Table of Contents

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inobatira seimwe yembiru dzinokosha zvikurusa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, ichivimbisa kuti ruramisiro inoitwa zvakanaka uye isingasaruri muUnited States. Matare eU.S. akasikwa pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo kuti apedze ruramisiro nenzira isina ruramisiro uye kusasarura, mukati mesimba rakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo neCongress. Kana uri mudzidzi, nyanzvi yepamutemo, kana kuti mugari wehurumende ane gwinzvizivikanzvi, anonzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei kunokosha sei kuti anzwisise kuti gadziriro yedare reAmerica ishandei. Iyi nhungamiro ine revo yakakwana ichakufamba muchinhu chiri chose chaunofanira kuziva pamusoro pematare ehurumende, kubva pagadziriro yawo nechiremera uye kumarudzi enhau dzaanobata nayo uye kuti anosiyana sei nematare ehurumende.

Chii Chiri Matare Ehurumende?

Matare ehurumende madare chaiwo anotonga anobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, uye nharo dzinopfuura miganhu. Kusafanana nematare ehurumende, ayo ane chiremera chakafara panhau dzapamutemo dzakawanda, matare ehurumende imatare ehurumende esimba rakaganhurirwa, kureva kuti anogona kunzwa bedzi mhaka dzinobvumirwa neUnited States Constitution kana kuti mirau yehurumende. Iyi ganhuriro huru inoreva kuti matare ehurumende haagoni kusarudza mhaka iri yose inouya pamberi pawo nehwhwhwhwhwh.Akaro ine chiremera chakananga chinopiwa neBumbiro remitemo kana kuti Congresssion kuti inzwe rudzi rwakati rwegakavadzano.

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chakagadzira Dare Rapamusorosoro uye chakabvumira kuti Dare ripe mitemo yokugadza gadziriro yematare epasi.Iyi nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yakaguma negadziriro yedare rehurumende ine zviuru zvitatu iyo inobata zviuru zvenhau gore rimwe nerimwe, kuvambira pamhosva dzoutsotsi kusvikira kurondedzero yavagari vemo yakaoma inobatanidza mabhiriyoni amadhora.

Zvirongwa Zvitatu Zvematare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine mwero mitatu: kutonga, kuendesa mhaka pakati, uye dare renzvimbo dzokupedzisira. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unobatira donzo rakasiana uye une mitoro chaiyo mukati megadziriro yapadare yakafara zvikuru. Kunzwisisa ichi chimiro chedare ravakuru vakuru kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinofamba sei mutsika yehurumende uye kuti mienzaniso yapamutemo inotangwa sei.

Matare Oruwa eU.S.: Chiverengero Chokutonga

Dare reruwa ndimatare edare rehurumende. Dare rimwe nerimwe roruwa rine anenge Mutongi mumwe weRuwa weUnited States, akagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare nokuda kweshoko roupenyu. matare amaruwa anobata kutonga mukati megadziriro yedare rehurumende – zvose zviri zviviri matare anomirira nzvimbo yokupinda kwemhaka zhinjisa dzehurumende uye ari apo maidi enhau inosarudzwa pakuvamba.

Matare 94 oruwa kana kuti edare rokutonga enyika ino anonzi matare oruwa eU.S. aya matare anoparadzirwa muUnited States yose kuti ave nechokwadi chokuwana nzvimbo, neanenge dare rimwe reruwa muruwa rumwe norumwe, uye District of Columbia. Dzimwe nyika huru dzine maruwa akawanda ane kutakura mhaka dzadzo nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, matare ane vanhu vakawanda angakamurwa kuva Northern, Southern, Southern, neWestern maruwa.

Dare reruwa rinotonga nokutonga, kupedza nharo kupfurikidza nokusarudza maidi nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi iwayo. Iri basa rokuwana idi rinosianisa matare enhau nematare anoparadza, ayo anohwirudzura mibvunzo yapamutemo panzvimbo pokurambazve kurangarira mhedziso dzechokwadi. Mumatare eruwa, vatongi namatare edare anonzvera ufakazi, vanonzwa ufakazi hwouchapupu, uye vanoita zvisarudzo pamusoro pechakaitika chaizvoizvo mumhaka yakapiwa.

Mhando Dzemhosva Dzinonzwiwa Mumatare Oruwa

Mhosva dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinotongwa nehurumende dzinotongwa mumatare ehurumende.

