Rusaruro rwezera munzvimbo yebasa runoramba ruri nhau inopfuurira, ichitapura vashandi kubva panzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzepanzvimbo yebasa kusvikira kuC-suite. Nepo Chisarura ganda muMercom Act (ADEA) chinogovera musiyano wedziviriro nokuda kwavashandi vane makore 40 navakuru, dziviriro yechokwadi inotsamira zvikuru pahurumende kwaunoshanda. Mitemo yehurumende inogona kuzadza miganhu yasiyiwa neADEA, kupfuudza vashandi vaduku, kana kuti zvimwe zvinoitika (8) zvisingapi zvimwe zvinonzi zvinobetserazve. Nokuda kwavashandi, nyanzvi dzezvishandiso zvavanhu, uye vatungamiriri vebhizimisi, kunzwisisa iri basa redziviriro rinokosha nokuda kwezvichemo zvokufambisa, kuwirirana, uye kurapa kwakarurama.

Nyaya ino inonzvera ganhuriro dzedziviriro dzezera munyika dzakasiyana - siyana, ichisimbisa apo mitemo yehurumende inokudza mipimo yehurumende uye umo inoperevedza. Tichanzvera misiyano yemirau yehurumende, miitiro yokuita kuti zvinhu zvienderere mberi, uye revo dzinoshanda nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vashandiri navashandirwi.

Dziviriro Dzetsika Dzakaganhurirwa: Basiline

Mutemo mukuru wehurumende unobata norusaruro rwezera i Age Discritical in Act yeOrought (ADEA) ya1967. ADEA inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane makore 40 navakuru mukuroja, kupfura, kusimudzirwa, muripo, migove yebasa, rovedzo, uye mamwe migariro yebasa. Inoshanda kuvashandirwi vavanhu vane 20 kana kuti vanopfuura, hurumende dzehurumende, masangano ebasa, uye masangano ebasa.

Kunyange zvazvo ADEA ichidzivirira zvikuru, ine zvimwe zvaisingakwanisi kuita zvinooneka:

  • Chikumbaridzo chemari: Mabhizimisi ane vashandi vasingasviki 20 anohesvurwa, achisiya mamiriyoni avashandi asina dziviriro yehurumende.
  • Ruvara rwechipameso: Vashandi 40 bedzi navakuru vanofukidzwa; vashandi vari pasi pe 40 havagoni kuunza kutaura pasi peADEA kunyange kana vakatarisana nerusaruro runobva pazera (mutoo, kufarira vakwegura vakakumbira kupfuura vaduku).
  • Tracket inoti: Dare rePamusoro reU.S. rakatonga mu Smith v. Guta ra Jackson [200] (2005] rinobvisa pesvedzero dzinooneka pasi peADEA, asi nedziviriro inoregerera zvikuru kupfuura pasi peTitle VII. Ikoku kwakaita kuti kutaura kwakadaro kuve kwakaoma kuwina.
  • Kutsiva: Kubhadharisa nokuranga hakuwaniki muADEA; varapi vakapararira vanogona kuwanazve mubhadharo, muripo wemberi, uye zvisaririra zvakaparadzwa (mari inobhadharwa kumashure kaviri) bedzi muzvinoitika zvokuputsa kwamaune.
  • Kuziva ganhuriro: ZVISHOZVO ZVINOTEVERA KUDAIRA zvinofanira kuchengetwa neEcompation Opportunity Commission (EOC) mukati mamazuva 180 (mazuva 300 munyika nemiitiro yebasa yakarongwa nehurumende).

Nemhaka yeiyi misiyano, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yadzo dzimene yerusarurano rwezera. Dzimwe dzinopa dziviriro kuvashandi vose pasinei zvapo nezera, kufukidza vashandirwi vaduku, kana kuti kugovera mishonga yakasimba zvikuru.

Chikamu Chomutemo Wehurumende: Kupfupikisa uye Kusiyana Kwepfungwa Hukuru

Zvisinei, kukura uye simba remitemo iyi zvinosiyana zvikuru. Kusiyana kukuru kunoguma nemapoka anoverengeka:

Mitemo Inodzivirira Vashandi Vaduku

Zvichida kusiyana kukuru kungava kudzivirira vashandi vehurumende vari pasi pemakore 40. Nepo ADEA ichingofukidza bedzi 40 navakuru, mimwe mitemo yehurumende inorambidza rusaruro runobva pazera chairoiro romushandi. Ikoku kunoreva makore 30 akapfuudzwa nokuda kwokukwidziridzwa nemhaka yokuti mushandirwi anoda “zviso zvakaisvonaka, zviduku” angagona kuva nezvaanopomerwa.

