Dare rehurumende ndiro musimboti wemitemo yeAmerica, kugadzirisa nyaya dzakawanda dzemitemo muUnited States. Kubva pamatikiti emotokari nokurambana kusvika kumitongo yemhosva yakaoma uye kupesana kwemabonde, matare aya ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga weruramisiro kuvagari vemo vakawanda. Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei, nzira dzaanoita, uye mhesano dzaanobata dzinokosha kune munhu upi noupi angazviwana achizvibatanidza munhau yepamutemo. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera kupfupikisana kukuru kwezvirongwa zvedare, nzira huru dzemitemo, uye ungwaru hunoshanda kuti zvikubatsire kufambisa gadziriro yemitemo nechivimbo.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Nepo chimiro chaichoicho chichisiyana muhurumende nehurumende, miitiro mizhinjisa yedare yehurumende inotevera dare ravafundisi rine mapoka matatu: matare okutonga, matare apakati, uye dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende, zvinonzi Dare rapamusorosoro (kana kuti Dare reZvikwidzo mune dzimwe nyika dzakadai seNew York). Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mitoro yakasiana namasimba.

Matare Okutonga

Dare iri rinonzwa nyaya dzedare kokutanga, rinoona chokwadi, uye rinoshandisa mutemo kuti ripe mutongo.

  • Konquro dzeMipinitsi: Izvozvi zvinobata marudzi akati enhau, dzakadai sedare romumugwagwa, dare duku, dare remhuri, dare redare remudare remongi, uye dare repwere. Vanobata nhau dzakakomba zvishoma uye vane ganhuriro dzemari pakutaura.
  • Kokoroti dzeChirango cheGeneral Juristotion: Anozivikanwawo samatare makuru, matare oruwa, kana kuti matare amatunhu, iwaya ane chiremera chokunzwa mhatsa huru yenhau, kubatanidza matsotsi akakomba, kutaura kwehurumende pamusoro pechitsama chakati chemari, uye nhau dzakaoma zvikuru dzemhuri kana kuti dzezvirongwa zvemari.

Nyika dzakawanda dzinewo matare anonyatsotonga, akadai sematare ezvinodhaka, matare ezvoutano hwepfungwa, kana kuti matare agara nebasa, anonyanya kutaura nezvevanhu vakasiyana - siyana kana kuti nyaya uye anowanzosimbisa kugadziridzwa pane kurangwa.

Dare Rokubvunzurudza

Hadzisi dzose hurumende dzine dare rapakati. Muhurumende dzine nhamba huru yezvikumbiro, mwero wedare rinokwirira uripo pakati pematare edare nedare guru rehurumende. Basa radzo guru kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva mumatare emhosva nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo — kwete kupfupikisa maidi. Boka ravatongi rinonzvera chinyorwa chokutonga, kuhwirudzura kupfupikiswa nemhesano dzinopiwa namapoka, uye vanganzwa nharo dzinotaurwa. dare reappellate rinogona kusimbisa, kuchinja, kana kuti kudzoserazve mhaka nokuda kwokumwezve kutongwa. Iri bhokisi rinobetsera kusunungura mhaka yedare rapamusoro zvikurusa kupfurikidza nokupedza zvikumbiro zvenguva dzose.

Dare Repamusorosoro reHurumende

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rehurumende, rinowanzonzi Dare rapamusorosoro (kana kuti Dare reZvikumbiro muNew York neMaryland), idare rechisarudzo chokupedzisira chemitemo yehurumende. Rinonzwa kukwirira kubva mumatare akaderera kana kuti, muhurumende pasina dare rapakati, zvakananga mumatare aitonga. Zvisarudzo zvedare rapamusoro rehurumende zvinosungirwa pamatare ose akakwirira ari mukati mehurumende iyoyo uye zvinogona bedzi kupunzwa neU.S. Dare gurusa kana nhau yomutemo yehurumende ichibatanidzwa. Idzi dzinorangarira chaizvoizvo nhau dzechisarudzo — idzo dzinosarudza kuti dzinzwe, kazhinji kazhinji rwisano pakati pematare apamusoro, kana kuti mibvunzo inokosha yavose yavose.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame pamusoro penzira iyo gadziriro dzedare rimwe nerimwe rehurumende dzakarongwa, National Center for State Courts inochengeta rangoro rakaisvonaka renyundo dzedare rehurumende rehurumende .