Munhau dzehurumende, nhau dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza gakava pakati pavanhu, masangano kana kuti hurumende, umo mumwe kana kuti vanopfuura vanokwidza mumwe kana kuti vamwe nokuda kweripo nokuda kwekuvadziko yomunhu oga kana kuti yemari (zvinoreva kuti kuputswa kwechibvumirano chinobatanidza Hurumende yeUnited States, kuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu, kukakavadzana pakati pevagari vemo kana kuti mabhizimisi enyika dzakasiyana - siyana, kudzorwa kwekodzero dzehurumende).

Kutonga kwehurumende kunosarudzwa apo nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, Hurumende yeU.S. (kana kuti ipi neipi yamasangano ayo), inopfuura nyika imwe mukati menyika, uye gakava pakati pavagari vemo kana kuti mabhizimisi enyika dzakasiana - siana umo chitsama chemhindu mugakava chinopfuura $75 000.00.

Mhosva dzeutsotsi mumatare ehurumende dzinobatanidza kuputswa kwomutemo wehurumende (imo. Kupinza mirimo muhurumende munyika, kuba mubhangi, unyengeri kana kuti kuba mumasangano anopinzwa nomutemo, kunyepedzera mari yeUnited States). Mhaka dzeutsotsi dzeFederal dzinowanzobatanidza mhosva idzo dzinobatanidza mitsetse yehurumende, dzinotapura kutengeserana kwehurumende, kana kuti dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvomuhurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru.

Basa Ravatongi Vakachenjera

Mamwe mabasa edare reruwa anopiwa kuvatongi vehurumende. Magistrate anogadzwa nedare roruwa nevhoti yoruzhinji yavatongi ndokubatira nokuda kweshoko ramakore masere kana nguva yakazara namakore mana kana akaparadzana, asi anogona kugadzwazve pashure pokupedzwa kweshoko ravo. Ava vakuru vakuru vanotonga vanobetsera kudzora basa guru rematare oruwa kupfurikidza nokubata nhau dzokutanga namarudzi akati enhau.

Munhau dzoutsotsi, vatongi vangava vanotarisira nhau dzakati, kunzvera nokusunga zvibvumikiso zvokusungwa, kuisa matare okutonga pakutanga, kugadza bherai, kusarudza mabasa akati (zvakadai sokuedza kudzvinyirira ufakazi), uye mamwe mabasa akafanana. Munhau dzehurumende, vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanobata mhatsa yenhau dzakadai sekuitwa kwedare rapamberi pekutongwa nokuwana. Uku kukamukana kwebasa kunobvumira vatongi voruwa kuisa ngwariro panhau dzakaoma zvikuru nepo vachivimbisa kuti mabasa enguva dzose edare anoitwa nenzira inoshanda zvakanaka.

Matare Okukwirira eU.S.: Musi Wezvikwiriso weIntermediate Appellate

Dare redare repamusoro - soro reUnited States rine matare 13 anogara pasi peDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, uye anonzi matare okukwirira.

Kune matunhu ane gumi namaviri ehurumende anokamura nyika kuva matunhu akasiyana. Semuenzaniso, Chikamu cheshanu cheNhambo yeManyika chinobatanidza nyika dzeTexas, Louisiana, uye Mississippi. Matare anobva kumatare eruwa iwayo anokwidzwa kuUnited States Court of Appeals for the Find Trears for the Find Transfur, iyo inovakirwa zvikuru muNew Orleans, Louisiana. Sangano iri renyika ino rinovimbisa kuti kuhwirudzurwa kusvikirika kuinganonge kwapa purofiti inowanika kumativi ose enyika.

Additionally, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals has a nationwide jurisdiction over very specific issues such as patents. This specialized court handles appeals in technical areas where consistent national standards are particularly important, including patent law, international trade, and certain claims against the federal government.

Kushanda Kunoita Matare

Basa redare rinopa uchapupu nderokusarudza kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rokutonga kana kuti sangano rinodzora rehurumende. Kusafanana nematare edare, matare anotonga haaiti nyaya itsva, kunzwa uchapupu, kana kuti kuongorora uchapupu. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanoongorora chinyorwa chinobva kudare rakaderera kuti vazive zvikanganiso zvepamutemo.

Zvikumbiro kumatare edunhu zvinotanga kunzwiwa neboka, rina vatongi vatatu vedare redunhu. Paritais dzinonyorwa kuti "mabhirife" kudare, zvichiitirana nharo kuti nei chisarudzo chedare rokutonga chinofanira ku "simbiswa" kana kuti kutemerwa. Pashure pokunge dare raiswa, dare richaronga kuti "pokanidzano" apo magweta anouya pamberi pedare kuzopindura nharo dzavo nokupindura mibvunzo yavatongi.

