Dzidziso ye inosarudzwa [ inomira seimwe yenheyo dzapamutemo dzinochinja zvikuru dzichiri kukwikwidzana mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Muzana ramakore rezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa, yakatambanudza zvishoma nezvishoma yakawanda(asi hazvo zvikamu zvose) zveBill of Rights kudzivisa Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Uyu muitiro wakaumbazve zvikuru dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende, bva ganhuriro dzawo dzinoramba dzinokosha sezviitwa. Kunzwisisa miganhuro iyoyo inokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa pamutemo uye ukama hunokosha pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu.

Chii Chiri Rusarudzo Rwokusarudza?

Kubatanidza kunoitwa nedzidziso yapamutemo iyo Dare guru reUnited States rinoshandisa nayo dziviriro chaidzo kubva paBill of Rights kusvikira kuhurumende kupfurikidza neKinneth Amendment’s Accolas. Kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga kweBumbiro reMitemo kwakashandiswa pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, sezvakwakasimbiswazve mu [[FLT:]] Barron v. Baltimore[FL][FOL] [1833] [1] [185], Gijiramende yeKinthi yeKirmat , (1868) yakasuma Maropafadzo kana kuti Immunion Claus Claus Ecesces, na Flassial Claus.[3] [3][3][3]

Dzidziso yazvino uno yakavamba kuumbwa mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 20 neMutongi John Marshall Harlan kusabvumirana, ichitaura kuti Dare reMitemo ye 144 rakashandisa inenge nheyo huru dzorusununguko kunyika. Kubudirira kwakaitika mu Gitrow v. New York[[FLT:] [1925] (1925), apo Dare rakafunga kuti rusununguko rwokutaura nokutsikirira zviri pakati pekodzero dzomunhu oga dzinokosha dzinodzivirirwa neGumbidzo yehurumende. Kubva papfundo iroro, Dare rakakwana nenhau, nechorudyi, apo gadziriro dzeMagariro dzekodzero dzakasangana nechikumbaridzo zve “dayatirirwo" kugadziriro yeAmerica yerusununguko.

Uyu mutoo unosiana ne “chinokwana,” chimiro chinotsigirwa naMutongi Hugo Black, uyo akarangarira kuti Amendment yechigumi namana yakanga ichiitirwa kubatanidza Bill of Rights Councilles yose. Dare rakaramba murangariro iwoyo, panzvimbo pezvo kutanga mutoo we“kusarudza” unonzvera maruramiro mamwe. Muuyo ibasa rakakomberedzwa: dzimwe kodzero dzinoshanda zvizere kunyika, dzimwe dzinobatanidzwa bedzi murutivi, uye shomanene dzinoramba dzisina kubatanidzwa.

Basa Rokusarudza Rokusarudza Sei?

Mutoo wokusarudza ndijurisprutien, kwete mutemo. Apo mhaka inodenha mutemo wehurumende seunoputsa Bill of Rights chaimo, Dare rinofanira kusarudza kana dziviriro iyoyo iri “yepfungwa yegadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica” kana kuti“ inotsigira pfungwa yerusununguko rwakarairwa." Iyi maruramiro, yakadzorwa neMutongi Benjamin Cardozo mu Palko v. Connecticut [197]), anoshanda semuedzo unotungamirira kwamakumi emakore. Mune iyi maruramiro, aya anoumbwa se “chirongwa chaichoicho cherusununguko” akabatanidzwa; avo havasiiwa kudi kudzorwa kutsika.

Mubasa, Dare rakatevera nzira mbiri: (1) kusarudza kana maruramiro ari “mapfundo” pasi peChirongwa chaAct Claus, uye (2) kunzvera mitemo yehurumende mukurwisana nemipimo chaiyo yehurumende iyo inorondedzera izvozvo. Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare rabatanidza inenge gadziriro iri yose yemigadzirirwo misere yokutanga inodzivirira“ pamutemo” kana kuti “kukunda” mufambiro woutsotsi, kutaura, tsikirira, rudzidziso, uye zvombo. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chokubatanidza hachingoerekani chareva mugariro nedziviriro dzehurumende; Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinobvumidza kuti nzira inodzivirira nayo maruramiro, kugovera kusawa pasi pechidukusa pamutemo.

Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu kunoda kuziva kuti kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa hachisi chiitiko chimwe chete. Ikurukurirano yepamutemo inopfuurira. Chinetso chitsva chimwe nechimwe kumutemo wehurumende pasi peBill of Rights chinopa Dare banza rokusimbisazve, kutambanudza, kana kuti kuganhurira. Dzidziso yacho nokudaro inoshanda sebhiriji pakati perevo yokutanga yeBill of Rights nezvinodikanwa zvazvino uno zvehurumende.