Mitongo yeDare reHurumende inopesana neDare Rinodzora

Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pehurumende nehurumende kunokosha. matare ehurumende ane muganhu wehurumende — vanogona kunzwa chinenge nhau ipi neipi kutoti yawira pasi pesimba rehurumende rapoga.

Matare ehurumende anobata chaizvoizvo:

  • Nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende (muchib., mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinorondedzerwa nemirau yehurumende, kakavadzano, kuvadziko yomunhu oga mumutemo wehurumende)
  • Mutemo wemhuri unokosha (kurambana, kuchengetwa kwavana, kurerwa navabereki vasiri vavo)
  • Purogiramu uye kutarisirwa kwezvivako
  • Kukakavadzana kukuru
  • Kuputswa kwemotokari
  • Makakatanwa ebhizimisi asingabatanidzi mibvunzo yehurumende

Matare eFederal anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, gakava pakati pehurumende, uye nhau umo United States iri mubatanidzwa. Anewo chiremera chakasiana - siana apo mativi anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana uye chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, dare rehurumende richashandisa mutemo mukuru wehurumende. Dzimwe mhaka, sekakavadzano dzehurumende, dzinowa chose chose pasi poudzori hwehurumende.

Kana uchida kujekeswa zvikuru pamusoro pokuti nhau yako ndeyehurumende kana kuti yehurumende, USA.gov chisakiso pavs. matare ehurumende anopa chiono chinowanika.

Zviito Zvinokosha Zvepamutemo Mumatare Ehurumende

Rwendo rwenhau mudare rehurumende runowanzotevera nhevedzano yakajeka, kunyange zvazvo mashoko acho achitsamira pakuti imhaka youtsotsi, mhaka yehurumende, kana kuti rumwe rudzi rwokutonga. Pasi apa ndidzo nhanho huru dzinozivikanwa nemhosva dzevagari vemo, idzo dziri jira redare rehurumende zhinjisa.

Kupedzisa Kunyunyuta

Mhaka iri yose yehurumende inovamba nokuisa mutongo we munyunyuti nedare rokutonga rakafanira. Kunyunyuta kunoonesa hwaro hwechokwadi hwedare, kutaura kwapamutemo kuri kuitwa, uye rusununguko rwakatsvakwa (muchib., mari yakuvadzwa, murayiro). Pamwe nokunyunyuta kwacho mupurisa anofanira kubhadhara mari kutoti vakwaniriswa nokuda kwechibharo chakavakirwa paindigence. Mabharani wedare anoronzesa nhamba yenhau nomutongi.

Basa Rokugadzirira

Kana dare rangokwidzwa, mutongi anofanira kupa kopi yenyunyuto uye kukumbira kumukwirirwi — nhano inonzi idiso yebasa. Kombiso dzinozivisa mukwiridziri kuti dare ratongerwa kuti rinofanira kupiwa mutongo uye kuti vanofanira kupindura mukati menhambo yakati yenguva (zvinowanzo 20 ne30). Basa rakafanira rinokosha; kana risati raitwa zvakarurama, dare ringasava nechiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwirirwi. Mitoo inozivikanwa inobatanidza basa romunhu oga kupfurikidza nokupa mukwidziridziridzo, tsamba inorumbidzwa, kana kuti, mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa, chinyorwa, mupepanhau.

Zvaakaita Mudziviriri

Pashure pokunge apiwa, mukwirirwi anofanira kunyora mhinduro kana kuti kumwe kupindura. Mumhinduro, mukwiridziri anobvuma kana kuti kuramba pomero imwe neimwe munyunyuto uye angasimudza dziviriro (g., mutemo weganhuriro, kushaiwa simba). Mukwirirwi anogonawo kuronga kuti adzingwe, achiramba kuti kunyange kana chinhu chiri chose mupurisa achiti ndechechokwadi, mutemo haugoveri mushonga. Kana mukwirirwi akakundikana kupindura mukati momuganhu wenguva, mupurisa anogona kukumbira rutongeso rwakakwana.

Kuwana

Izvi zvinowanzova chikamu chakarebesa uye chinodhura zvikuru chezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuongorora zvinhu zvinowanikwa.