Dare redunhu rimwe nerimwe rine vatongi vazhinji, kubva pavatanhatu paForcest à First paNhambo yeNinth. Kusiana munhamba yavatongi kunoratidzira kukwira kwemhosva kwakasiana - siana noukuru hwenzvimbo kwamatunhu akasiana - siana. Vatongi vedare redunhu vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States: Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Sedare rapamusoro zvikurusa mugadziriro yehurumende, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinobatira somupi wekupedzisira wedudziro yomutemo womubatanidzwa nemitemo yemitemo.

Pachishandiswa ungwaru hwayo, uye mukati menhungamiro dzakati dzakatangwa neCongress, Dare Rapamusorosoro gore rimwe nerimwe rinonzwa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenhau dzarinokumbirwa kusarudza. Nhau idzodzo dzingatanga mumatare ehurumende kana kuti ehurumende, uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro peBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende. Maitiro anosarudza eDare okusarudza kusarudza chisarudzo anobvumira kuisa ngwariro pamibvunzo yemitemo inokosha zvikurusa yakatarisana nerudzi.

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinoshanda zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nenzvero yechisarudzo, kunoreva kuti imhakai yokuteerera. Isingasviki 1% yezvikumbiro nokuda kwecertiorari kuDare Rapamusorosoro zvinobvumirwa kuhwirudzurwa; zhinjisa dzenhau dzasara dzinofuratirwa kana kuti dzinorambwa, dzichiita zvisarudzo mumatare akaderera zvokupedzisira. uyu muitiro unosarudza zvikuru unovimbisa kuti Dare rinova nechokwadi chokuti nhau idzo dzinopa mibvunzo inokosha yehurumende bedzi kana kuti kupedza rwisano pakati pematare epasi.

Kupomerwa Kwepakuvamba kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Nepo Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa richibatira zvikurukuru sedare redare, rinewo chiremera chapakuvamba chakaganhurirwa mumhaka dzakati. Apo Dare rinoshanda sedare rinotonga rinonzi rine simba rapakuvamba, uye rinodaro mumigariro mishomanene inokosha, zvakadai seapo imwe hurumende inopa mumwe hurumende mhaka. Nhau dzokutonga kwapakuvamba hadziwanzoitikawo nemhaka yokuti, kunze kwesutu kana kuti rwisano pakati pehurumende mbiri, Dare rakabvumira nenzira inowedzera matare ehurumende akaderera kugoverana pesvedzero yaro yapakuvamba.

Matare Ehurumende Anokosha

Kupfuura chirongwa chine mitanharo mitatu chematare oruwa, matare ezvikwiriso, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro, gadziriro yehurumende inobatanidza matare anoverengeka akasimba anobata marudzi akati enhau. Aya matare ane unyanzvi mumativi akati omutemo uye anogovera bvumirano yakananga nokuda kwenhau chaidzoidzo.

Dare Rokubhangi reU.S.

Dare reBhankruptic rinobetsera vanhu namabhizimisi avo vasingagoni kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavo ku “tanga kutsva. ” Ruwa rumwe norumwe runobatanidza dare rokubhuroka reUnited States seboka redare roruwa. Idzi matare dzinobata nhau dzose dzokubhuroka, dzisingagoni kuchengetwa mumatare ehurumende.

Mitemo yebhangi inobetsera vanhu vasingagoni kubhadhara vakweretesi vavo kuwana mavambo matsva kupfurikidza nokuparadza zvinhu zvavo kuti vabhadhare zvikwereti zvavo, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuita gadziriro yokubhadhara. mitemo yebhanki inodzivirirawo mabhizimisi anonetseka ndokugovera kuparadzirwa kwakarongwa kuvakweretesi vebhizimisi kupfurikidza nokuronga kana kuti kunyudza. Iyi miitiro inofukidzwa pasi peTitle 11 yeUnited States Code (Bankruptic Code).

Mamwe Matare Echinzvimbo Chaicho

Uyezve, mamwe matare munyika yose ane simba rokutonga nhau dzakadai semutero (United States Taxis Court), anotaura zvinopesana nehurumende yeUnited States (Dare reMabasa reUnited States), uye kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda (United States Court of International Trade).

Dare reUnited States reInternational Trade rinobata nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yezvokutengeserana yemarudzi ose neyetsika, nepo Dare reUnited States reFederal richitaura kuti rinofanira kudzora chose pakutaura kwakawanda kwemari mukurwisana nehurumende yeUnited States. Dare reMitero reUnited States rinopa nzvimbo yokutaurira vabhadhari kuti vabhadhari vemitero vasati vabhadhara zvitsama zvemakwikwi.

