Kukamura Kunoita Hurumende Mutoro Wedzidzo, Migwagwa, uye Kuchengeteka Kwavose

Zuva riri rose, vaAmerica vanotsamira pamabasa avose ayo anobata rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu — kubva kuzvikoro vana vavo vanopinda, kumigwagwa yavanofamba, kumapurisa navadzimi vomwoto vanochengeta nharaunda dzavo vakakotsekana. Chinomirira vanhu vashomanene kubvunza: ndiani chaizvoizvo ari kutarisira mabasa aya? Mhinduro iri mugadziriro yehurumende yeU.S., inopamura simba pakati pehurumende, hurumende, uye mwero yomunzvimbomo. Kunzwisisa iyi hachisi chidzidzo bedzi chehurumende; uko kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei, uko vagari vemo vanogona sei kutsigira nokuda kwechinjo. Iyi nhungamiro inoputsa mabasa ehurumende mumwe nomumwe mukutarisira dzidzo, migwagwa, uye kuchengeteka, kunzvera kuti vabatira sei, uye kunzvera mativi chaiwo enyika aya.

Muitiro Wavatatu: Nheyo Yechifeferefera yeAmerica

United States inoshanda mugadziriro yehurumende, simba rerevo rinogoveranwa pakati pehurumende yenyika yapakati nehurumende dzeruwa. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo /ivhu, mataundi, uye mataundi(nzi zvisikwa zvehurumende), zvinowana chiremera chazvo mumitemo nemitemo. Ichi chivako chakanangidzirwa namaune navavambi kudzivirira chinhu chipi nechipi kuva chine simba zvikuru uye kuchengeta kudzora pedyo navanhu.

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. richipa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende yomubatanidzwa (zvakadai sokuumba mari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzenyika), iro rinochengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu.

Basa Rakawanda reHurumende Yehurumende Inofurira

Hurumende yehurumende, yakakosha zvikuru muWashington, D.C., inoronga zvinokosha zvenyika, inogovera mari, uye inosimbisa mipimo yehwaro. Basa rayo mudzidzo, migwagwa, uye chengeteko zvikurukuru harina kunanga “‘ hakushandisi zvikoro, hakuvaki migwagwa yose, kana kuti kutenderera migwagwa yeguta (apo inoumba aya mabasa kupfurikidza nemari, murairo, uye miraudzo.

Dzidzo: Kugadza Mipimo Yorudzi uye Kutsigira Mari

Munhau dzakaitika, dzidzo yave iri nhau yehurumende neyomunzvimbomo, asi hurumende yehurumende yakava inobatanidzwa nenzira inowedzera chifo chapakati pezana ramakore rechi20. Elementary neSecondary Education Act (ESA))) ya195, yakatenderwazve se Mudzidzi ari wose anobudirira [[FLT] [[FLT]] [ES] [ESA], inogovera mari inokosha kuzvikoro zvinobatira zvinowana vadzidzi paTitry I. Hurumende yeruwa inomanikidzirawo mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo mudzidzo, seinorambidza kusarura kwakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, kana kuti kuremadza. Kushanda se [FLT].U.GU pepanhau yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yose (FF) (EF) inogoveranawose.

Migwagwa: Kuvaka Miitiro Yepanyika uye Kushandisa Mari

Basa rehurumende muzvokufambisa rinooneka zvikurusa mu System Highhway System, chisokote chamanyunyu 47 000 chakavakwa pasi peFederal-Aid Way Act ye 1956. Nhasi, Fateral Highway Administration [FLT]] [FLT] [[FLT]] [3] [[FLT]] [pat] [pasm] () inopa mari inopa mari 80% yemaprojekiti apakati pezvikamu, na50% yemimwe mibatanidzwa. Mitengo inogadzira mitsva inogadzirawo mishato mitsva, uye kuvaka kupfurikidza nemitevero yemigwaro yemugwagwa. [FLT]