  • [[[FRATO: 0] Mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko.
  • [[[FOL:0] ZVIPINDURO: Mutsipa, kunyora mibvunzo yechapupu kana kuti yebato rinopika, nomutori wenhau wedare aripo.
  • Kukumbira Kubudiswa Kwamapepa: Kudikanwa kwezvinyorwa zvinowirirana, maemail, zvibvumirano, mapikicha, zvichingodaro.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokunyoresa: Tsime dzinoti mumwe munhu anofanira kubvuma kana kuramba nhau dzakatetepa dzokutonga.
  • [[FOL:0] Subpoenas:[ Dare rinoraira munhu wechitatu kubudisa magwaro kana kuti kupupurira.

Kuwana kunodzorwa nemitemo yehurumende, inosiyana zvishoma nevhu. Hurumende dzakawanda dzakashandisa mirayiridzo yokutarisira zvirwere inogadza nguva yokuwana nguva yokupedza.

Zviito Zvokutanga

Pamberi pomuedzo, rutivi rumwe norumwe runogona kuisa mhatsa yemiitiro kupedza nhau pasina kunzwa kwakazara. Chinozivikanwa zvikurusa inzwisiso yorutongeso rwechipfupiso[, apo papati inoramba kuti hakuna gakava rechokwadi pamusoro pamaidi ezvokunyama uye kuti ivo vane kodzero yokutonga senhau yomutemo. Mamwe mafambiro anobatanidza kumanikidza kuwana, kufambisa zvinhu muLimine (kubvisa ufakazi hwakati), uye kufambisa zvinhu kubvisa kana kuti kusimbisa nhau.

Kutongwa

Kana nhau yacho isingarangwi kana kuti kupedzwa, inopfuurira kutongwa. Mukutonga kwebhenji, mutongi anosarudza zvose maidi nomutemo. Mukutonga kwedare, vatongi vanosarudza nhau dzechokwadi apo mutongi anotonga panhau dzapamutemo. Muitiro wokutonga unobatanidza honox[ (kusarudza, mashoko okuzarura), kutaura kwokuzarura, kupiwa kwoufakazi (kunzvera nokuongorora zvapupu), kupfiga zvibvumikiso zvedare, uye kupeta. Pashure porutongeso, mutongi anopinda. Mutongi akawanwa kuti anofanirwa mumhaka yavagari vemo angakwidza; muwindi anogonawo kukwidza kana vanodavira kuva vasina kukuvadza.

Kufamba Nokukwirira Kwomunguva Yakapfuura

Pashure pokutonga, boka rinorasikirwa rinogona kuronga nhanho dzapashure pokutonga, dzakadai sokufamba nokuda kwekutonga kutsva kana kuti chiito chechisarudzo pasinei zvapo nechisarudzo (JWHOV). Kana avo vakarambwa, vapano vanogona kukwirira kudare repakati redare (kana aripo) kana kuti zvakananga kudare gurusa rehurumende. Chikumbiro chacho chinonangidzira pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvinoitwa mukati mokutonga — somuenzaniso, mirayiridzo isina kufanira, kubvuma kwakaipa ufakazi, kana kuti kusashanda kwoufakazi. dare redare richahwirudzura chinyorwa chacho, kunzwa kutaura, uye kubudisa murangariro wakanyorwa. Mhaka yacho ingasimbiswa, kuchinjwa, kana kuti kudzokororwa. Kana boka rikarasikirwa nomwe mwero wapakati pomutezo, ipapo vangakumbira kuhwirudzura kudare gurusa, kunyange zvazvo dare rakadaro rinowanzova pamutemo.

Zviito Zvinodhura uye Zvorumwe Rukuru

Nyaya shoma dzinogona kutevedzerwa nemiitiro yakarongwa. Matare maduku, somuenzaniso, shandisa mitemo isina kuoma, hapana magweta (munyika dzakawanda), uye kukwirira kwakaganhurirwa. matare emhuri anowanzoshandisa kutaurirwa pamberi pokutongwa kuti apedze nhau dzekodzero yokuchengeta mwana kana kuti kutsigira. matare edare reProbate ane miitiro yawo yakasiyana yokushandisa zvido zvokutsigira uye kutarisira nzvimbo.