Zvinokosha Mukusarudza

Zviitiko zvakawanda zvinokosha zvinoratidza kuwedzera kwaiita zvishoma nezvishoma uye kuitisana nharo pamusoro pemiganhu yedzidziso yacho.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Kunyange zvazvo Dare racho rakatsigira kupwiswa kwaGitlow pasi poMutemo weNew York Criminal Anarchy, rakazivisa kwenguva yokutanga rusununguko irworwo rwokutaura nokubudisa pepanhau — rwakadzivirirwa neFirst Amendment (Hwendedzero Yokutanga) “iri pakati pekodzero dzomunhu oga dzinokosha norusununguko” zvakadzivirirwa neGungano Renyika rainzi Claus. Iyi chisarudzo chakazarura suo rokubatanidzwa kweFirst Amendment yose munhau dzakazotevera.

Palko v. Connecticut (1937)

Frank Palko akawanwa ane mhaka yokuponda kwokutanga pashure pokunge hurumende yakwidza kupfimbwa kwake kwakapidigurwa, uko akapikisa kupesana neFindromendi Friff Jeopardy Claus. Dare rakaramba kutaura kwake, richiva nedziviriro iyoyo yengozi mbiri yakanga isiri “pfungwa dzakati. ” Mutongi Cardozozo akasarudza kuti “kururamisira kwendangariro” kwaitungamirira kuva nemakumi amakore. Zvikurukurukurukuru, [[FLT: 0] Palko akanga ava mutongo wakaitwa ne Benton. Maryland [[FLT:] [1]] [1969], apo Dare rakasarudza kuti rive rakanganisa uye rakaita muedzo we Jeopard Claus.

Duncan muLouisiana (1968)

Dare racho rakataura kuti kutonga kwedare mumatare mumhosva dzakakomba kunobva mudare reAmerica kunoenderana nemitemo yehurumende uye kuti chisarudzo ichi chairatidzawo kuti Dare rainyanya kuchinja kubva pa “rusununguko rwevatongi” kuti pave ne“ kodzero dzepfungwa dzakasimba kwazvo” dzakabatanidzwa patsika dzekare.

Map v. Ohio (1961)

Mutemo wokubvisa weChina weFrandment (kutsigira kutorwa kwechibvumirano cheChina) haugoni kushandiswa pakutongwa kwenhau dzacho kupfurikidza neGuer Expression Claus.

Wainwright (1963)

Kubatanidza Dare reTsvenement yechitanhatu maruramiro okupa zano nokuda kwavakwirirwi vanopomerwa mhaka, Gideon yakatonga Betts v. Brady[ (1942) uye yakarairwa kuti nyika igovere magweta nokuda kwevapomerwi mumhaka yakakomba yeutsotsi. Chisarudzo chakanga chiri nhano huru kukuwirirana neruramisiro yehurumende yeutsotsi.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)

Dare raziva kodzero yomunhu oga yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvisunga mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), mubvunzo wakamuka kana Dare reChipiri Refusion rakashanda kuhurumende uye kudzorwa kwepfuti dzomunzvimbomo. Mu Donald, Dare raidavira kuti maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo ndiwo anokosha uye akabatanidzwa kupfurikidza nechirambidzo chemubato weChicago

Timbs v. Indiana (209)

Chisarudzo ichi chakabatana chaibatanidza Dare Remitemo Rechisere raSoundment’s Fine Self Claus mukurwisana nehurumende.Dare rakatonga kuti dziviriro pafaindi yakanyanyisa inokosha, richicherekedza kuti kodzero “inofanira kubatanidzwa muGaratidzo yeGaratidzo ye14th Amendment Claus nemhaka yokuti inokosha kugadziriro yedu yorusununguko rwakarayirwa uye yakadzika midzi zvikuru munhau netsika zvorudzi urwu.”