Kuchengeteka: Kuchengeteka Kwenyika Yose uye Kuwirwa Nenjodzi

Kotsekano yavose pamwero wehurumende inonangidzira ngwariro patyisidziro dzorudzi, ngwavaira huru, uye utarisiri. Kubviswa kweHomeland Security (DHS]), yakaitwa pashure pe 9/11, inotsinhirana nedzomubatanidzwa wezvougandanga, dziviriro yemuganhu, uye njodzi dzeIndaneti. FELM[FLT] [FEP] Agency medication Agency) inogovera njodzi neyamuro apo hurumende nepfuma zvomunzvimbomo zvinokurirwa. Masangano emitemo anodzora mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana neTBFB anobata utsotsi hwezvipopo nepfumba dzechibhavho.[FFFFF]

Hurumende: Vavambi Vapakuvamba Vebasa Ravose

Hurumende dzine chiremera chikuru pamusoro pedzidzo, zvokufambisa, uye chengeteko munyika dzadzo. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo remitemo, mugavhuna, gavhuna, uye gadziriro yedare.

Dzidzo: Kuronga, Kushandisa Mari, uye Kuzvidavirira

Mitemo ndiyo mirau mikuru yedzidzo yavose. Idzo dzinogadza mipimo yedzidzo (semipimo yedzidzo yaVose kana kuti yakananga yehurumende), dzinopa nzvero dzakatevedzerwa, uye vadzidzisi vanotenderwa. Mitengo inoparadzirawo mari kumaruwa ezvikoro yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nemiitiro iyo inowanzoganhurira mitero yemari neyamuro yehurumende. Munyika zhinji, dzidzo ndiyo bhajeti yemari hurusa.

Somuenzaniso, California inoshandisa Monoral Control Funding Formula (LCFF) kugovera mari yokuwedzera kumaruwa ane nhamba dzakakwirira dzavadzidzi vechiNgezi navadzidzi vanowana mari yakaderera. TEXS inotsamira zvikuru pamitero yenzvimbo asi inogoverawo mari yehurumende kupfurikidza neavhareji yevapindi vezuva nezuva.

Migwagwa: Migwagwa yeHurumende Nemakwara Makuru

Madhipatimendi ezvokufambisa ehurumende anodzora migwagwa yehurumende, miganhu yezvifambiso pakati pemiganhu yawo, uye mibatanidzwa mikuru yemigwagwa. Anobata kuronga, kuvaka, kugadziridza, uye chengeteko. Nyika dzinogamuchira mari yehurumende asi dzinofanira kuiwiriranisa nemari yehurumende nemitero yegasi, mari inobhadharwa yemotokari, uye mari. Nyika dzakawanda dzakatungamirirawo pamabasa okufambisa matsva, akadai se ORAGON’S [[FL:1]] purogiramu yokushandisa mugwagwa uye Colado] mari yemagetsi yemotokari yokutsiva mutero wegasi.

Kuchengeteka: Mapurisa eHurumende Nokutarisira Kwenjodzi

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine sangano rayo rinoita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe, rinowanzonzi mapurisa kana kuti migwagwa inotenderera, iro rinomanikidza mitemo yemigwagwa, rinoongorora mhosva, uye rinobatsira madhipatimendi omunharaunda. Mitezo inodzora masangano ayo amene okutarisira njodzi anobatira pamwe neyaitsigirwa neNational Guard. Hurumende dzinodzora kuiswa kwegweta kwamapurisa, kuisa mitemo yeutsotsi, uye kushandisa majeri ehurumende negadziriro dzeparekore.

Hurumende Dzomunzvimbomo: Kutevedzana Kwemasangano Enzanga

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo ndiwo mwero wapedyo zvikurusa uye unooneka zvikurusa kuvagari vazhinjisa. Dzinobatanidza maruwa, maguta, misha, uye maruwa chaiwo (semaruwa ezvikoro namaruwa omwoto). Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoumbwa nomutemo wehurumende uye dzine masimba anopiwa kwavari. Dzine mutoro wokupa dzidzo zuva nezuva, kugadziridza migwagwa, uye kuchengeteka kwavanhu vose.

