Mugadziriro yemitemo, kusiyanisa mirau nemirau zvinokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inoturikirwa, uye inomanikidzirwa. Nepo yose iri miviri iri mitemo inowirirana, inomuka kubva kumapazu akasiyana - siyana ehurumende, inobatira madonzo akasiyana, uye inotevera miitiro yakasiana. Nyaya inonzvera rondedzero, mavara, nhevedzano, uye revo dzinoshanda dzemirau nemirau, nengwariro pagadziriro yemitemo yeUnited States. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera boka rimwe nerimwe muudzame, varavi vachawana nzwisiso yakasiana yemagadzirirwo eizvi zvishandiso zvapamutemo.

Mitemo Chii?

Mitemo, inozivikanwawo somutemo, mitemo yakanyorwa inoitwa nedare remitemo − yakadai seUnited States Congress, chibvumirano chehurumende, kana kuti dare reguta romunzvimbomo. Inomirira manyuko makuru omutemo mugadziriro dzapamutemo zhinjisa uye yakarongedzerwa kugovera nheyo dzinodzora tsika, kugadza maruramiro, uye kugovera mitoro.

Muitiro wokuita mutemo unobatanidza nhano dzinoverengeka: kutanga mutemo, dare rehwirudzuro, kurukurirano, uye kuvhota mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzechikwata chehurumende, zvinoteverwa netendero yavakuru vakuru (mutoo, siginicha yapurezidhendi kana kuti gibernerator) kana kuti kupfuudzirwa kwechidhindo. Uyu muitiro wamaune, wenhano dzakawanda unovimbisa kurangarira kwakafara nokuzvidavirira kwavose. Pane imwe nguva, miraudzo inoiswa muunganidzwa wapamutemo wakadai seUnited States Confecro [.S.C.] kana kuti mitemo yehurumende yakaunganidzwa.

Mitiyo Yezvirevo

Zvidhori zvinogona kurongwa munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Public v. pachivande: mirau inotapura vanhu vose (muremo, mabumbiro emitemo outsotsi, mitemo yemitero), nepo mirau yapachivande inoshanda kuvanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti masangano (umt., mutemo unopa betsero yakati kana kuti nyaradzo).
  • [ Appropreblication v. Zvibvumikiso: mirau inopa mari yezvirongwa zvehurumende, nepo ichibvumira mitemo kutanga kana kuti kupfuuridzira mapurogiramu.
  • [ . yechigarire: mimwe mitemo ine gadziriro dzokuvira kwezuva dzinopera pashure penhambo yakagadzwa, inoda kuvandudzwa.

Kukura uye Chiremera

Mitemo inowana chiremera chayo mubumbiro remitemo(_rusarudzi) kana kuti hurumende (inopa simba remitemo). Somuenzaniso, Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Chinopa masimba ose emitemo muCongress. Nemhaka yokuti mirau inoiswa navamiriri vakasarudzwa nedemocracy, vane mwero wakakwirira wechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitemo inobatirawo pamapazu ose ehurumende, uye hapana mutemo wehurumende unogona kupokanidza mutemo. Apo rwisano inomuka, mutemo unovapo, kutoti ukangova umene usiri pamutemo.

Mavara Emitemo

Kunze kwokusika kwadzo, mitemo ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodzisiyanisa nemitemo:

Mitemo Chii?

Mitemo, inonziwo mitemo kana kuti mitemo yehurumende, zvishandiso zvepamutemo zvinobatanidza zvinobudiswa namasangano ebazu makuru pasi pechiremera chomutemo. Zvinozadza udzame uhwo Dare risingagoni kana kuti zvimwe kusasarudza kududza. Masangano anotanga mirau kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakarongwa wokuita mitemo inodzorwa ne Procurediture Act [AFLT:1] U.S.C. . .5 551 et seq.) pamwero yemitemo yehurumende, uye nemiitiro yakafanana yokutarisira kwehurumende.

Muitiro wokuita mitemo unobatanidza: (1) chiziviso chekufanokarakadzwa chokuita mitemo, (2) chiziviso chokuita mitemo inokarakadzwa chinobudiswa mu Federal Register, (3) nhambo yetsinhiro dzavose, (4) kuhwirudzura tsinhiro uye kunyorwa kwemurayiro wokupedzisira, uye (5) kubudiswa kwemutemo wokupedzisira mu Code of Federal Regition [[FLF:3].