Zvikamu zvinozivikanwa zvinodzivirira vashandi vose, kwete chete 40+, zvinosanganisira:

  • California – The Fair Account and House Act (FEHA) inorambidza rusaruro pamunhu upi noupi “anopfuura 40,” asi kana mutemo wakadudzira FEHA kudzivirirawo vashandi vaduku parusarurano rwezera mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Kuwedzera, California ine gadziriro dzakafara dzinofukidza mazera ose.
  • [ New York – The New York State Human Rights Law (NYSHRL) inorambidza rusaruro rwezera kumunhu upi noupi 18 kana kuti mukuru. Ikoku kunoita New York imwe yenyika dzinodzivirira zvikurusa nokuda kwavashandi vaduku.
  • Massachusetts[[FL:1] - The Massachusetts Fair Accers Act inodzivirira rusaruro rwezera ravanhu vane makore 40 okukura, asi gadziriro yakaparadzana (M.G.L. 151B, 76 4(1C) inodzivisa rusaruro kuvashandi vapi navapi vari pasi pe 70 vakavakirwa pazera. Zvisinei, dziviriro dzavashandi vari pasi pe40 dzinoganhurirwa uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinoda kuratidza kuti rusaruro rwakanga rwuri nokuda kwechisakiso chisiri chebona.
  • Illinois – The Illinois Human Rights Act inorambidza rusaruro rwezera pavanhu 40 navakuru, asi inobatanidzawo dziviriro nokuda kwaavo vari pasi pe40 kana rusaruro rwakavakirwa pazera nomutoo uyo uri “usina mufungo.”
  • [ Shashington – The Washington Law Against Discrimination (WLAD) inorambidza rusaruro rwezera kumunhu upi noupi, pasinei zvapo nezera, kana vari panenge 18.

Mune izvi zviitiko, vashandi vaduku vanowana mukana wokubatsira kupfuura vavanoshanda navo mumashoko okuti kungotevedzera ADEA chete.

Mitemo Inofutunura Tsananguro Yorusaruro

Izvi zvinosanganisira kuwedzera pfungwa yokuita chiito chakaipa, kuderedza mipimo yokukwevera, kana kuti kufukidza zvakajeka kunetswa, kutsiva, kana kuti kukuvadza.

  • California - FEHA inoshandisa “mupimo unopesana”: kana zera rakanga riri chisakiso chinosunda muchisarudzo chacho, mushandirwi anofanirwa. ADEA, mukupesana, inodawo kuti“ asi nokuda kwechirunganiso. FEHA inorambidzawo zvakajeka kunetswa kwakavakirwa pazera, nepo kudzivirira kweADEA kusingakundiki.
  • New York - NYSHRL inobvumira kutaura kwakavakirwa pa “vavariro inopesana” uye inobvumidza kutaura nokuda kwe“ rusaruro nokupa rusaruro” navashandi biyako navatariri. New York inogoverawo kuvadziko isina kuganhurirwa nechero muzvinoitika zverusarura rwemaune, pamusoro pemakepisi emitemo.
  • Minnesota – The Minnesota Human Rights Act inorambidza rusaruro rwezera pamunhu upi noupi 18 kana kuti mukuru uye inorondedzera “panhambo nenhambo". Kupa mhaka kwapachivande hakubvumiriwo mishonga inonetesa yokutanga, kusafanana nenyika dzakawanda.
  • New Jersey – The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (NJLAD) inorambidza rusaruro rwezera kumunhu upi noupi 18 kana kuti mukuru uye inoshandisa “mupimo mukuru unoparira chinhu”, uyo unogamuchirika zvikuru kumiedzo yeADEA.

Idzi rondedzero huru dzinoreva kuti vapari vemashoko vari muidzi nyika vane mukana wakasimba zvikuru wokubvumikisa rusaruro, kunyange apo ufakazi huri hwapachivande kana kuti hunobatanidza vavariro dzakavhengana.