Dzidzo: Maruwa Ezvikoro Ari Kushanda

Maruwa ezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo ndiwo mashandisirwo edzidzo yavose. Vanopinza vadzidzisi navakuru vakuru, vanotarisira zvivako zvechikoro, vanoshandisa zvidzidzo zvehurumende, uye vanogovera zvokufambisa, zvokudya, uye mibato yechikoro. Mabhodhi ezvikoro, akasarudzwa zvikurukuru navavhoti vomunzvimbomo, anogadza mitemo nebhajeti. Mari inobva zvikurukuru mumitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, inowedzerwa neyamuro yehurumende. Ruvara rwedzidzo yomwana runogona kusiana zvikuru kubva kuruwa rumwe kuenda kune rumwe rwakavakirwa papfuma yomunzvimbomo nechivako chemitero.

Somuenzaniso, New York City Department of Education ndiyo ruwa rwechikoro rukurusa muU.S., ichibatira vadzidzi vanopfuura mamirioni 1 mumativi 180%. Mukupesana, ruwa ruduku rwokuruwa rwakaita [[FLT:] Garfield County School District [[[FLT:]] muUtah rungava navadzidzi vane mazana mashomanene bedzi nechikoro chimwe K-12.

Migwagwa: Migwagwa yeGuta Nemigwagwa Yeruwa

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinochengeta migwagwa iyo vanhu vanoshandisa zuva riri rose: migwagwa yeguta, migwagwa yeruwa, mikoto, uye dzimwe nguva migwagwa. Dzinobata kubviswa kwesinou, kugadziriswa kwemakomba ezvikepe, magetsi emotokari, uye zviratidzo zvomumugwagwa. Mari inobva mumitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, mitero yemari, uye mitero yenyika. Mumaguta makuru, madhipatimendi ezvokufambisa anotarisira migwagwa yakaoma nemidziyo mizhinji kubatanidza migwagwa yebhasikoro nebhazi. Somuenzaniso, .[FLT]

Kuchengeteka: Mapurisa, Moto, uye EMS

Mapato emapurisa omunzvimbomo uye mahofisi ehurumende ndiwo masangano makuru ezvokuchengetera mutemo evaAmerica vazhinji. Anopindura kurira kwe 911, nharaunda dzinotenderera, kuongorora utsotsi, uye kumanikidza mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Madhipatimendi emoto anogovera kudzorwa kwomoto, mhinduro yezvokurarama nazvo ine ngozi, uye mabasa okurapa ekurumidziro (EMS). Hurumende dzakawanda dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshandisa mahofisi adzo ezvokutarisira mamiriro enguva yapakati omutemo. Mari inobva kumari inotemwaro yemo yemo yemo yemari yemo yemo. Somuenzaniso, Chicago Bazi ramapurisa rinoshandisa mapurisa anopfuura 12 000, nekasaro duku retaundi rakadai , Mont.[FLT]

Ukama Hwehurumende: Kushanda Kwazvinoita Pamwe Chete

Zvirongwa zvikuru zvehurumende uye mabasa anoitwa nevanhu zvinenge zvinongoda kuva nemigumisiro yakawanda, mari nechiremera zvichifamba nenzira dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Dzidzo: Mubatanidzwa Wokushandisa Mari Nokutarisira

Dzidzo inoratidzira kushanda pamwe kwehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari inopiwa (muremo, IDEA) asi haimanikidzi. Nyika dzinogadza mipimo nokushandisa zvitemo asi dzinovimba neruwa rwomunzvimbomo kutungamirira zvikoro. Maruwa anounganidza mitero yezvinhu asi anofanira kutevera mirairo yehurumende. Iyi gadziriro inogoverwa inogona kuparira kusawirirana: mitongo isingapiwi mirayiro paruwa, uye migariro yehurumende yokupa inogona kuumba muitiro wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, purogiramu yemitero yemitero yenzvimbo yenzvimbo inotora mitero yehurumende asi inofanira kutevera mibato yehurumende. Iyi ingapa mari yemhizha kukutaura kuti kugamuchirwa negadziriro yakati, inopesvedzera dzidzo yedzidzo yehurumende muruwa.

