi apo anenge achidikanwa, uye kudzivisa gadziriro dzokudzorerwa dzinonzvenga miganhu yemipiro. Kutevera iyi miitiro kunoramba kuchitora rutivi mumiganhu yapamutemo apo kunenge kuchidzivirirwa pakupunzwa kwemitemo.

Mubayiro Wehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Nhimbe yokunzwisisa mari yenhimbe [[FLT: 1] inozivisa kusagadzikana kukuru muhurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica pakati pedikanwo yemari yokukurukura musarudzo dzazvino uno nengozi yepfuma yokushandura zvakananga musimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro yazvino uno, yakaumbwa nemitemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye basa rokusika, inogutsa inenge pasina munhu. Vachinji vanoona uori hwapamutemo pakudzora kwakaipisisa uye kwakashata zvikuru, nepo vamwe vachiona ganhuriro dzisina kubatana pakutaura kwakadzivirirwa kunokuvadza matongerwe enyika.

Nhamba dzacho dzinotoita kuti vanhu vahwinhane Dare vanotowedzera $10 mamirioni kana kuti kupfuura, vanohwina dzimba vanosvika avhareji ye $2,00 mabhiriyoni emadhora, uye nhimbe dzapurezidhendi dzinosvika $2,00 (Z $2,50 000 000 000 000). Dzinenge mhuri 200 dzinopa inenge hafu yemipiro yose yenhimbe dzinoita basa rinopfuura nhamba dzadzo. Vanhu vokuAmerica vanoshanda havawanzomhanyira kushandira hofisi, murutivi nemhaka yemipinyiganhu inoita kuti mabasa ezvamatongerwe enyika asvike nenzira inobudirira pasina mibatanidzwa yemibato kana kuti mitengo yomunhu oga.

Asi mutsika ino yakaipa, zvinoda kutangwa zvinoenderera mberi. Kuedza kutsigira upfumi hwenyeredzi kusingadzoreki kwakachinja kupa kwegadziriro yematongerwo enyika kusvika kumwero wakati. Kuedza kupiwa kwemari yavose mumaguta nehurumende kunoratidza chipikirwa chokuderedza pesvedzero yavapi vakawanda. Zvinodiwa zvokushandisa, kunyange zvazvo vasina kukwana, zvinogovera kujeka kusingafungiki. Kubatanidzwa kwomugari womunyika kupfurikidza nokunzvera uye kushambadza kunogona kupesvedzera nhamburiko dzokuvandudza.

Nzira iri mberi inoramba ichirwiwa. Vamwe vanotsigira gadziridzo dzebumbiro- pamutemo kuti iparadze Vagari vemo United, vamwe varonda chinjo dzemubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nemitemo nemirairo, uye vamwezve vanodzivirira tsika yazvino sezvinodzivirira rusununguko runokosha rwekutaura nesonganiro. Chiri pachena ndechokuti inobhadhara nokuda kwesarudzo zvikuru pesvedzero dzinomhanya, dzinokunda, uye imitemo ipi inobva mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kupfurikidza nokutevera mari yavo, kuzivisa, kuraira kushandurwa, kutsigira chinjo, uye kutora rutivi kupfuura kuvhota, vagari vemo vanogona kushanda kugadziriro umo pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika inosanobatana zvikuru nenheyo yomunhu mumwe, vhoti imwe panzvimbo pedhora rimwe, vhoti imwe.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pemari yenhimbe, kunzvera mashoko pa OpenSEts.org, hwirudzura mishumo yehurumende pa FEC.FOv[, kana kuti kudzidza pamusoro penhamburiko dzokuchinja pa Campagian Legal Center[[]. Kunzwisisa kuyerera kwemari yezvamatongerwe enyika kunokosha nokuda kwomuvhoti upi noupi anoda kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa pamusoro pomufananidzo nokudzora.