Nyika Ine Dzinoganhurirwa Kana Kuti Isina Dzimwe Dziviriro

Kune rumwe rutivi rwenzvimbo dzacho pane mashoko okuti zvimwe hakuna rusaruro rwezera rimwe kana kuti mitemo inosanoronda ADEA nefutunuko shomanene.

Mitemo isina dziviriro yakaderera inobatanidza:

  • - Texas haina miitiro yehurumende yebasa inowirirana nemitemo yehurumende inofukidza rusaruro rwezera. Panzvimbo pezvo, vashandi veTexas vanofanira kuvimba bedzi neADEA. Mabhizimisi ane vashandi vasingasviki 20, hapana dziviriro yenzvimbo yapamusoro.
  • FLORIDA - The Florida Civil Rights Act (FCRA) inorambidza rusaruro runobva pazera, asi kuvanhu 40 bedzi navakuru. Inoshanda kuvashandirwi vane 15 kana kuti vanopfuura, vachikudza zvishoma mubatanidzwa wehurumende. Zvisinei, FCRA zvikurukuru inoratidzira mipimo yeADEA uye haisati ichipa mimwe mishonga.
  • Georgia[[FL:1]-Georgia' - Fair Accers Act yeGeorgia’s Fair Accers inofukidza rusaruro rwezera asi bedzi kuvashandi vehurumende. Vashandi veboka revo voga muGeorgia havana dziviriro yomutemo wehurumende. Vanofanira kuvimba bedzi neADEA, uye kana mushandirwi ane vashandi vasingasviki 20, hapana dziviriro.
  • Ohio - mutemo weOhio werst (R.C. 4112.02) unorambidza rusaruro rwezera pavanhu 40 kana kuti vakura, kufukidza vashandirwi vane vashandi vanokwana 4 kana kuti kupfuura. Nepo chikuva chokubhadharisa chiri pasi, mutemo unosanotevera mipimo yehurumende mumipimo yezvibvumikiso nemishonga. Ohio haitambanudziri kukwa kwavashandi vaduku.

Dzimwe nyika dzine dzimwe dziviriro dzakaganhurirwa dzinosanganisira Alabama (hapana mutemo wezera rinosarura wehurumende kunze kwemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo), Mississippi (asina mutemo wenyika wakakwana), uye South Carolina (anotevera ADEA zvikuru). Vashandi vari munyika idzi vanofanira kuziva zvikuru kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvapamutemo zvakatetepa.

Misiyano Mikuru Mukumanikidzirwa Nokugadziriswa

Kudzivirira kwerusaruro rwezera hakungogumiri pane zvinotaurwa nomutemo papepa, asi kuti unosungirwa sei uye kuti ndeipi mishonga inowanika.Hezvino zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvikuru nehurumende.

Kubviswa Kwebasa uye Kufa

Nyika dzakawanda dzinoda vashandi kuti vanyore pomero nesangano rehurumende rezvokutsvaka basa (FEPA) risati rakwidza nyaya mudare.

  • A - mazuva 180 (mazuva 300 munyika dzine FEPA).
  • [[FOLT:0] California – makore 3 nokuda kwezvinotaurwa (kusvikira pa 1 yegore nokuda kwekunyunyuta kweDEFAH kunorumbidzwa).
  • New York - 3 makore nokuda kweNYSHRL anotaura kubva pamusi worusaruro.
  • Florida - mazuva 365 okunyorerana neCommission on Human Relations yeFlorida.
  • [ [[FLT]--Hayi gadziriro yokutarisira hurumende; vashandi vanofanira kunyora EEOC mukati mamazuva 300.

Kukundikana kusvitsa nguva yacho kunogona kuuraya chirevo, saka vashandi vanofanira kuongorora zvose mitemo yomubatanidzwa neyehurumende.