Ganhuriro Dzokusarudza

Pasinei nokuti ihombe, kusarudza kubatanidzwa kune miganhu yagara iripo inoramba ichiumba mutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Kodzero Dzisiri Dzakabatanidzwa

Urongwa hunoverengeka hweBill of Rights hunoramba husina kubatanidzwa muzvose kana kuti murutivi.Mienzaniso yakatanhamara zvikurusa inobatanidza:

  • transformed (Kushandisa varwi): Hakuwanzopinzwa, asi hapana chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa chakaibatanidza mukurwisana nenyika. matare epasi anokamuraniswa kana achishanda kuchiito chehurumende.
  • Fith Amendment Grand Jury Clause: Kodzero kumhosva huru dzedare rinobetsera vatongi haina kutongobatanidzwa. Inenge hafu bedzi hurumende inoshandisa mahure makuru; dzimwe dzinoshandisa kutonga kwokutanga. Dare rapamusoro rakasiya zvakajeka iyi isina kubatanidzwa mu Hurtado v. California (1884) uye harina kutongodzorerazve nhau yacho.
  • Phengulura Refulment Civil Jury Tridge: Kodzero kukutonga kwedare redare redare rehurumende mumhaka dzinopfuura $20 yakaitwa kuti ishande bedzi mumatare ehurumende. Minnopolis & Lamp; St. Louis R. R. v. Bomolis[[FLT]] [1916] uye gare gare [[FLT]] Gallager v. Koher Super Market [[FLT:] [5]] [1961]), Dare rinosimbisa ikoku kusarura. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoramba ikoku ndezvokutongwa, asi dzidziso inogadzika.
  • SAUDZORED [PU-MDONAld]: pamberi pa 2010, Hurumende Yechipiri haina kubatanidzwa. Pashure MCDAD[, inobatanidzwa, asi ukuru hweidzo iyoyo (mg., kutakura, kutakura nhinyi) kunoramba kuchirwisana.

“ Kodzero Dzepfungwa” Kuedza Nokusawirirana Kwadzo

Mupimo mukuru(nzi kodzero ndeye “madiro kugadziriro yedu yorusununguko rwakarairwa” (jee iri mundangariro isina kujeka uye inozviisa pasi. Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare rakashandisa mipimo yakasiyana: kubva ku“gamuchidzanwa remitemo” kuidzoro mu ] McDonald[] ku “muitiro wekushandisa rusununguko rwakarairwa mumurangariro womutauro wakarongwa” wo Palko[]. Uku kushaikwa kwemashizha omutooremu yemiitiro nokuda kwokutonga, kuchitungamirira kukupomera kuti kubatanidzwa kunosundwa nezvinosarudzwa zvomutemo panzvimbo pokududzira mutemo.

Kubatana Kwehurumende Mukodzero Dzako

Kurongeka hakudi mitemo yenyika kuratidzira mitemo yomubatanidzwa chaizvoizvo. Mitemo ingaedza nemirau yakasiana- siyana yetsika kana kuti mirau chero bedzi isingaputsi “core” yekodzero dzakabatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, pashure po Gideon[, masangano anogona kurondedzera ukuru hwe“ nhano dzinotambudza" dzekupotera, chero bedzi dzakarurama kukupa zano. Nenzira yakafanana, mumutemo wokutanga weFirst Amendment, kutaura kungava nedzidziso dzawo dzimene (g., mipimo miduku yokuzvidza) inogoverwa kusaganhurira kutaura pasi pouriri hwemubatanidzwa. Uku kuchinja kunogona kuita kuvhiringidza nokushatisa nokuwana.

Kuitira Hanya Kushandira Pamwe uye Muganhu Usina Kubatanidzwa

Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti kubatanidzwa kunoparadza hurumende kupfurikidza nokubata hurumende semapoka ehurumende echiduku pane kuva nezvigaro zvine chiremera chinozvimirira. Kodzero dzisina kubatanidzwa nehurumende yapamutemo. Dzakadai sedare redare revagari vemo (*) dzinowanzodzivirirwa sedzinochengetedza utongi. Vatsigiri vanocherechedza kuti Ivhu reMitemo ye144 yakaitwa kuti iganhurire simba rehurumende, asi gakava pamusoro pokuti kuganhurirwa ikoko kunofanira kuramba kuripo kusvikira papi. Idi rokuti Dare harina kubatanidza kodzero yeinopfuura zana ramakore (g., Third Refementment) rinokarakadza kuti mimwe miganhuro yenhau inoramba iripo.

Kuitwa Kwakafanira Nokuwiriraniswa

Kubatanidza kunowanzovhiringidzwa nomuitiro wakakomba unotanhamariswa nechinhu chinoda kutendwa. Dzidziso inodzivirira maruramiro makuru anokosha (umh., kuva woga, kubvisa mimba). Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kunoshanda maruramiro anobva muBill of Rights, nepo muitiro wechisaririra unodzivirira maruramiro asingacherekedzwi asi anokosha. Chisarudzo chazvino uno chinogona kuva chakavanzika: somuenzaniso, LYN] v.[FLT:[2001] [2001] [idzo] (idzodzo inodzosa mitemo iri pasi pomuitiro wakafanira, kwete maruramiro ePromest Rempligimption. Chisarutsiridza nguva yapakuvamba inoshaidzwa zvikuru nokuda kwenzira. Chisarudzo chapano chapamhindiro chapamhindirwa zvikuru nokuda kwegadziriro inotengwa. Chikanganwa chapameso chapamberi chePromese. Chikamu chapameso chePromendeti chitsarira kupfurikidza chapanyust.[5]

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Dzidziso yokuti vanhu vanosarudzwa havasi chinhu chakasimba chenhau yebumbiro remitemo; ichiri nzvimbo inoshingaira yokufambira mberi kwemitemo uye kupokana kwenyanzvi.

