Hurumende dziripo kuti dzigovere gadziriro, nhevedzano, uye mabasa kuvanhu vavanomirira. MuUnited States, iyi chiremera chinodzora chinokamurwa mumitengo mitatu yakasiana: nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, nyika, uye hurumende. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une simba rawo umene, mitoro, uye manyuko okutsigira mari, bva zvose zviri zvitatu zvinoshanda pamwe chete mugadziriro inozivikanwa sehurumende kuti idzore rudzi. Kunzwisisa aya mwero yehurumende haisi bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo; inheyo yougari hwemo hwavanhu vane ruzivo. Kuziva mwero unobata kugadziridzwa kwemigwagwa, unotarisira zvikoro zvavose, uye unotarisira kudzivirira kworudzi kunopa vanhu simba nenzira inobudirira kuti vaite nenzira inobudirira navakuru vavo vakasarudzwa uye vapirwe. Iyi nyaya inonzvera mavara akasiyana ehurumende imwe neimwe, kuti vawiriranei, uye nei mabasa avo anokosha nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga.

Hwaro: Simba Rakakamukana

Kukamukana kwehurumende kuvadzinga romunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye hurumende hakusi kwokuzvidira. Chinovamba muBumbiro remitemo reU.S. Chinoronga gadziriro yehurumende inogoverana simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Hurumende ye10th Amendment inochengeta masimba ose asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kuvanhu. Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inoumba kubatana kwamaune apo mwero mumwe nomumwe une mutoro mukuru wemitemo nepo uchishanda pamwe chete nevamwe. Hurumende dzemo, dzinovakwa, dzinovakwa nechiremera chehurumende yavo, bva dzinova nechiremera chinokosha mukutarisira nhau dzenzanga. Iyi gadziriro inoumba kuti chinzwano yorudzi chinodzikamiswa nokuchinjana kwomunzvimbomo, inobvumira kuti igadzirirwe kunzvimbo dzakati dzakasiana - siyana.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Mavambo Okutonga

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo ndidzo dziri pedyosa navanhu. Dzinoshanda muguta, taundi, taundikishi, maruwa, uye mwero woruwa. Kune mapoka ehurumende yomunzvimbomo anenge 90 000 muUnited States, kuvambira pa mapanisitiri makuru eguta seNew York City kusvikira kumaruwa maduku. Ukama hwadzo kuvagari vemo hunovaita mwero wehurumende unooneka zvikurusa uye unowanzosangana. Mugari wemo paanoda mabasa ekurumidziro, anotumira mwana kuchikoro chavose, kana kuti anopinda horo yetaundi, anenge achikurukura nehurumende yake yomunharaunda.

Mibato naMabasa

Hurumende dzemo dzinoita mabasa akawanda anokosha anotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva zvakananga.

  • Public Safety:[[FLT] Madhipatimendi amapurisa, mabasa okudzima moto, mabasa okurapa anokurumidza, uye majeri omunharaunda.
  • Fundisi yePublic: Kushanda muruwa rwezvikoro K-12, kutsigira mari maraibhurari avose, uye kutarisira mapurogiramu edzidzo yavakuru.
  • Kuchengeta migwagwa yomunzvimbomo, mabhiriji, nzira dzomumugwagwa, chiedza chomugwagwa, zviratidzo zvemotokari, uye kutarisira gadziriro dzokufambisa dzavose dzakadai samabhazi nezvitima zvinofamba napasi pevhu.
  • Nyika Inoshandiswa neZoning: Kudzora kusimudzirwa kwedzimba, mvumo dzechivako, mitsetse yenzvimbo, uye kusimbisa mabumbiro okuvaka.
  • Nzanga neNhamba:[[[FLT: 1] Kuchengeta mapaka, nzvimbo dzokutambira, nzvimbo dzenzanga, madziva okushambira, uye kuronga zvinoitika nemitambo zvomunzvimbomo.
  • Kupisa neSanitation: kuunganidza marara nokushandisazve, kushandisa makiriniki outano avanhu vose, kuchengetedza mvura yokunwa yakachena, uye kudzora gadziriro dzetsvina.

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinewo masangano emitemo, akadai semadare eguta, masangano eruwa, kana kuti mabhodhi avatarisiri, ayo anopfuudza mitemo inoshanda mukati moudzori hwavo. Vadzori sameya kana kuti mamaneja eruwa anotarisira utarisiri. Masangano ezvikoro, kazhinji kazhinji akasarudzwa zvakaparadzana, anodzora muitiro wedzidzo nebhajeti.