Marudzi Emitemo

Mitemo yeagency inoiswa mumapoka makuru maviri:

  • [ Mitemo inoregeredzwa (kana kuti yapamberi): Iyi ine simba netapuro yomutemo. Inobudiswa mukupa kwakananga kwechiremera kubva kuCongress uye inofanira kuwirirana nemiitiro yokugadza kutonga kweAPA. Kutyora mutemo kunogona kuguma nezvirango.
  • Mitemo yapamberi: Iyi inotsanangura kana kuti kutsanangura mitemo iripo kana kuti mirau pasina kuita misengwa mitsva yapamutemo. Haidi kuzivisa uye kuisa murairo mururimi, asi haisungiri pamatare nenzira imwe cheteyo semirau yemitemo.

Mukuwedzera, mamwe masangano anopa magwaro enhau (musamusa, mabhuku, kutaura kwemiitiro) ayo asina simba romutemo asi anopesvedzera kuchengetwa kwesangano.

Mativi Emitemo

Mitemo inogoverana mavara makuru anoverengeka anoasiyanisa nemirau:

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pemirau Nemirau

Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati pemirau nemirau kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofanira kushandisa gadziriro yemitemo (8) angava segweta, muridzi webhizimisi, mudzidzi, kana kuti mugari wemo.tafura inotevera inopfupikisa misiyano mikuru, asi nemhaka yokuti zvinyorwa zvinofanira kuramba zviri mudanga reHTML, mativi makuru akarongwa pasi apa:

  • Tsime reChiremera: Mitemo inobva kumasangano emitemo (Coreg, mirau yehurumende). Mitemo inobva kumasangano ehurumende (EPA, FDA, SEC, zvichingodaro).
  • [ Ukuru hweMakuru: uzivi hunowanzova hwakafara uye hwakavakirwa panheyo. Mitemo ine udzame uye unyanzvi.
  • Muitiro weTende: Sarudzo dzinoda muitiro wakazara wewirogioti (sumo, chiito chedare, mavhoti apauriri, mvumo yavakuru vakuru). Mitemo inogona kuchinjwa nesangano kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo, mukuwirirana nemiitiro netsinhiro yavose.
  • Democratic Legastimacy: Mitemo inotangwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa, vachigovera kuzvidavirira kwakananga kwehurumende yehurumende. Mitemo inopiwa navakuru vakuru vakagadzwa, kunyange zvazvo vachibetserwa nokutora rutivi kwapachena nokutarisira.
  • Muuyo wokudzivisira: Sahwiro (pachinetso) dzinoputsa mitemo yehurumende inorwisana. Mitemo inoshaikwa bedzi kana mutemo unobvumira chiremera ichocho, uye kunyange ipapo, vangatarisana nokunzvera kwokutonga.
  • Judicial Review: [[FT:1] Courts dzinohwirudzura mirau nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo. Idzo dzinohwirudzura mirau nokuda kwetsinhirano nomutemo, kuva nomufungo, uye kuwirirana kwetsika pasi peAPA.
  • Kuchinja kweChinjo: dzidziso dzinochinja zvishoma nezvishoma; chinjo huru dzingaitika kamwe pagumi ramakore. Mitemo inogona kugadziridzwa gore negore kana kuti kunyange kazhinji zvikuru kuratidzira mashoko matsva kana kuti ruzivo.

Kupindirana Kwemitemo Nemitemo

Mitemo nemirau hazvizvimiriri; zvinoumba gadziriro yapamutemo yakavharwa. Mutemo unowanzotumira chiremera kusangano, uchiitungamirira ku “mitemo inoshanda” kuti ishandise mutemo. Mitemo yesangano ipapo inozadza miganhu yemitemo, inogovera revo inoshanda. Nhume idzi dzose dziri mbiri dzinoshanda (unyanzvi hwemibato) uye hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu (Confera inochengeta udzori hwokupedzisira kupfurikidza nokugadza miganhu).

Dzidziso Dzisina Kubvumirana

Apo matare anohwirudzura dudziro dzamasangano dzemirau, anoshandisa dzidziso dzokunonoka dzinoumba dzikamo yesimba.

  • Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Namusikirwo Revolutions Defense Council, Inc. [19984]: Pasi [Chevron[, kana Congress yakataura zvakananga kumubvunzo wakananga, dare rinofanira kupa revo kuvavariro yomutemo. Kana mutemo wacho wakajeka, Step 2 inobvunza kana kunzwisiswa kwesangano racho. Kana zvakadaro, dare rinopa masangano makuru anokosha mukududzira mira mitemo isina kujeka.
  • Nhindi-paduku. [1944]): Nokuda kwemirau inodudzira kana kuti nhungamiro isina kurongwa, matare anoshanda “Kunonoka zvikuru,” kunotsamira pakukwana kwesangano racho nokusachinjana kwenguva. Chimiro chechimiro chakasimba zvikuru chekuzvidemba kupfuura [[FLT:]CHEVron[[FF:3]. Mu 2024, Dare rapamusoro rinofanira kuisa chisarudzo [[FLT:] Brignner Enter . v [FFLT] [FF] [FF] [5]

Chisarudzo Chinorwisana

Kana murairo uchipesana nomutemo wawo unobvumira, mutemo unokurira. Kana mirau miviri ichirwisana, imwe yakabudiswa nesangano rine simba guru kana kuti chiremera chakananga ingadzora. matare anopedza rwisano dzakadaro kupfurikidza nedudziro yemitemo, nhau yemitemo, uye zvinyorwa zvokuvaka. Muzvimwe zviitiko, murairo ungaputswa pahwaro hwokuti sangano racho rinopfuura chiremera charo chakapiwa kana kuti kuita nenzira isina mufungo.

Mukuwedzera, kuisa mitemo nekomupiyuta inobvumira vapari vemitengo kudenha mitemo inokarakadzwa isati yava yokupedzisira. Pashure pokupedzisa, mirau inogona kudenhwa mudare pasi pe “mupimo weAPA neche-chero". Sezvokuonekwa muzvinoitika zvakaita Motor Vehicle Replacess Association v. State Farm Mutuault Authorial Inishuwarence Co.[FLT] [12]

Mabasa Anogutsa

Mitemo inowanzogadza misimboti nenharidzano, nepo mirau inogovera mapu. Somuenzaniso, EPA Act yakada kuti ibudise National Ambient Air Selity Divisions (NAAQS) mukati mefregimed yenguva yakatarwa. EPA ipapo yakashandisa mitemo yesayenzi nezvinofungwa navanhu vose kugadzira mitemo ine udzame pakunangidzira tsvina. Pasina murairo, nharidzano yemhepo yakachena yaizoramba isingamanikidzwi. Nenzira yakapesana, pasina mutemo, chishandiso chaizova chisina chiremera chokudzora kushatisa mhepo inoshatiswa.

Mienzaniso yoMutemo weU.S.

Mienzaniso yakananga inojekesa kuti mirau nemirau zvinoshanda sei pamwe chete.

Mutemo Wemhoteredzo: Mutemo Wemhepo Yakachena

Cleena Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7601-761q) mutemo wehurumende wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kunaka kwemhepo. Inobvumira EPA kugadza NAAQS nokuda kwezvinoshatisa zvitanhatu. Tsika dzeEPA (dzinowanwa muna 40 C.F.R. chikamu 50) dzinotaura mwero chaiyo yepakuisa, mitoo yokuongorora, uye zita re “kusasvika” nharaunda. Dare rakagadziridza Act kanoverengeka (umr. 1990, andments airnations aith acid), asi EPA inobudisa naAQS makore mashanu ari ose kupfurikidza nokugadzira mutemo, kubatanidza kunzvera kutsva kwoutano.

Mutemo Woutano: Kuchengeteka Munzanga

Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 76 301 et seq.) yakatanga gadziriro yebetsero dzekare, inishuwarenzi yourema, uye Medicare. Social Security Administration (SA) inopa mirau inorondedzera kuva anokwanisa kuzivikanwa, inobetsera zvitsama zvemaverengero, uye miitiro yokunzwa (20.F.R. chikamu 404). Apo Dare rinochinja mutemo( somuenzaniso, kukwidza SS)

Kudzorwa Kwemari: Mutemo Wekuchinjana Wezvibvumirano wa 1934

Uyu mutemo wakaumba Securies and Exchange Commission (SEC) ndokukupa chiremera kudzora misika yokuchengetedza zvinhu. Mitemo yeSEC (sezvirungamidzi, Murau 10b-5, wakabatanidzwa pana 17 C.F.R. 762.10b-5 inorambidza kutengesa nokubiridzira. Mutemo unopa zvakawanda kupfuura mutemo, unorondedzera kuti kubiridzira, zviteshi zvengarava zvakakotsekana, uye misengwa. Dare rakadudzira Kutonga 10b-5, uye SEC rinogona kuudzorera pasina mutemo mutsva.