Nharo Pamusoro Pechibvumirano Chechipiri Pashure Pekunge Zvaitwa

Mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruten [2022], Dare rakaramba kuti Sunday Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokutakura pfuti yavose nokuda kwemunhu oga, kushandisa “rugwaro, nhau, uye gamuchidzanwa” kuedza. Nepo Respendition yepiri yakanga yatoiswa mu [ [maganhu] , [[FLT]], [FLT]] Bruen], kushandisa chisarudzo chinoshandisa icho chakabatanidzwa mumugariro wapachena. Ichi chakaparira kudzorwa kukuru kana kuti ganhuriro dzemisi.

Kudavira Mavambo uye Nguva Yemberi Yokusachena

Vatongi vepakuvamba paDare razvino, zvikurukuru Mutongi Clarence Thomas, vakarangarira kuti Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Claus , kwete kuti Chimiro cheChibvumirano chaMabasa Claus(pamberi panofanira kuva motokari yokubatanidza. Mu [[FLT: 0]] McDonald, Mutongi Thomas anobvumirana paMaropafadzo kana kuti nzvimbo dzeImmunoclet, achikwikwikwidza kuti Kusvika kweGumbidzo kwaClause hakuna kutsarukana. Kana Dare richimbogona kutora murangariro iwoyo, sezvinobvira kuraira miganhuro yose yoruko kana kuti kudzivirira vagari veUnited States sezvainzwisiswa muna 1868.Nguva dzinobatanidza dzimwe kodzero (g.g., apo rinenge rinenge richingogamuchira vamwe vapari mumutauro wakasununguka (g.).

Kodzero Dzisina Kubatanidzwa Dzinodzoswazve

Dzimwe maruramiro asina kubatanidzwa akaitwazve munguva pfupi yapfuura. Kutongwa kweSaventh Americanment kwave kuri nhau yokukumbirwa kwevatongi vedare rehurumende kuti vabatanidzwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza ebasa kuti vataure nzira duku dzokutaura. Kunyange zvazvo pasina mhaka huru yeDare repamusorosoro yakadzokororwazve, matare maduku mashoma akaratidza kusununguka kurangarira Bombulis [ muchiedza chemipimo inochinjika yetsika huru. Nenzira yakafanana, Third Amend Cormeters yawana ngwariro itsva kunyanzvi dzepamutemo mumuzoto weU.S. Mabasa ehondo pamusoro pevhu remhuri yeimba nenzvimbo yekurumidziro. Nepo kubatanidzwa kweiyi miraudzo isati yagara isingabviswiri pedyo negedhi.

Kudzivirira Kunotevedzerwa neBumbiro Romutemo reHurumende Sechinorwisa

Imwe fambiro mberi yapanguva imwe cheteyo kusimudzirwa kwomutemo webumbiro remitemo rehurumende samanyuko akazvimirira edziviriro. Zvikamu zvizhinji zvenyika zvinodudzira mabumbiro azvo amene emitemo kuti zvigovere dziviriro dzakafara kupfuura uriri hwehurumende hwakatangwa nokubatanidza. Somuenzaniso, matare ehurumende akatsigira dziviriro dzakasununguka zvikuru nokuda kwavanyunyuti, kunzvera kwakafara nedziviriro dzesimba rinotarwa, uye kunyange kodzero yedzidzo iyo Dare repamusorosoro reU. harina kutongoziva. Iyi “mitemo mitsva inotonga inoreva kuti kusavazve gadziriro imwe chete yesimba rinoganhurira hurumende; matare ehurumende anogona kupfuurirazve.