Zvirongwa: Kuronga Kushanda Kwemari KweFederal, State Purning, Kuitwa Kwomunzvimbomo

Zvirongwa zvezvokufambisa zvinotevera nhevedzano: Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akafanana ne Surface Transportation Block Grant, inoronga zvirongwa uye inotarisira migwagwa mitsva yehurumende, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobata migwagwa yomunzvimbomo uye dzinopa mari. IFRACULmentation Repablicationment neJobs Act (IJA, 201] inogovera mabhiriyoni 550 mumari inopedzwa noruwa inopfuura makore mashanu, namaruwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji achipa mari nokuda kwemabhiriji, marobhoti emvura, uye zvakawanda. Ikoku kuvamba gadziriro apo guta ringashandisa nokuda kwehurumende kupfurikidza negadziriro yeDOT, nechirongwa chavose panguva iyeyo yakaitwa nesangano rapachena.

Masangano Ekurumidziro: Muitiro Wokupindura Wakazara

Mhinduro yenhamo inoratidzira nheyo ye "nzvimbo huru, tsigiro yehurumende, tsigiro yehurumende. Apo ngwavaira yomusikirwo inorovanya, mapurisa omunzvimbomo, moto, uye EMS inotanga kuitika. Kana chinoitika chacho chinopfuura nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, gavhuna wehurumende anogona kuzivisa ngozi ndokuita kuti mari yeNational Guard nehurumende zvive zvisina kukwana. Kana pfuma yehurumende isati yakwana, gavhuna anokumbira ngwavaira yehurumende kubva kuna Purezidhendi, kuvhura FEMA yamuro, mari yehurumende, uye imwe tsigiro. Somuenzaniso, mukati mePhenaturricane (2005), kundika pamitezo yose mitatu yakasimbisa kudikanwa kukuru nokuda kwetsinhirano. Mukupesana, mhinduro kuPritu yePrevern Harvertvey (207) yakaratidza kuvandudzwa batira batira pamwe chete nehurumende yehurumende yomunzvimbomo uye masangano anogovera mari.

Kusiyana - siyana Mhiri kweUnited States: Hapana Kusvika Kumwe-Kukura-Zvose

Nepo gadziriro yose iri yechokwadi, kukamukana chaikoiko kwemitoro kunosiana zvikuru munyika nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakadzika midzi zvikuru, nehurumende dzenyika dzichichengeta udzori hwakasimba padzidzo nenhau dzomunzvimbomo.

  • HAWAii yakasiyana: ine ruwa rumwe rwechikoro muhurumende yose, rusina mabhodhi ezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo. Department of Education inotarisira zvikoro zvose zvavose.
  • Maryland inopa mitoro mikuru nokuda kwokutsigira dzidzo, nehurumende ichigovera mugove unokosha, asi gavhuna haana udzori hwakananga pazvikoro zvomunzvimbomo.
  • Text ine udzori hwakasimba hwomunzvimbomo, asi hurumende inoronga zvidzidzo nezvinoiswa mutsika kuedza (STAR). maruwa ane pfuma anogona kutsigira zvikoro zvavo zvikuru kwazvo norupo kupfuura zvirombo, zvichitungamirira kumatare anosvika makumi amakore pamusoro pokusasarura.
  • Alaska haina hurumende yenyika; mabasa akawanda anopiwa nehurumende kana kuti nzvimbo. Nharaunda dzomumaruwa dzinowanzoshaiwa mapurisa omunzvimbomo, achivimba neAlaska State Troopers.

Kutsigira Zvinhu Chaizvoizvo: Ndiani Anobhadhara Chii?

Kunzwisisa mwero wehurumende kunorevawo kunzwisisa kuti ndiani anobhadhara mari yacho.

  • [[FOLT:0] [[[FT:2] [[FT:3] FEDAL: ~8-10% yendyiko ye K-12 (Tiyati I, II-IEA, Musoro wekuvamba)
  • ~45-50% (mukuwana mitero, mitero yokutengesa, rotari)
  • Munzvimbo yacho: ~40-45% (mitero inokwana mari)
  • [[FOL:0] :[[[FT:1] [[FT:2] [[FT:3]Fedal: ~25% yemari yose yomumugwagwa mukuru inoshandiswa (mutero wegasi, mutero wemotokari)
  • Hurumende: ~50% (mitero yegasi yenyika, mibhadharo, kubatana)
  • Munharaunda: ~25% (mitero inokwana, mitero yomunzvimbomo)
  • [[FT:0] Sakarati (Profiki, mwoto, EMS):[[FT:1] [[FT:2]
  • FEDA: mugove muduku (zviwiso zvemidziyo, ngwavaira)
  • Hurumende: Goveranai (mapurisa ehurumende, vatarisiri vekurumidziro, ruramiso)
  • Munzvimbo yacho: Vakuru vanogoverana (mitero inokodzera, mitero yokutengesa, faindi)

    • Zvikamu izvi zvinosiyana nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Vermont inotsamira zvikuru pakutsigira mari yehurumende nokuda kwedzidzo, nepo New Hampshire[ inovimba zvikuru nemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo.

    Chikonzero Nei Izvi Zvichikosha Kuvagari Vemo

    Kuziva mwero wehurumende inobata basa kunobetsera vagari vemo kutungamirira zvichemo zvavo, zvikarakadzo, uye kuvimbisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana gova riri pamugwagwa womunzvimbomo richida kugadziriswa, kunyorera vebato rebasa reguta ibasa rakarurama(hakusi kudana kuna gavhuna kana kuti mutezo weCongress). Kana zvidzidzo zvechikoro zvichiita sezvinyakare, kupinda musangano wechikoro kunobatsira zvikuru kupfuura kunyorera U.S. Munyori weDzidzidzo. Nenzira yakafanana, kuvhota musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo (yameyamejara, kabhini yeguta, dare rechikoro, uye dare reruwa) uye jambwa rakananga pamabasa anotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Bva muvhoti anowanzova pasi pe 30% yezvisarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvikoro, uye kuchengetedzwa nekako duku yavagari vemo vemo.

    Somuenzaniso, kana vanhu vomunharaunda vachida kuti migwagwa ive yakanaka, vangamanikidza kuti mutero wemo wokutengesa uwedzere kuti migwagwa igare yakadzikama, kukumbira mari yavanopa, kana kuti kukumbira vamiririri vavo vehurumende kuti vatsigire mari yezvifambiso.

    mhedziso

    Kukamuraniswa kwemitoro muhurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende, dzehurumende, uye dzomunzvimbomo hakusati kuri gadziriro yavafundisi yakapfava asi yakabatana. Dzidzo, migwagwa, uye kotsekano zvinodzorwa kupfurikidza nebatira pamwe inotsamira pamwero mumwe nomumwe ichiita mabasa akasiyana - siyana. Hurumende inogadza mipimo, inogovera mari, uye inotungamirira panhau dzenyika. Hurumende dzinoronga nokutarisira gadziriro huru dzehurumende . "Mitemo", migwagwa mikuru, mapurisa ehurumende (panguva inopa hurumende) maawa akawanda kusvikira kuzuva rimwe nerimwe.

    Nokunzwisisa kuti ndiani anoita, vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa zvakanaka gadziriro yacho, kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakarurama vazvidavirire, uye kutora rutivi zvine revo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

    Nokuda kwokuravazve, kunzvera USA. gov nduramo yamapazu ehurumende, U.S. Department yedzidzo mu K-12, uye [[FLT:]