Dare Rehurumende Kupomera Mhosva: Inhaui Dzinogona Kunzwiwa Nematare Anotonga Nyika?

Kunzwisisa simba redare rehurumende kunokosha pakuziva apo mhaka inenge iri mudare rehurumende panzvimbo pedare rehurumende.Bumbiro reMitemo nemirau yehurumende zvinorondedzera miganhu yechiremera chedare rehurumende, zvichitanga gadziriro umo matare omubatanidzwa anopedza marudzi akati ega ega ega ega enyaya dzemitemo nepo matare ehurumende achichengeta chiremera chose chose panhau dzakawanda dzemitemo.

Kubvunzurudzwa Kunoitwa Nehurumende

Dare reruwa inzvimbo yokutanga yemhaka ipi neipi inoparirwa nemitemo yehurumende, Bumbiro remitemo, kana kuti zvibvumirano. Iyi "nhau yedare" inobvumira matare ehurumende kududzira nokushandisa mutemo wehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti mitemo yehurumende negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo zvinonzwisiswa munyika yose.

Nhau dzinobatanidza kudzorwa kwenhau kwehurumende dzinosanganisira kuputswa ikoko kwemitemo yehurumende yekodzero dzevanhu, kukwikwidza mhaka kwehurumende, kukakavadzana pamusoro pegadziriro dzokudzora dzehurumende, uye denho kumutemo wehurumende wehurumende kana kuti wehurumende. Iyi mhaka inobatanidza mibvunzo yomutemo wehurumende yokuti matare ehurumende akafanirwa zvikuru nokupedza.

Kusarudza Kwakasiyana - siyana

Kutonga kwamarudzi akasiyana - siyana kunobvumira mutevedzeri wenyika imwe kuisa mhaka mudare rehurumende apo mukwirirwi ari munyika yakasiana. Mukwirirwi anogonawo kutsvaka ku "remove" mudare rehurumende nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chetecho. Kuunza maruramiro ehurumende mudare rehurumende, vapurisa vose vanofanira kuva munzvimbo dzakasiana- siyana kupfuura vapomeri vose, uye "anobatanidzwa mugakava" anofanira kuva anopfuura $75 000.

Gadziriro dzamarudzi akasiana - siana dzinobatira basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nokugovera nharaunda yokusatora rutivi apo mativi anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana anobatanidzwa mukurwisana. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakaitira hanya kuti matare ehurumende angada vagari vemo vavo amene kupfuura mativi enyika, naizvozvo akasika iyi nzira yokudzora dare rehurumende kunyange apo kutaura kwapamutemo kunomuka mumutemo wehurumende.

Mhosva dzeutsotsi dzingasaunzwa muhurumende yakasiana - siana.

Nzvimbo Yemitemo Yokutonga Kwehurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rinorondedzera miganhu yokunze yehurumende yedare rehurumende. Simba rokutonga richatambanudzira kuNgozi dzose, muMutemo neEquty, kutangira pasi pouyu Mutemo, Mitemo yeUnited States, uye Tsamba dzakaitwa, kana kuti dzichaitwa, pasi peGumo; kuMaganho ose anotapura, vamwe Vafundisi naVanani vehurumende; kuMarudzi ose; kuMatabhendi ose eAdmiralm neVagari vemo veNyika; pakati peNyika yakasiana-vhu; pakati peNyika yakasiana-pasi peNyika yaMagariro akasiana;-penditi;-kai - kuMakorororosaro akaitwa, kuichava chiwi chaUnited States;-Universe kuMadokero, kana kuti Vagari vedzimwe nyika; pakati penyika dzapasi penyika; pakati penyika dzakasiana-pakati penyika; pakati penyika dzakasiana-pasi penyika dzinotinyika, uye pakati penyika, kana kuti Magaromi, kana kuti Makururustritiveri, kana kuti Makuru, nyika.

Murau uyu webumbiro remitemo unosimbisa ukuru hwesimba redare rehurumende.Congress inogona kusarudza kupa matare ehurumende chiremera pamamwe kana kuti pamapoka ose aya, asi haigoni kuwedzera simba rehurumende kupfuura rinobvumirwa neBumbiro Remitemo.

Vatongi Vehurumende: Kugadzwa uye Kutarisirwa

Kuzvimirira kwedare redare rehurumende ndiwo musimboti wegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reAmerica.Vatongi veFederal vanofarikanya dziviriro dzakarongedzerwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuvabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa chose chose pamutemo namaidi.