Murangariro Wezvamatongerwe Enyika Newavose

Kubatanidza kunowanzosanzwisiswa nevoruzhinji, avo vangarangarira Bill of Rights yose kunoshanda zvakafanana kwose. Magakava makuru eprofile anoshanda kwose. Nharo dzekukakavadzana pamusoro pokudzora pfuti, munyengetero muzvikoro, kana kuti ruramisiro youtsotsi inochinja - kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza mibvunzo yokubatanidza. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare mu Kennedy v. Bremeton District [[FLT] Displat] [2022], icho chakadzivirira maruramiro omuperekedzi wenhabvurabvu wenhabvu mushure mendero apakati pemitambo, chinorevesa kodzero dzekugadza neFree Execlement Classious (idzo dzakabatanidzwa kubva kuRemendement). Hurusarudzo dzavose idzodzi dzinotonga se “dzinokosha dzenyika dzedare padzimwe nyika, mirangariro inodzorodzo dzorutsiridza muganhu worumano. Kunzwisisa kwemitevedzo dzinobetsera kubetsera kusimbisa idzi dzinongodzo dzinodzorwa bedzi dzinodzorwa kudzorwa kudzorwa kudzorwa kupfurikidza.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yokusarudza Mubasa

Tafura inotevera inopfupikisa nhau huru namaruramiro akabatanidzwa. Cherekedza kuti kubatanidza hakusati kuri hwerengedzo nguva dzose; zvimwe zvinoitika kutaura bedzi pamaruramiro akananga.

  • Gitrow v. New York (1925) – First Amendment (sipech nemuchina) – Ingine.
  • Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson (1931)[FL:1] – First Amendment (rusununguko rwokutsikirira kudziviswa) – yakapinzwa.
  • Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) – First Amendment (kushandiswa kwapachena kworudzidziso) – yakapinzwa.
  • Everson v. Board of Education (1947) – First Amendment (Estable Claus) – Idzo.
  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) – Fourth Amendment (kutonga kwechidhiriccuusia) – yakanyoreswa.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – transfermendite yechitanhatu (maruramiro ezano nokuda kwemaferoni) – Ingine.
  • Malloy v. Hogan (64)[FL:1] – shanu Amendment (Umene - tsinhano) – Idzo.
  • Pointer v. Texas (65) – Transformation yechitanhatu (kunangana kwezvapupu) – yakanyoreswa.
  • Klopefer v. North Carolina (1967) – Thunhu reSi6 (kutongwa kwechitanhatu) – Ingine.
  • [[[NHAU: 0] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) – Thunhu Amendment yechitanhatu (kutongwa kwemhosva dzakakomba) – yakabatanidzwa.
  • [ Benton v. Maryland (1 969)[[FL:1] – Findrefera yeshanu (ngozi yakapetwa kaviri) – yakaumbwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972) – Sixth Amendment (kodzero yokupa zano nokuda kwezvikanganiso nokuiswa mutorongo) – yakanyoreswa.
  • McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) – Thunhu reChipiri (kururama kuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvida) – batanidza.
  • [ Timbs v. Indiana (2029) – Resereh Amendment (faindi yemari) – yakapinzwa.
  • Ramos v. Louisiana (20) – 6 mendurudzo yeSatanhatu (mutongo wedare rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhondi dzehurumende) – yakanyoreswa.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti kubatanidzwa kwakapfuurira kwakatsiga asi kwete nenzira yakafanana.Ndokwara dzakati kuti “sokwadiro kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi kana kuti vatongi vavagari vemo) dzinoramba dziripo kupfuura kubatanidzwa, kuratidzira kuzengurira kweDare kukurira miitiro yehurumende yenhau.

mhedziso

Kubatanidza kunoramba kuri imwe yedzidziso dzine simba zvikurusa nedzinoparira mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Kwakawedzera dziviriro huru dzeBill of Rights kuAmerica iri yose, pasinei zvapo nehurumende yainogara, nepo kuchiremekedza unani kupfurikidza nokusiya maruramiro akati kuti kuti apedzei. Miganhu yedzidziso yacho inoparirwa negadziriro, kusajeka kwekodzero dzinokosha, uye kusava nekodzero huru, uye gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pemasangano ekodzero dzapakuvamba aripo neat Marricism, (* zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kutsanangurwa kwemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo hakutongotongotongopedzwa. Mitemo yemitemo yetsika, yemifungo yeutsotsi, Dare Rapamusorosoro richaramba richina miganhuro yekodzero yokushandisa. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa ukama pakati penyika nehurumende, zvose zvinonzwisisa ganhuriro yedzidziso iyi inoko.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pekubatanidza kwakasarudzwa, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Confectal Information yeInstitute yeRelagement, , [[FLT]] project yenguva yezvinoitika zvepamwero [[[FLT:], uye [[FLT]] na[FLT] Constitution Center yeNational Constitution ku Indation . Nyanzvi dzinonzvera se [[FLT:] Njekoso---karome] inogoveranwa ne [FFOT]