Marudzi Anozivikanwa Mumatare Ehurumende

Matare ehurumende anobata nyaya dzakasiyana - siyana zvinoshamisa, uye dzimwe nyaya dzinowanzosangana dzinosanganisira:

Mhaka Dzeutsotsi

Dare rehurumende rinoshora kuputswa kwomutemo wehurumende. Idzi mhesano dzinobva mimesmes [ (kurangwa negore rimwe mujeri, zvakadai sekuba tunhu, kudenha kwakapfava, kana kuti kutongwa kweDuI kwokutanga) [kuno] kanganisa (mhosva huru dzakafanana netsotsi dzine zvombo, kuponda, kana kuti kutengesa mirimo, kutakura mitongo yerimo rinopfuura gore rimwe). Muitiro unobatanidza kusungwa, kutongwa, kukwidziridza, kukwidza, kutongwa, kutonga, uye kuranga. matare mazhinji enyika anoshandawo matare echienzi kana kuti endangariro anopa kurapa kurapa kunopa nzira dzokutsiva.

Mhaka Dzavagari Vemo: Vatapuri Nevatakuri

Zviitiko zvevagari vemo zvinosanganisira kukakavadzana pakati pemapati emunhu oga (vanhu, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano). Nemhaka dzenhau dzinomuka apo rimwe boka rinotaura kuti rimwe raputsa chibvumirano chepamutemo — somuenzaniso, mutengesi anokundikana kupa zvinhu sezvakapikirwa, kana kuti kumira kubhadhara rendi. Trort [ Anobatanidza zvikanganiso zvevagari vemo zvinoparira kuvadziko, zvakadai sekuvadziko yomunhu oga mutsaona yemotokari (negligcon), kuzvidza, kana kuti kurapa. Majeko anonyanyotsvaka kukuvadza mari kana kuti kupedza mishonga.

Mutemo Wemhuri Unokosha

Dare remhuri rinobata nhau dzomunhu oga dzinotapura, kubatanidza chatanuro, paradzano yapamutemo, kuchengetwa kwavana neshanyo, tsigiro yavana, tsigiro yapamusha (chipo chokubereka), kurera mwana, kubereka, uye masimba masimba omumba anodzivirira. Idzi mhaka dzinowanzoda kuwana chokwadi zvikuru uye kubatanidzwa kwavashandi vomunzanga kana kuti vanzveri vekodzero yokuchengeta mwana. Masangano mazhinji anokurudzira kubetsera vabereki kusvika zvibvumirano kunze kwokutongwa.

Gadzirisa Uye Nhau Dzezvikwereti

Dare revatongi rinotarisira kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo dzevanhu vakafa. Kana mumwe munhu akafa nechido, dare rinosimbisa chido chacho uye rinovimbisa muparadziri kugovera zvinhu maererano nezvirevo zvaro. Kana pasina kuda (kusatenderwa), dare rinogadza mutarisiri uye kugovera zvinhu maererano nemitemo yehurumende. Matare e Probate anobatawo zvikepe zvinodzivirira nezvikwata zvokushandira vanhu vasingakwanisi kudzora zvinhu zvavo pachavo.

Gakava Rakaoma

Dare rehurumende rinobata kudzingwa kwemhosva (zviito zvisiri zvepamutemo zvokutapa vanhu), kuisa kunetsana kwekuchengeteka, uye kutaura kuti kugarwa kunofanira kuitwa (kunotaurira munhu kuti zvinhu zvacho hazvina kukotsekana kana kuti hazvibhadharwi).

Kutaura Kuduku

Nyika zhinjisa dzine kukamuranisa kuduku kwakazvitsaurira nokuda kwekakavadzano dzinobatanidza zvitsama zvakaganhurirwa, zvikurukuru $3 000 kusvikira ku $10 000 zvichitsamira pahurumende. Mitemo yacho inorerutswa, magweta kazhinji kazhinji haadikanwi (uye pane dzimwe nguva haabvumirwi), uye nhau dzinonzwiwa nokukurumidza. miitiro miduku inorongwa inogadzirirwa kuva inowanika kuvanhu vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta.

Kuongorora Kuitwa kweDare reHurumende: Mazano Ezvikamu Zviduku Zvemari

Vanhu vazhinji vanozviisa vamene mudare rehurumende, zvikurukuru mumhuri, zvikumbiro zviduku, uye nhau dzinonzi muridzi wemo. Nepo kuri kwakafanira nguva dzose kubvunza gweta, zvikurukuru nokuda kwepomero dzakakomba kana kuti kakavadzano dzehurumende dzakaoma, gadziriro dzinotevera dzinogona kubetsera kana ukapfuurira nechamunogona:

  • Zvigadzirise umene nemitemo yomunzvimbomo: Dare riri rose rinobudisa mitemo yaro rimene yetsika paIndaneti. Ravai nokungwarira, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokuronga nguva, kuumba zvinodikanwa, uye zvipfeko zvedare.
  • Kushanyira nzvimbo yedare inozviyamura: matare akawanda ehurumende ane nzvimbo dzinofamba kana kuti manyuko apaIndaneti ayo anogovera zvimiro, miraidzo, uye kunyange zano rakaganhurirwa rinobva kuvashandi vedare. Usavimba nomutongi kana kuti mabharani kuti upe zano rapamutemo; anogona bedzi kugovera mashoko.
  • Gadzira ufakazi hwako:[[FT:1] Ita chisungo chine mateji akanyorwa nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvikuru, nyorerana, uye mapikicha. Gadzira ndaza dzezviratidziro ndokuunza makopi akawanda nokuda kwomutongi neboka rinoshora.
  • Rovedza mharidzo yako: Kudziridza kutaura kwako kwokuzarura nemibvunzo yauchabvunza zvapupu. Ngwarira pamaidi anotsigira nharo dzako, uye dzivisa kushatirwa kana kuti kudenhwa kwomunhu oga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Fungai pamusoro penhau kana kuti chibvumirano: matare akawanda ehurumende anoda kuti masangano aedze kuedza kutongwa pamberi pokutonga. Kuvanza kunogona kuchengetedza nguva, mari, uye funganyo. Kunyange kana uchinzwa zvakasimba pamusoro penhau yako, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kungabereka miuyo iri nani kupfuura muedzo une ngozi.
  • [ Kuziva nguva dzinodiwa: Kana ukarasikirwa, chikamu chenguva yokukumbira chipfupi zvikuru — kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30 kana kuti pasi. Kurasikirwa nenhambo inorasikirwa namaruramiro ako okudenha chisarudzo.

Nokuda kwaavo vanoda betsero yapamutemo asi vasingakwanisi kubhadhara gweta rapachivande, Sangano reMitemo yapamutemo rinogovera chishandiso chokunzvera nokuda kwepurogiramu dzeyamuro yapamutemo munyika yose [[FLT: 1].

Kukosha Kwematare Ehurumende Mugadziriro Yepamutemo yeAmerica

matare ehurumende haasati achingovawo zvawo mapazu omunzvimbomo egadziriro huru yehurumende; iwo inzvimbo huru yeruramisiro muUnited States. Mukuwirirana neNational Center for State Courts, matare ehurumende anotonga anenge 90% emhaka dzose dzedare munyika — mhaka itsva dzinenge mamirioni 100 gore rimwe nerimwe. Kuvambira pazvirango zvemotokari dzepanhambo nenhambo dzechikamu chakaderera kusvikira kumirairo yechatanuro nemhondi zvinoisa mumugariro woutsi, matare ehurumende anoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwamamirioni.

Uyezve, matare ehurumende anodudzira ndokushandisa bumbiro remitemo rehurumende, iro rinowanzogovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reU. munharaunda dzakadai sekutaura kwakasununguka, kuva woga, uye muitiro woutsotsi. matare eHurumende marabhoritari ehurumende ehurumende, anoedza mitoo mitsva yokubvisa (sematare emirimo, gadziriro dzemiitiro yendangariro dzinovhiringidza utano, uye kuvandudza ruramisiro) idzo gare gare dzinopesvedzera miitiro yehurumende.

Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei kunopa vagari vemo simba rokushandisa maruramiro avo, kutsvaka mishonga yezvakaipa, uye kutora rutivi mumuitiro wapamutemo nechivimbo. Kana uri kunyora chibvumirano chiduku, kupindura kudare, kana kuti kungoedza kunzwisisa chiziviso chapamutemo chawakagamuchira, kuziva mavambo egadziriro yedare rehurumende uye muitiro chishandiso chinokosha. Nokuda kwokupfuurira kurava pamusoro pemiitiro yedare rehurumende nenhau, project Statistics Project inobva kuNational Center for State Courts inogovera mishumo yegore negore yakaisvonaka.