Kushandisa Mari uye Kuzvidavirira

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowana mari yadzo yakawanda zvikuru mumitero yenzvimbo, mitero yokutengesa (panobvumirwa nehurumende), mitero yavashandisi nokuda kwemibato yakadai semvura kana kuti nhandaro, uye kuchinjwa kwehurumende kubva kumanyuko enyika. Mitero yenzvimbo manyuko makuru, ichiita kuti zviremera zvomunzvimbomo zvive zvinotapurwa zvikuru nemipimo yenzvimbo chaiyo. Nemhaka yokuti vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vanosarudzwa navagari vemo, kuzvidavirira kunova kwakasimba: vagari vemo vanoona miuyo yemitero yemari yomutero mumigwagwa yavo yomunharaunda nemuzvikoro zvomunzvimbomo. Uku kudzora kwomunzvimbomo kunobvumirawo nzanga kuedza mipimo yemiitiro yenzanga yakaisvonaka yakadai semipimo yezvirongwa zvehurumende yenzanga kana kuti mipimo yokuvaka inosvibira inogamuchirwa gare gare gare.

Hurumende: Mutungamiriri Wemasimba Ari Pakati

Hurumende dzine nzvimbo yapakati yakakomba pakati pemwero yomunzvimbomo neyomubatanidzwa. Nyika imwe neimwe ye50 ine bumbiro remitemo rayo imene, yakasarudzwa, gavhuna, mutemi wemitemo webimeral (kunze kweNebraska, ine mutezo wedare), uye gadziriro yedare. Hurumende dzine masimba amapurisa omuzvarirwo() chiremera chokudzivirira utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vadzo. Aya masimba akafara uye anobvumira nyika kudzora nzvimbo dzakawanda idzo hurumende yenyika isingadzoreri.

Basa Remitemo Nokuita Mitemo

Hurumende dzinopa mitemo inoshanda muhurumende yose panhau dzakadai seruramisiro yeutsotsi, mutemo wemhuri, mutemo wezvinhu, zvibvumirano, uye mirayiro yebhizimisi yakawanda. Mitemo yehurumende inowanzogovera dzimwe dziviriro dzinopfuura Hurumende yeU. yakadai sekodzero huru kuva voga kana kuti dzidzo. Mitemo inoitawo basa guru mugadziriro yehurumende kupfurikidza nokutungamirira mapurogiramu ehurumende akadai seMedicaid, inishuwarensi yourovha, uye mari yokufambisa. Kupfuurirazve, hurumende dzine simba rokuita nokunyungudutsa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kurondedzera miganhuro yadzo, uye kugovera chiremera chokuverenga namasigira.

Mabasa Anokosha Ehurumende

  • Tsika:[[[FLT: 1] Kugadza mipimo yedzidzo, kutsigira nemari mayunivhesiti avose nekoreji dzenzanga, kuzivisa vadzidzisi, uye kupa yamuro yedzidzo yehurumende kumaruwa echikoro omunzvimbomo.
  • Kuvaka nokuchengeta migwagwa yehurumende, mativi enyika (mubatira pamwe nehurumende yomubatanidzwa), mabhiriji, uye nhandare dzendege.
  • Public Safety and Relecters: mapurisa ehurumende kana kuti varindi vemigwagwa mikuru, kutarisira majeri ehurumende, uye kutarisira gadziriro dzokubvisa nokuisa kumashure.
  • [ Kutarisira nokugara zvakanaka: Kupa mirayiridzo yeMitemo, Chirongwa cheUtano hweVana (ChiP), rubatsiro rwezvokudya, uye mamwe mabasa enzanga.
  • Sarudzo: Kugadza miitiro yokuvhota, kunyora maruwa emitemo, kusimbisa miuyo yesarudzo, uye kudzora mari yenhimbe.
  • Uropi naManoneral Licensing:[[FLT: 1] kubudisa marezenisi avanachiremba, magweta, vagadziri, vatsigiri vezvivako, uye mamwe mabasa.
  • Nyiviriro yezvemari: Kudzosa mitemo yemhoteredzo, kutarisira nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu, uye kudzora mvura nechimiro chemhepo mukati memiganhu yayo.

Hurumende dzinewo simba guru rokubhadhara mitero, mitero yokutengesa, mitero yemakambani, uye mitero yezvinhu zvakadai sepeturu nefodya.

Hurumende Inotonga Nyika Yose

Hurumende yehurumende, yakavakirwa muWashington, D.C., ine chiremera pamusoro penhau dzinotapura nyika yose kana kuti dzinobatanidza ukama hwamarudzi ose. Masimba ayo anodudzwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye akaturikirwa kwakafara munguva, zvikurukuru muChongendi Clause neChomark neIdict Claus. Hurumende yehurumende ndiwo mwero bedzi une simba rokuzivisa hondo, kuchengeta masimba ane zvombo, kupinda mubvumirano, kudzora nyika nekutengeserana kwedzimwe nyika, mari, uye kugadza gadziriro yepositiro yenyika.