Muitiro Wekusarudza

Vatongi veFederal (neDare Gurusa") vakasarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa "nezano nemvumo" zveDare uye "vachachengeta Hofisi dzavo mukati moMufambiro wakanaka". Uyu muitiro wokugadza, unotangwa neBumbiro reMitemo, unovimbisa kuti vatongi vehurumende vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro unobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mapazi anotarisira naanotonga.

Purezidhendi anotora vanhu kuti vashande savatongi vehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji pashure pokubvunza vamiriri vehurumende uko mutongi achabatira. Dare reDare reDare reDare reMutongi ipapo rinotonga pamusoro pokupiwa zita, uye Dare rakazara rinovhota kana richida kusimbisa mutongo wacho. Uyu muitiro unogona kuva murefu uye pane dzimwe nguva unokakavara, zvikurukuru nokuda kwedare repamusorosoro.

Nguva Yokurarama Nekuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Vatongi vangagara munzvimbo yavo kwoupenyu hwavo hwose, asi vakawanda vanorega basa kana kuti vanorega basa pakuvamba zvikuru.

Izvo zvingabviswawo kupfurikidza nokusabvumirana neImba yaVamiriri nokupwiswa kunoitwa neDare. Munhau yose, vatongi vomubatanidzwa gumi navashanu vakarambwa nemhaka yokupomerwa mhaka. uyu muitiro wokusabvumirana unogovera mutoo wokubvisa nawo vatongi vanopinda mumufambiro wakashata wakakomba nepo vachichengeta kuzvimirira kwokutonga nokuda kwavatongi vanoita zvavo zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi.

Kumwe kusarudzwa kwoupenyu hwose kunoitwa vatongi vemajaji, avo vakasarudzwa nevatongi voruwa uye vanobatira shoko rakajeka.vatongi vanoziva mashoko anomutsidzirwa panzvimbo pokugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose, vachiratidza basa ravo rakasiyana mukati megadziriro yokutonga yomubatanidzwa.

Kusiyanisa Kwakaita Matare Ehurumende Nematare Ehurumende

Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati pegadziriro idzi mbiri kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofamba mumugwagwa wepamutemo weAmerica.

Kuparidzwa: Mutungamiriri wehondo akaganhurirwa

Dare reFederal rine simba rakaganhurirwa. Dzinogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinobvumidzwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mirau yehurumende. Dzinobata mhaka dzehurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo, gakava pakati pehurumende, uye mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende. Uku kudzora kwakaganhurirwa kunoreva kuti matare ehurumende haagoni kunzwa rudzi rwuri rwose rwenhau.

Matare akawanda ehurumende anobata mhosva dzakawanda dzemhosva, nyaya dzemhuri, nyaya dzokupa mhosva, kupara mhosva, kukwikwidzana kwematare, uye dzimwe nyaya dzepamutemo dzinozivikanwa nevakawanda muUnited States.

Kusarudza Nokupedza Kudzidza Kunogutsa

Kutonga kwapanguva imwe cheteyo kuripo uko matare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende ane chiremera chokunzwa rudzi rumwe cheterwo rwenhau. Nhau dzekudzora kwakasiana - siana muenzaniso wavose. Gakava pakati pamativi anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana rinogona kuchengetwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti zvimwe rehurumende, uye chisarudzo chisarudzo chisarudzo chisarudzo chechisarudzo chechisarudzo. apo chiremera chenyika chiripo, vapari vemitemo vanogona kusarudza kuda nharaunda yavo, uye vakwirirwi vangakwanisa kubvisa mhaka mudare renyika.

Kudzorwa kwakapararira kuripo apo gadziriro imwe bedzi yedare inogona kunzwa nhau dzakati. Nhau dzeBanruptic, junion, uye dzinorwisana nevezvematongerwe enyika inhau dzehurumende chaidzo. Chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, uye probate ihurumende yadzose. iyi mitemo yehurumende inodzorwa inodzivisa kutenga zvinhu uye inovimbisa kuti mhaka dzinonzwiwa mutsika yedare dzakashongedzerwa zvakanakisisa kuti dziiite.

Misiyano Inooneka

Miitiro yedare reFederal yakarongwa zvikuru uye yakarongwa, uye inoita kuti mitemo youfakazi itevedzerwe zvakasimba. Miitiro yedare rehurumende ingasiana zvikuru yakavakirwa pamitemo yehurumende imwe neimwe, ichiiita kuti ive inochinjika zvikuru uye inochinjika kuzvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. matare eFederal Pages of Civil Procedure uye Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, iyo inogovera mipimo yakafanana mumatare ose ehurumende.