Mishonga Yokurapa: Kukuvadza Nezvipfeko Zvemaatomu

Mumwe musiyano mukuru ndewokuwanikwa kwezvirango zvokutsiva.ADEA haibvumiri izvi; mitemo yenyika inosiyana:

  • [[FFLT:0] California - FEHA inobvumira kuvadziko dzokutsiva (nhamo yepfungwa, marwadzo nokutambura) uye chirango nokuda kwechitsotsi, utsinye, kana kuti udzvinyiriri, nezvikepisi zvichitsamira paurefu hwewaunoshandira.
  • New York - NYSHRL inobvumira kuvadziko dzisingaganhurirwi nechakaipa (zvinozviisa pasi pekepisi mumamwe matare).
  • [[FFLT:0] Massachusetts - Bvumira kuvadziko dzokutsiva uye kanosvika katatu kudzosa muripo nokuda kwokuputsa kwamaune.
  • Ohio - Kompatotion rarass inoparirwa pa $50 000 kusvikira ku $340 000 zvichitsamira paukuru hwemushandirwi (kufanana neTitle VII caps).
  • Florida - Compator nerango zvinoiswa pa $150 000 kusvikira ku $350 000 000 paukuru hwevashandirwi, uye mitero yegweta inowanika.

Muzvinhu zvakaita seTexas, musina mutemo wezera wehurumende wevashandirwi vehurumende, vaongorori vanogona kudzorera mari yavo, mubhadharo wavo, uye mubhadharo wakabviswa muADEA.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Kuvashandisi

Muitiro unobvumirwa nomutemo mune imwe nyika ungaita kuti mushandirwi ave nemhosva mune imwe nyika.

  • Mabhuku ezvikamu zveState- Chaciom: Mabhuku evashandi nemitemo inorwisana nekusawirirana zvinovandudzwa kuti zviratidzire zvinodikanwa zvomutemo wehurumende, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokufukidzwa kwavashandi vaduku nerondedzero dzezera rakadzivirirwa.
  • Kurovedza: Rovedza rovedzo yokutarisira iyo inofukidza kwete bedzi zvirambidzo zvehurumende asiwo zvakajeka. Somuenzaniso, muNew York, mamaneja anofanira kurovedzwa pamipimo yakafara yeNYSHRL.
  • Tsika dzeIntestigation:[ Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vashandirwi kutevera miitiro yakananga yokunzvera zvichemo, kubatanidza nhano dzokunyora nokugovera zvichemo nepfupiso dzomuuyo.
  • Kuchengeta: Zvinodikanwa zvekuchengeta faira dzevashandi zvinosiana; dzimwe nyika dzinoraira kuchengeta zvinyorwa nokuda kwenguva yebasa pamwe nenhambo yakagadzwa pashure pokuguma.
  • [ .Kunzvera kwapanguva dzose: Fambai kuongororwa kwenguva dzose kwepane vashandi venyu nemitemo yezera rinowirirana. Vimbiso yokuti kupinza basa, kukwidziridzwa, uye zvisarudzo zvokugumisa zvinowirirana nomupimo wakakomba zvikurusa unoshanda.

Vashandirwi vanofanira kuzivawo kuti masangano ehurumende anorwisana nekusaruramisira kazhinji kazhinji ane mikurumbira inopa mikurumbira. Somuenzaniso, New York State Division of Human Rights ne California Civil Rights Department (yaichimbova DFEH) anodenha mukunzvera nokubvunzurudza kutaura, pane dzimwe nguva kunyange pasina nyunyuto yapamutemo inobva kumushandi.

Mabasa Anoshanda Kuvashandi

Kana uchifunga kuti wakasarurwa, mutemo unofanira kutanga nokunzwisisa mitemo yenyika yako:

  1. Chinyorwa chiri chose: Chengeta zvinonyorwa zvetsinhiro dzinoratidzira, zviito zvakaipa, uye kuedza kupi nokupi kushuma mufambiro. Chengeta maemail, hwirudzuro, uye miitiro yakanyorwa.
  2. Cherekedza kufukidzwa kwehurumende yako: sarudza kana hurumende yako ichidzivirira vashandi vari pasi pe40, ichifukidza vashandirwi vaduku, kana kuti ichipa mimwe mishonga. Website yeEEOC (eeoc.gov/posi-posi) inogovera mashoko ehurumende ane revo.
  3. Fire ine sangano rakafanira: Muzvinhu neFEPA, ungada kutanga kunyorwa nesangano iroro. Kufara neEEOC panguva imwe cheteyo kunogona kuchengetedza maruramiro ako ehurumende nepo anotangawo muitiro wenyika.
  4. Commont gweta: mitemo yerusarurano rwebasa yakaoma uye yakazara nemisungo yemichero yemichero. Gweta rarovedzana nezvose zviri zviviri mutemo wenyika nemubatanidzwa rinogona kurayira payakanakisisa uye gadziriro.
  5. Rangarira betsero dzakananga dzomugariro: Mumaruwa akadai seCalifornia kana kuti New York, ungava nomutemo murefu weganhuriro uye kusvika kukuvara kwechomposation, kuchiita kuti nhau yako ive yakasimba zvikuru.