Masimba eBumbiro reMitemo

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa Congress ndaza yakananga yemasimba, kubatanidza mitero, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana, kugadza mitemo yokudzivirira kwomuzvarirwo, uye kugovera kudzivirira. Chikamu 16 cheSangano reMitemo chakabvumira hurumende kubvisa mutero wemari inobhadharwa unofambira mberi, unogovera mari yakawanda yemari yainopiwa. Mumazana amakore apfuura, chiremera chehurumende chakura kubatanidza nzvimbo dzakadai sekodzero dzevanhu, miraudzo yemhoteredzo, kurapa (kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzakafanana neMedicareasare neAffordal Carect), uye chengeteko yenzanga kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemitemo kupfurikidza nemibato yayo inotapura kutengeserana kutengeserana.

Mapazi Matatu

Hurumende yomubatanidzwa yakaumbwa kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana akagadzirirwa kunzvera nokudzikamisana:

  • Bheni reRegitoriti:[[FT:1] Yakanyorwa neDare (mitezo 100, miviri pahurumende) uye Imba yaVamiriri (mitezo ine 435 inogoverwa navagari vemo). Dare rinonyora mitemo, inotendera bhajeti rehurumende, inozivisa hondo, uye inotarisira bazu revakuru.
  • Bazu reBazu rePuerceria (Mutungamiriri): Mutungamiriri wehurumende anomanikidzira mitemo, anoraira chiuto, anoita muitiro wokumwe, uye anogadza vatongi vomubatanidzwa nemitezo yekabhii. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoratidzawo kana kuti anoisa mutemo.
  • Dare reBazu reJudicial (Dare reSango reMubatanidzwa nematare ehurumende akaderera):[[FURT:1] matare eFederal anodudzira mitemo, anosarudza pamutemo, uye anopedza gakava dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa. Dare rapamusoro idare rokupedzisira.

Zvirongwa Zvemabhazi Nezvemari

Hurumende yehurumende inoronga gadziriro dzinobatanidza muAmerica yose. Chengeteko yenzanga inogovera betsero dzokurega basa nedzourema; Medicare naMedicaid pamwe chete vanofukidza kutarisira utano nokuda kwavakweguru, vakaremara, uye vatapurwa vakaderera; Department of Veterans Affairs inobatira varwi vakaremara; Environmental Protection Agency inogadza mipimo yenyika yose; uye Federal Bureagement of Investigation inobata utsotsi hukuru netyisidziro dzamarudzi. Mutero wemari inovakisa zvikurukuru kubva mumitero yavanobhadharwa (vanopfuura 50%), vanobhadhara mitero yemari inobhadharwa (yati yeSacual Security neMedicaresaresare), mitero yemari yemari yemari, mari inodarika $66 gore negore, iyi mari inosaidzosogira seyazvo zvorudzi, chikwereti zvenyika, chikwereti uye hurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Kupindira Kwakaita Mitengo: Fiscal Federalism uye Intergovernment Relations

Kunyange zvazvo mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende ine mitoro yakasiana, ivo havawanzoshanda vari voga. Mufungo wefiscal unity unorondedzera kuti mwero yakakwirira zvakadini yokushandisa hurumende inoita mari nokuchinjwa kuti ipedze zvinhu zvinokosha zvetsika dzemwero yakaderera. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inogovera mabhiriyoni emadhora mumari inobhadharwa kuhurumende, asi inoda kuti nyika dzigamuchire mipimo yakati yekotsekano (yakadai sokunwa zvishoma zvezera ramakore 21) kuti dzigamuchire mari. Nenzira yakafanana, masangano anopa yamuro yehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nokuda kwezvikoro, migwagwa, uye mabasa enzanga, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza migariro iyo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinofanira kusangana nayo.

Uhu ukama hwehurumende hunoparira zvose zviri zviviri batira pamwe nenyasha. Kune rumwe rutivi, hunobvumira mipimo yakafanana yenyika munharaunda dzakadai semhepo yakachena kana kuti maruramiro avagari vemo padzinenge dzichichengeta udzori hwenharaunda. Kune rumwe rutivi, kunogona kutungamirira kumirairo isina kunyorwa, uko hurumende yehurumende kana kuti hurumende inoisa zvinodikanwa zvisingapiwi mari yakazara. Murakatira weCOVID unoratidzira zvakajeka iyi wirirano: hurumende yehurumende yakagovera mari yekurumidziro negovero yemishonga yemajekiseni; masangano okuzvivhara, kuedza, uye majekisero okudzivirira; hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoita kuti pave nezviratiso zvoutano zvavose uye zvinodzorwa munzanga kunze.