Matare ehurumende, mukupesana, rimwe nerimwe rine mitemo yaro rimene yetsika inogona kusiana zvikuru muhurumende nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira mitemo yakafanana nemitemo yomubatanidzwa, nepo dzimwe dzichichengeta gadziriro dzakasiana - siana. Uku kuchinja kunogona kuparira denho nokuda kwamagweta ayo anorovedza munyika dzakawanda asi kunogovera kuchinjika nokuda kwemiitiro yawo kuwiriranisa zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo nezvisarudzo.

Kusarudza Kutonga

Gadziriro iyi inoita kuti vatongi vatsigire zvematongerwo enyika uye inodzivirira vatongi kuti vasakanganiswa nevezvematongerwo enyika.

Mukupesana, vavhoti vanowanzosarudza vatongi vedare rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mutoo chaiwo wokusarudza nawo ungasiyana pahurumende nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa sarudzo dzinovhota, dzimwe dzinoshandisa kusarudza kusingatsigiri, uye dzimwe dzinoshandisa zvirongwa zvokusarudza zvakakodzera apo vatongi vanogadzwa uye ipapo vanotarisana nesarudzo. Iyi mitoo yokusarudza yakasiana - siana inoratidzira uzivi hunosiyana pamusoro pokuzvidavirira kwokutonga uye kuzvimirira.

Muitiro Wokukwirira Mumatare Ehurumende

Kunzwisisa kuti kukwirira kunoshanda sei mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti mienzaniso yapamutemo inotangwa sei uye kuti zvikanganiso mumatare anotongwa zvinoruramiswa sei.

Kukwirira kubva kuDare Roruwa Kuenda kuDare Redunhu

Kana dare reruwa rangosarudza nyaya, nyaya yacho inogona kukwidzwa kudare redare reUnited States rokukwirira. Mhaka ipi neipi ingakwidzwa kudare redunhu kana dare reruwa rangopedza chisarudzo (dzimwe nhau dzinogona kukwidzwa pamberi pechisarudzo chokupedzisira kupfurikidza nokuita "kukwirira kwokupedzisa). Iyi maruramiro okukwirira anogona kuvimbisa kuti mapoka ane mukana wokudenha zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitwa nedare rinotonga.

Dare rezvikumbiro rinoshanda mugadziriro yehwirudzuro yechikwaniriso nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa, kureva kuti zvinofanira kunzwa zvikumbiro zvakachengetwa zvakanaka. Ikoku kunosiana nehwirudzuro yeDare Rapamusoro, apo Dare rinosarudza kuti imhakai dzokunzwa. Gadziriro yeChikwaniriso inovimbisa kuti vadzokorori vane rinenge banza rimwe rokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare roruwa.

Kutsvaka Kuhwirudzura Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rine simba panhau dzakawanda, kureva kuti rinogona kusarudza kuti imhaka dzipi dzokunzwa. Maparera ari kutsvaka nhau yeDare Repamusorosoro achiongorora nyaya yecertiorari, achikumbira Dare kuhwirudzura chisarudzo chedare repasi.

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinopa chaizvoizvo certiorari apo panenge pane rwisano pakati pamatunhu panhau yapamutemo inokosha, apo dare rakaderera rakasarudza mubvunzo unokosha wehurumende usina kupedzwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, kana kuti apo dare rakaderera rinenge rabva pamiitiro inogamuchirwa. Muitiro wakasarudzwa weDare unoibvumira kunangidzira ngwariro pamhaka dzoukoshi hwerudzi nepo richisiya zvisarudzo zvizhinjisaro seshoko rokupedzisira pamutemo.

Nheyo Dzinokosha Dzinodzora Matare Ehurumende

Nheyo dzinokosha dzinoverengeka dzinoumba mashandire anoita matare ehurumende uye kushanda pamwe chete nemamwe mativi ehurumende uye nematare ehurumende.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba uye Kuchinja uye Kudzikamisa

Mapazu matatu aya — anotonga, anotonga, anotonga — anoshanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo ye "checks nedzinodzikama". Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange zvazvo bazu rimwe nerimwe rakaparadzana nenzira yapamutemo namamwe maviri, Bumbiro reMitemo rinowanzoda batira pamwe pakati pamapazu. matare ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha mutsika ino kupfurikidza nokududzira mitemo inopiwa neCongress, kuhwirudzura zviito zvinoitwa nebazu revakuru, uye kuvimbisa kuti mapazi ose ari maviri anoshanda mukati muganhu webumbiro remitemo.

Simba rokuhwirudzura kwokutonga — chiremera chematare chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvisina kuwirirana nehurumende(chimwe chechekedzo chinokosha zvikurusa chokuti bazu rinotonga rinoshandisa mamwe mapazu. Nepo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, iri simba rakatangwa pakuvamba munhau yeAmerica uye razova rutivi runokosha rwetsika yedare remubatanidzwa.