Nenzira yakapesana, kana uchigara mumugariro une dziviriro dzakaganhurirwa (munzira, Texas, Georgia, Florida), unofanira kuva akangwarira zvikuru pamusoro pokuchengeta miganhu yeEEOC ndokurangarira kana kutaura kwako kuchigona kuunzwa mudzimwe rondedzero (kwakadai sokutsiva kana kuti kuputswa kwomuitiro wekambani).

Nguva Yemberi Yomutemo Worusaruraganda Rwezera

Zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zviri kuumba kushanduka - shanduka kwahwo:

  • Chikamu cheruwa: Nyika dzakawanda dziri kurangarira kana kuti kupfuudza mitemo inoderedza zera rekupedzisa kana kuti mishonga. Michigan, Colorado, uye Oregon misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakagadziridza mitemo yadzo.
  • Tsitsidzo dzeFederal: Vashandi Vakwegura Vanodzora Kurwisana neRusaruro (POWADA) vakakarakadzwa muCongress kudzorera mupimo unopesana nokujekesa kuti “chisakiso chenjo” chakaringana. Chisati chapfuudzwa, asi chichiri nhau ipenyu.
  • Rusaruro rweDigital neAl: Sezvo vashandirwi vanoshandisa nenzira inowedzera mushandisi mukubhadharwa nokusimudzirwa, rusaruro rwezera runogona kupinda mumaarectal. EEOC yakabudisa nhungamiro pamusoro petapuro dzinoparadzana kubva muAl, uye dzimwe nyika (umr., Illinois, New York City) dzakapa mitemo inoronga zvakananga zvishandiso zvebasa.
  • Sarudza mativi amabasa akaoma: Navashandi vazhinji vari kure, nhau yokuti mutemo wehurumende unoshanda inova yakaoma. Kazhinji kazhinji, mutemo wehurumende umo mushandi anoshanda zvikurukuru unodzora, asi ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kunyonganiso nokuda kwavashandirwi nezvikwata zviri kure munyika yose.

Kuramba uchiwirirana neizvi zvinoitika kunokosha nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vashandiri navashandirwi. Tsamba dzokuvandudza kwapamutemo kubva ku [[FLT: 0]EOC kana kuti dhipatimendi rako rebasa rehurumende rinogona kubetsera.

mhedziso

Kuganhurirwa kwedziviriro dzezera muUnited States kunosiyana zvikuru muruwa nehurumende. Nepo ADEA ichigovera muganhu wakakomba, miganhu yayo yakakomba / zvikurukuru pamusoro pavashandi vaduku, vashandirwi vaduku, uye mishonga yakaganhurirwa(kureva kuti kodzero dzako dzinogona kutsamira zvikurukuru pakwaunogara napabasa. United States dzakadai seCalifornia, New York, uye Massachusetts dzinopa dziviriro dzakasimba, dziviriro dzezera rakafara, uye mishonga yakawanda. Vamwe, kufanana neTexas, Georgia, uye Florida, havapi zvimwe zvinodzivirira zviri nani kupfuura uriri hwehurumende.

Nokuda kwavashandirwi, uku kuronga kwokungwarira kuzviisa pasi, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemabasa enyika dzakawanda. Kunosimbisa ukoshi hwokuziva mitemo yomunzvimbomo uye kuita nokukurumidza. Sezvo mubato wewirogioti unopfuurira pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende, dziviriro dzezera dzichangowedzera bedzi kuva dzakaoma zvikuru. Kuramba uchiziviswa namanyuko akavimbika akadai se AAAARP[[FLT]] uye Nolo

Kunzwisisa kudzivirirwa kwepamutemo kuripo munyika yako idanho rokutanga kutsigira kodzero dzako kana kuti kuva nechokwadi chokuti unoshanda kungava kushandira kana kuti kushandira, kungava kuzivikanwa kwemitemo iyi kunovaka basa rakakodzera zvikuru nokuda kwevashandi vemazera ose.