Kusiyana Kukuru Pakuwanda

Nepo mwero mitatu ichigoverana nharidzano yokubatira voruzhinji, misiano yayo inokosha:

  • Chiratidzo cheChiremera: Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinokurukura nhau dzenharaunda nedzenzanga; hurumende dzehurumende dzinobata nhau dzomunharaunda yose mukati memiganhu yadzo; hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inobata nenhau dzenyika nedzemarudzi ose.
  • [FLT:] Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo mavambo omutemo wenyika; hurumende dzehurumende dzinotonga kaviri namabumbiro emitemo adzo dzimene; hurumende yehurumende inowana masimba ayo muBumbiro remitemo reU.S.
  • Manyuko eIndaneti:[ yomunzvimbomo pamitero yenzvimbo nemitero; kushandiswa kwemitero yemari inotambirwa, mitero yokutengesa, uye mimwe mitero yakasiana - siana; kudzorwa kwehurumende kwemitero inofambira mberi yemari inotambirwa uye mitero yemitero inobhadharwa.
  • Rudzi rweSpecice: Munharaunda inonangidzira ngwariro pamabasa oupenyu ezuva nezuva (mapurisa, zvikoro, mapaka); mamiriro ezvinhu pamusoro pegadziriro dzakakura, utano, uye utarisiri hwedzidzo; hurumende pachengeteko yenyika, inishuwarenzi yenzanga, uye kuterama kwemari.
  • Kubhadharwa kwemari: Vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vanowanika zvakananga zvikurusa kuvavhoti; vakuru vakuru vehurumende vane simba rakafara asi vachiri vanowanika zvikuru; vakuru vakuru vehurumende vari kure zvikuru asi vanomirira maconsitue makuru.

Nei Kunzwisisa Hurumende Kuchikosha?

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navagari vemo zvakafanana, kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro yakavharwa kunokosha nokuda kwokutora rutivi runobudirira. Apo chivara chinodikanwa, mubato uno mutoro kazhinji kazhinji ihurumende yomunzvimbomo. Kana uchida kuchinja zvinodikanwa zverezinesi rokutyaira, unoita mubatanidzwa wemisika yehurumende. Pakureverera nokuda kwokuchinja kwezvoutano hwenyika, vateereri vako iCongress yehurumende. Kusarura uku kunogona kutungamirira kukukangaidzika kana kuti kupambadza nhamburiko. Uyezve, vanhu vanoziva vanogona kuyera zviri nani zvikarakadzo zvemiitiro: kuziva kuti dzidzo zvikurukuru ihurumende uye basa romunzvimbomo zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei murairo wezvokurasika mhoteredzo uchisiana zvikuru; kunzwisisa kuti mipimo yehurumende inogona kutsanangura chikonzero nei mipimo yechadenga ichipesana nemitemo yehurumende yomugariro.

Iyi zivo inotsigirawo kuonga mano ehurumende. Inobvumira nokuda kweicho musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Louis Brandeis anonzi "Masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu". Nyika dzinogona kuedza nzira dzakasiana - siana kuzvoutano, mitero, kana kuti ruramisiro yamatsotsi, uye mienzaniso inobudirira inogona kupararira. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona kuvandudza mugadziriro yenzanga kana kuti kukura. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera dziviriro uye inovimbisa maruramiro makuru munyika yose. Kubatanidzwa pakati pamatanho kunoparira gadziriro yokutonga ine simba iyo, nepo padzimwe nguva dzinoshatisa, inogona kusimba uye kubatira ku zvinodikanwa zvakasiana- siyana zverudzi rukuru rwakasiana- siyana.

mhedziso

Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende dzenyika ibwe rekona rehurumende yeAmerica. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mitoro yechienzi inowirirana noukuru hwayo: hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisira zvinodikanwa zvepedyo zvenzanga, hurumende dzinotarisira gadziriro dzomunharaunda dzakafara uye dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzinokosha, uye hurumende inotonga migariro inodzorwa nechengeteko yorudzi, mirau yemari, uye maruramiro makuru. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa akasiyana - siyana (* uye kuti anoshanda sei kupfurikidza nokubatanidza hurumende uye chiremera chakagoveranwa navanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vave vagari vemo vanobudirira zvikuru, vatsigiriri, uye vatungamiriri. Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kurwisana nezvinetso zvakaoma kubva kuutano hwapachena, mano okufamba nokubatanidzwa namapoka ose matatu ehurumende kunoramba kuchikosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.