Nokuda kwemienzaniso nokupinda kumagwaro chaiwoiwo, shanyira USA.gov kana Koregi.gov[ nokuda kwemirau, uye eCFR nokuda kwemirau yazvino.

Zvidzidzo Zvinoshanda Zvevatengesi Nevagari Vemo Vapamutemo

Kunzwisisa musiyano uri pakati pemirau nemirau hakusi kungodzidza chete, kunokonzera kuti vanhu nemasangano vaenderane nemutemo, kutsigira kuchinja, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzavo.

Kushandisa Sangano Nokutarisira Ngozi

Mabhizimisi anofanira kutarira zvose zviri zviviri zvinodikanwa zvemitemo nemirau yamasangano. Somuenzaniso, mugadziri anofanira kuwirirana neOccupation Safety and Health Act (achaziva) nemipimo ine udzame yeOSHA (mabumbiro) inoratidzira zvishandiso zvekotsekano, rovedzo, uye zvinyorwa. Kusaziva kwemiraudzo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kunogona kutungamirira kukupfachura, kunyange kana mutemo wacho ukasachinja. Zvishandiso zvakafanana nemhevero dzekungwarira uye maketa]

Kunzvera Kwapamutemo uye Kutendeseka

Vaongorori vemitemo vanonzvera nhau vanofanira kuwana mutemo wakafanira (muKoroni yeU.S.) uye mirau inoshandisa (muCFR). Mapoka okusaita zvokunyoresa anowanzogamuchira Congress kuti ipedzise mutemo, asi vanopawo tsinhiro pamirau inokarakadzwa kupesvedzera murairo. Voruzhinji vanogona kutora rutivi mukugadza mitemo kupfurikidza ne mitemo.gov, vachiita chisarudzo chesangano chekuita democracy. Pashure pokugumisa, vapangi vangadenha miraudzo mudare, vachiramba kuti sangano rinopfuura chiremera charo kana kuti rakakundikana kurangarira zvinhu zvinowirirana.

Kuchinja Kwomutemo

Apo bhizimisi kana kuti purofiti inotsvaka kuchinja muitiro, inofanira kusarudza kana richifanira kuronda gadziridzo yemitemo (refu neyakawanda yezvamatongerwe enyika) kana kuti chinjo yokudzosera (pfupi asi ichiri pasi pematanda). Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Affordcable Care Act yazova mutemo (kudzorwa), Department of Health and Human Services rinopa mitemo yakawanda inorondedzera betsero dzoutano dzinokosha, kuchinjana, uye mushandirwi. Mitemo iyoyo yakagadziridzwa kakawanda kupfurikidza nokuzivisa uye kugadziridza mutemo, nepo kuchinja mutemo uri pasi kwaizoda chiito chitsva cheDare.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Nokuda kwavagariwo zvavo vemo, musiano pakati pemirau nemirau unogona kutapura mano avo okunzwisisa nokushandisa maruramiro avo. Mutauro wokudzika mitemo kazhinji kazhinji unojeka, asi mirau inoperekedza inogovera mipimo yakajeka zvikuru (somuenzaniso, vaAmerica vane Mutemo woUrema Hushomanene) unorambidza rusaruro, nepo Dhipatimendi remiraudzo yemitemo yeSanihedrista (28.F.R. chikamu 35) inoratidzira zvinodikanwa zvokuvaka. Vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa iyi miraudzo kunyora nyunyuto kana kuti kuraira.

mhedziso

Mitemo nemirau zvinowirirana asi zvinowirirana asi mhesano dzegadziriro yemitemo. Mitemo inogovera chiremera chenheyo nemitemo yakafara zvinogadzwa navakuru vakuru, nepo mirau ichigovera mitemo younyanzvi inoita kuti mitemo iyoyo ishande muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Muitiro wechisiko, kuchinjika, kujeka, uye manyuko echiremera zvinosiana nenzira inocherechedzwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinoshanda sechiito chakavhengana: mutemo usingashandisi mira mirau unoramba uri chinhu chisina kujeka; miraudzo pasina kubvumira kwemitemo haisi chinhu.

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunowedzera mano omunhu okushandisa mhatsa dzepamutemo, kutsigira kuchinja kwemitemo, uye kuwirirana nezvinodiwa nehurumende. Sezvo hurumende inoramba ichikura (8) uye sezvo zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinoderedza kuzviisa pasi uko masangano anogamuchira (8) kubatanidzwa kwemitemo nemirau kucharamba kuri nzvimbo inokosha yokudzidza kwenyanzvi, varapi, uye vagari vemo vakaroorana zvakafanana.