Miganhu Pasimba Redare Rinoshandira

Matare ehurumende anotarisana neganhuriro dzinoverengeka dzinokosha pachiremera chawo. Matare anogona bedzi kusarudza chaizvoizvo "mifungo kana kuti nharo," kureva kuti haagoni kupa mifungo yenhema kana kuti kusarudza mibvunzo yokufungidzira. Mapati anofanira kuva ne "akamira" kusue, kureva kuti anofanira kuva akatambura kuvadziko chaiyoiyo inogona kugadziriswa nechisarudzo chedare.

Mukuwedzera, matare ehurumende anofanira kazhinji kazhinji kuremekedza zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende ndokudzivisa kupindira nenhau dzehurumende dzinopfuurira.Nheyo dzehurumende dzinoda matare ehurumende kuratidza kuzviisa pasi kwakafanira kumatare ehurumende nomutemo wehurumende, kunyange apo anenge achichengeta ukuru hwomutemo womubatanidzwa pamibvunzo yomubatanidzwa.

Basa Rematare Anotonga Nematunhu muAmerica

Matare ehurumende anoita mabasa akawanda anokosha munzanga yeAmerica kupfuura kungopedza kakavadzano dzomunhu oga.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Rimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa ematare ehurumende kudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. matare eFederal anonzwa nhau dzinotaura kuputswa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nehurumende dzehurumende, hurumende, kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo. iyi nhau inogona kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye zvimwe zvibvumikiso zvakawanda zvebumbiro remitemo.

Zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro zvakaumba nzanga yeAmerica panhau dzinovambira pakusawirirana kwechikoro kusvikira kukodzero dzokuvhota kuenda kuutsotsi zvakabatsira zvikuru pakuwedzera kodzero dzevanhu, kudzivirira rusununguko rwemunhu oga, uye kurondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende.

Kusimbisa Kufanana Mumutemo Wehurumende

Apo matunhu akasiyana - siyana anosvika mhedziso dzinorwisana pamubvunzo mumwe chetewo wepamutemo, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinogona kupindira kuti ripedze rwisano ndokutanga mutemo mumwe chete. Uku kubatana kunokosha zvikurukuru nokuda kwenharaunda dzomutemo dzinotapura kutengeserana kwenyika, chengeteko yenyika, uye dzimwe nhau dzeitiro hanya yenyika.

Kupedza Makakatanwa Pakati Penyika

Matare ehurumende, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusorosoro, anogovera nzvimbo yokupedza nayo kakavadzano pakati pehurumende. idzi nhau dzingabatanidza kakavadzano dzemiganhu, maruramiro emvura, kana kuti dzimwe rwisano dzisingagoni kupedzwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusvika Mumatare Ehurumende: Kurangarira Kunoshanda

Nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe namabhizimisi anobatanidzwa murwisano dzapamutemo, kunzwisisa nguva uye nzira yokupinda nayo matare ehurumende kunokosha.

Kuziva Dare Rakafanira

Danho rokutanga mugadziro ipi neipi kusarudza kuti idare ripi rine simba pamusoro pegakava.Ikoku kunoda kunzvera kana mhaka yacho ichibatanidza mibvunzo yomubatanidzwa, kana ganhuriro yetsika dzakasiana - siana iripo, uye kana mirau ipi neipi yehurumende yapoga ichishanda. Kusarudza dare risina kururama kunogona kuguma nokudzingwa kwenhau yacho uye kupambadza nguva nezviwanikwa.

Maattorney anofanira kusanoyera betsero nedzisingakodzeri dzedare rehurumende nerehurumende apo dare reFederal rinenge riripo. matare angapa miitiro inofanotaurwa zvikuru, vatongi vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvikuru mune dzimwe nharaunda dzomutemo, uye nzvimbo yedare redare redare redare rakasiana - siana. matare ehurumende angapa chisarudzo chinokurumidza, kurovedzana zvikuru nenhau dzomunzvimbomo, uye sezvingabvira mutemo wapa betsero huru zvikuru.

Kunzwisisa Zvinoitwa Nematare Ehurumende

Matare ehurumende anotevera mitemo yakananga inodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva pakuti zvichemo zvinoiswa sei kukutongwa kwoufakazi. Federal Miganhu yeCivil Procedure inodzora nhau dzehurumende, apo Federal Rules of Criminal Procediture inodzora kukwikwidza mhaka. Federal Rupreme of Evidence inoshanda muzvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi.

Mitemo iyi yakagadzirirwa kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti matare ose ehurumende anokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvakarurama, uye kuti zvinhu zvienderane, asi inogona kuva yakaoma uye ine unyanzvi, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanaka kuti vanhu vari mudare rehurumende vashande nemagweta agara achishanda.

Kukosha Kwokumirira Mutemo

Nepo mapato ane maruramiro okuzvimirira amene mudare rehurumende (anozivikanwa seanopfuurira "pro"), kuoma kwemiitiro yehurumende nomutemo wakaderera zvinoita kuti kumirira kwapamutemo kuve kwakafanira zvikuru mumhaka zhinjisa. Vatongi vehurumende navashandi vedare havagoni kugovera zano rapamutemo rokuita mapepa, uye mugariro wetsika wenhau dzehurumende unogona kuva unodenha nokuda kwaavo vasina kurovedzwa kwapamutemo.

Zviitiko Zvemazuva Achangobva Kuitika Nezvinetso Zviri Kuitika

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inopfuurira kuchinja nokuda kwokuchinja zvinodikanwa zvenzanga, kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kukwira kwemhosva.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Mumatare Akaumbwa Nehurumende

Matare ehurumende akabatanidza nenzira inowedzera ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuti afambire mberi kururamisira nokuwedzera kushanda. Gadziriro dzemagetsi dzinobvumira magweta kunyora magwaro ari kure, uye matare akawanda zvino anopa mapepa edare paIndaneti kuvhura zvinyorwa zvedare mugadziriro yePACIR. Kushandisa vhidhiyo kwave kwakarovedzeka zvikuru nokuda kwemarudzi akati okutonga, zvikurukuru pashure pedenda reCHOVID19.

Kutarisirwa Kwenyaya

Nhamba yevatongi vehurumende haina kuramba ichifambirana nokuwedzera kwevagari vemo uye kuoma kunzwisisa kuri kuwedzera, zvichiita kuti pave nokunetseka pamusoro pokunonoka muchisarudzo chemhosva. Panhambo nenhambo Dare rinorangarira mutemo wokuita mamwe majaji, asi muitiro wokugadza unogona kunonoka uye kurwisana mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Nharaunda Dzinotenderera Dzomutemo Wehurumende

Nyaya idzi dzinowanzoda kuti matare ashandise mitemo yepamutemo kuzvinhu zvitsva zvekugadzira zvinhu, dzimwe nguva achichinja nzira itsva dzokuita zvinhu.

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda Pamusoro Pematare Ehurumende

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. Website yepamutemo yeMasarumendi eU.S. ( www.ucourts.gov) inogovera mashoko akakwana pamusoro pemarongedzero edare, miitiro, uye zviwanikwa zvedzidzo. Nzvimbo yacho inobatanidza mirayiridzo yejaji, mashoko pamusoro pedzimba dzedare, uye zvinhu zvedzidzo zvevadzidzi.

Department of Justice website ( www.construction.gov) inopa mashoko pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwomutemo wehurumende nokukwidziridzwa. Dare rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinochengeta mawebsite aro amene ane mitemo yomunzvimbomo, zvirongwa, uye mashoko pamusoro pevatongi vakananga nemiitiro.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kutevera nhauro dzeDare Gurusa, website yeDare ( www.upremecourt.gov) inogovera kusvika kumifungo, zvibvumikiso zvinonyorwa nezvinorekodwa, uye karenda yeDare. Masangano anoverengeka, kubatanidza SCOTUSblog, anogovera kunzvera nokutsinhira panhau dzeDare Gurusa.

Dzimba dzakawanda dzedare dzinopa kushanya uye mapurogiramu okudzidzisa vadzidzi nemapoka enzanga, zvichipa mikana yokuona matare edare ari kushanda.

mhedziso

Kubva kumatare oruwa achitonga nyaya dzinokosha zvikuru dzedare rehurumende, matare ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha mukududzira mutemo wehurumende, kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, uye kururamisira kunodzorwa zvakanaka uye pasina rusaruro.

Kunzwisisa chirongwa chematare ehurumende, chiremera chawo, uye kuti anosiana sei nematare ehurumende zivo inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti tsika dzemitemo yeAmerica inoshanda sei. Kana uri mudzidzi ari kudzidza hurumende, muridzi webhizimisi ari kutevera mutemo, kana kuti mugari wemo anofarira kuti kodzero dzako dzinodzivirirwa sei, zivo yedare rehurumende inokusimbisa kunzwisisa nokubatanidzwa nebazu rehurumende zviri nani.

Dare rehurumende rinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka kutarisana nedenho itsva richiita basa raro rinokosha savachengeti veBumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende.