Basa Rebumbiro reMitemo Rezvisarudzo zvaPrezidhendi Nezvisarudzo Zveuipi

Sarudzo yaPurezidhendi naMutungamiriri weIndia inodzorwa ne Articles 52 kusvikira ku 73 yeBumbiro reMitemo reIndia, yakawedzerwa ne Nhamba dzakati naManeicireyiti nePrefecture Presidentis, 1952 uye [FLT] Nheswo-Preciationstys Refective Relations Relations, 1974[Fontact:5]. Idzi gadziriro dzemitemo dzinotanga gadziriro yakagadzirirwa kudzikanisa mamiriro eUniyo neUnited States, dzinovimbisa kuti vose vari vaviri Purezidhendi (mutezo weMitemo yeUni Union) naPrezidhendi (Chooffaious Shaion) yeSachey Sygn

Kusiyana nokusarudzwa zvakananga kwenhengo dzeParamende neHurumende, Purezidhendi naMutungamiriri weHurumende vanosarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga nekoriji dzakarongwa chaizvo. uyu mutoo usina kunanga wakasarudzwa nemaune nevagadziri veBumbiro Romutemo kuti vachengete kusatora rutivi uye chiremera zvemahofisi aya asi uchivadzivisa kubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika zvechitsotsi.

Kusarudzwa kwaPurezidhendi weIndia

Purezidhendi weIndia anosarudzwa ne purojekita iyo inoumbwa nemitezo inosarudzwa yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeParamende (Lok Sabha naRaja Sabha) uye inosarudzwa mitezo yeMagungano eMitemo ose eUnited States neUnion Progations. Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvisa mitezo yakasarurwa mukoreji yevhoti, ichivimbisa kuti vamiriri vakasarudzwa zvakananga bedzi vanotora rutivi muchisarudzo.

Kurongwa kweElectoral College

  • Mitezo yeLok Sabha (zvino 543 – sourefu hwesimba gurusa)
  • Mitezo yakarovedzwa yeRaje Sabha (zvino 233 – pamwe chete nemitezo ine tsvina 250; 12 inobviswa)
  • Yakaziviswa mitezo yeGarcher Assembly yeHurumende imwe neimwe (nhamba dzinowanda munyika 28 uye ndima 3 dzinobatanidzwa namagungano ewirirano pamutemo – Delhi, Puduchry, uye Jamu & Kashmir)

Nhengo dzinoiswa panzvimbo yeImba yeParamende kana kuti yeHurumende Magungano eHurumende hadzivhoti. Mukuwedzera, Magungano eMitemo eUnion (Kunyange Delhi, Pudyurry, uye zvino J&K) uye Masangano eMitemo muruwa ane vanhu havasi rutivi rwekoreji yakasarudzwa yaPurezidhendi.

Kufambisa Magetsi: Muitiro unotakurika mumwe chete (STV) une mufananidzo weProportational

Sarudzo yaPurezidhendi inoshandisa gadziriro yokumirira kwemipimo inowirirana kupfurikidza nevhoti imwe inotamiswa. Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anovhota pepa rimwe chete apo anoratidzira nhevedzano yavo nokuda kwavadari (chido chokutanga, chechipiri, chinodikanwa chechitatu, zvichingodaro). Kuverenga kunoitwa kupfurikidza nomutoo unozivikanwa se vhoti inotambira (STV), inovimbisa kuti mugamuchiri anohwinha anowana anowana anowana chitsamachitsama chikuru chevhoti.

[[[FFL:0] Maverengero anoita vhoti neSTV:

  1. Ukoshi hwose hwevhoti hunosainwa nenzira yapamutemo hunoteverwa (ona uremu pasi).
  2. Chikamu chinosarudzwa: (musarudzo yapurezidhendi, isarudzo yakasarurwa imwe chete, naizvozvo chikamu = vhoti dzose dzakafanira/2 + 1).
  3. Kana mubhadhari akachengetedza basa pazvaanoda pakutanga, zvinoziviswa kuti zvasarudzwa.
  4. Kana pasina mudaviriri anosvika padanho, mudaviri ane vhoti shomanene dzokutanga dzinobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo yechipiri dzinoparadzirwa kuvasara. Uyu muitiro unopfuurira kutozosvikira mudaviri asvika padanho.

Ukoshi Hunokosha Hwezviyo

Rimwe ramativi anosianisa zvikurusa esarudzo yaPurezidhendi i tsika yeukoshi hunorema. Vhoti dzeMitezo yeParamende neMitezo yeMasangano eMarudzi aManemite. Ukoshi hwevhoti hunosarudzwa navagari vehurumende (kushandiswa kweKendeko ya1971 kusvikira kuchiverengero chinotevera pashure pa 2026) uye nhamba yemitezo yakasarudzwa muGarative Congress.

  • Chine mutengo wevhoti yeMLA = (Chiverengero chechiverengero chavagari vemo / Nhamba yose yakasarudzwa MML SE muruwa irworwo) × (1/1000). Somuenzaniso, MLA inobva Utar Pradesh, nyika ine vanhu vazhinjisa, ine ukoshi hwevhoti hwakakwirira (inenge 208) kupfuura MLA kubva kuSikkim (panenge 7).
  • Ukoshi hwevhoti yeMP = (ukoshi hukuru hwevhoti dzose dzeMLA) / (nhamba huru yeMP). Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti uremu hwakabatanidzwa hweMPs hunoenzana nouremu hweMLS as.

Hwerengedzo yamavhoti mukoreji inosarudzwa inowanzova yapoteredzwa 1,100,000 (approx) pashure pokurema. Nhamba chaidzo dzinochinja pashure pokugadziridzwa kumwe nokumwe kwenhamba dzechiverengero chavagari vemo uye kurongwazve kupi nokupi kwenyika.

Bharuti Neoath Zvakavanzika

Sarudzo inoitiswa nevhota yapachivande. Komishoni yeEcommust Commission yeIndia ndiyo bedzi ine mutoro wekutungamirira sarudzo, kubatanidza kugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru vanodzosa uye kuverengwa kwevhoti. Pashure pesarudzo, mutongi anosarudza anoita mhiko inodzorwa neMutongi Mukuru weIndia (kana kuti vasipo, Mutongi mukurusa weDare Rapamusorosoro) kuti achengete, adzivirire, uye adzivirire Bumbiro reMitemo nemutemo.

Kusarudzwa kwaMutungamiriri weIndia Aiva Mutongi

Muvindi Purezidhendi anosarudzwa ne mitezo yose iri miviri yeImba dzeParamende igere pamwe chete sekoreji imwe yavavhoti. Kusafanana naPrezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi weHurumende haadi kuti kutora rutivi kweState Legislative Magungano. Koreji inoumbwa bedzi nemitezo yakasarudzwa yeLok Sabba uye yakasarudzwa yeRapya Sabata.

Mitezo yakadzorwa yeRajiya Sabhaha – inogona kuverengwa kusvikira ku 12 – haisati ichikwaniriswa kuvhota muvhoti yoMutungamiriri wePrezidhendi. Nenzira yakafanana, mitezo yakasarudzwa yeLok Sabba haisati iri rutivi rwereji inosarudzwa nemhaka yokuti Lok Sabba haina mitezo inoiswa pasi peBumbiro reMitemo remitemo (mitezo yose inosarudzwa).

Kuiswa kweElectoral College (Mutungamiriri weVice)

  • Mitezo yeLok Sabha (543)
  • Mitezo yakarovedzwa yeRaje Sabha (233 muhwerengedzo ya 245; 12 yakabviswa)

Vavhoti vose zvavo vari mureji yeSangano reSangano rePurezidhendi: inenge [[FLT: 0] mitezo 776 (somuna 2025).

Gadziriro Yokufadza yeMutungamiriri weHurumende

Sarudzo yaPurezidhendi inoitiswawo mugadziriro yokumiririra kupfurikidza nevhoti imwe inotakurika. Zvisinei, pane musiano mukuru kubva musarudzo yaPrezidhendi: pasina kurema [ inoshanda. Mutezo mumwe nomumwe wekoreji inovhotera youkoshi hwakafanana [[[FLT:]]. Kuverenga kunotevera mutoo mumwe chetewo weSTAV unorondedzerwa nokuda kwaPumeri.

Neiko kusiri kurema? Chino mufungo ndechokuti Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogara Rajiya Sabha – imba yeParamende umo mitezo yose ine maruramiro akaenzana okuvhota mubhizimisi remitemo. Naizvozvo, MP iri yose inofanira kuva neshoko rakaenzana mukusarudza Purezidhendi. Mukupesana, Purezidhendi mukuru weUnion anomirira chivako chehurumende, inoda kuva nerevo pakati pemitengo yavagari vemo yehurumende neParamende yeUni.

Zvinodiwa, Musi, uye Kuparadzana

Zvinodiwa NaPurezidhendi

  • Anofanira kuva mugari wemuIndia.
  • Anofanira kuva akapedza makore 35 ezera.
  • Vanofanira kukwaniriswa nokuda kwokusarudzwa somutezo weLok Sabha.
  • Haufaniri kuva nehofisi ipi neipi yemhindu muHurumende yeIndia, Hurumende yeHurumende ipi neipi, kana kuti pasi pechiremera chipi nechipi chomunzvimbomo kana kuti chimwe chiremera pasi poudzori hwepi nepi yeHurumende dzinotaurwa (kunze kwemahofisi aPurezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weHurumende, Gavhuna weHurumende, kana kuti Mufundisi weUnion kana kuti Hurumende).
  • Mutengi anofanira kusarudzwa napanenge 50 vavhoti savarongi uye 50 vavhozhokeri [ savapiri (sepanote mirau yeEvotion Commission)).

Zvinodiwa Kuti Uve Mutungamiriri Wehurumende

  • Anofanira kuva mugari wemuIndia.
  • Anofanira kuva akapedza makore 35 ezera.
  • Vanofanira kukwanisa kusarudzwa senhengo yeRaje Sabha.
  • Haufaniri kuva nehofisi ipi neipi yemhindu (mugariro wakafanana saPurezidhendi, pamwe chete chetezvo).
  • Mutengi anofanira kusarudzwa na 20 vavhozhokeri sezvikarakadzo uye 20 vavhozhokeri [ savatsigiri.

Mugariro weHofisi

Vose vari vaviri Purezidhendi naVice Purezidhendi vanobatira nzvimbo nokuda kweshoko ra makore mashanu kubva pamusi apo vanopinda panzvimbo yavo. Zvisinei, vangarega pakuvamba kupfurikidza nokunyorerana (Mutungamiriri wenyika anorega Purezidhendi, uye Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi kuna Purezidhendi). Sarudzo yokuzadza nzvimbo inoparirwa nedenderedzwa reshoko racho inofanira kupedzwa pamberi pokupera kweshoko. Kana chitsama chinovapo nokuda kwokurega basa, kubvisa, kana kuti rufu, sarudzo yokuzadza kubatira paPrezidhea nokukurumidza sezvinobvira.

Kubviswa paHofisi

Purezidhendi anogona kubviswa pahofisi bedzi ne kudzorwa kwokuputswa kweBumbiro reMitemo. Muitiro wokuraira unotangwa neImba ipi neipi yeParamende uye unoda chiverengero chezvitatu zviviri zvemitezo yose yeImba iyoyo, zvichiteverwa nevoruzhinji vakafanana muimwe Imba. Hapana Purezidhendi akambotevedzerwa muIndia.

Vice Prezidhendi anogona kubviswa panzvimbo nechisarudzo cheRaje Sabhaha chakapfuudzwa nevoruzhinji vemitezo yose panguva iyeyo yeRajiya Sabbaha ndokubvumirana nayo neLok Sabhaha.

Nhoroondo uye Zvinoreva

Gadziriro isina kunanga yesarudzo yaPurezidhendi naVice Prezidhendi yakaratidzirwa murutivi pagadziriro inoshandiswa muUnited States asi yakachinjira kugadziriro yeparamende yeIndia. Dr. B.Ambedkar, muConstituent Assembly, akasimbisa kuti Purezidhendi anofanira kuva mukuru mukuru wezita ane masimba akaganhurirwa, uye gadziriro yokusarudza inoratidzira ichi chiono chebumbiro remitemo. Purezidhendi anoita chiito payamuro nezano reDare raVafundisi kunze kwenzvimbo shomanene dzapamutemo (um., kugadza Mutungamiriri weHurumende mukuru apo kunenge kusina voruzhinji vanooneka, kana kuti kudzorera chirevo chokurangarirazve).

Nhamba huru musarudzo yaPurezidhendi dzinosanganisira:

  • 1952: Sangano rePurezidhendi rokutanga – Dr. Rajendra Prasad rakasarudza risina kushorwa.
  • 1969: Kutanga kukwikwidzana kwokusarudza – V.V. Giri akakurira N.Sanjiva Reddy mumakwikwi akaoma.
  • 2007: Vavhoti vakawanda vakaverenga (vaikwikwidza Pratibha Patil naBhairon Singh Shekhawat).
  • 202: Droupadi Murmu akava mukadzi wokutanga wedzinza uye Mutungamiriri weIndia, mukadzi wechipiri.

Muvikanri mukuru anowanzosarudzwa asingashorwi – somuenzaniso, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1952), S. Radhakrishnan zvakare (1957), uye vamwe vazhinji. Zvisinei, muna 2017, M.Venkaiah Naidu akatarisana nekwikwidzano kubva kuGopalkrrainna Gandhi, iyo yakaona nhimbe yakasimba.

Basa Rokusarudza reIndia

Commission yokusarudza yeIndia (ECI) ichiremera chebumbiro remitemo chinotungamirira zvose zviri zviviri Purezidhendi naSarudzo yaPurezidhendi. ECI inopawo ziviso yokudana nokuda kwesarudzo, inoronga rudungwe (kubatanidza musi wokuvhota nokuverenga), inogadza vakuru vakuru vanodzokera nokuda kwenyika dzose neParamende, uye inobudisa miuyo. ECI inewo simba rokupedza gakavaramwa kupfurikidza neSarudzo, kunze kwezvikumbiro zvinonzwiwa neDare rapamusorosoro. Muitiro wose unorongedzerwa kuva unova nomufananidzo wakajeka, uye ECI kazhinji kazhinji unobudisa mapepa nokuda kwavavhoti navatengi.

Misiyano Pakati Pezvisarudzo zvaPrezidhendi Nezvakaipa

AspectPresidentVice President
Electoral collegeElected MPs + Elected MLAs of all statesOnly elected MPs (Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha)
Weighted votesYes – MLA votes weighted by population; MP votes equalized to total MLA weightNo – each MP has one equal vote
Voting systemProportional representation (STV) + secret ballotSame STV + secret ballot
Quota required to win>50% of total valid votes (STV quota)>50% of total valid votes (STV quota)
Number of electors (approx 2025)~776 MPs + ~4,120 MLAs = ~4,896 electors (before weighting)~776 MPs
Total weighted value (approximate)~1,100,000~776 (equal votes – no weight)

Note: Nhamba dziri pamusoro apa dzingachinja zvishoma nemhaka yenzvimbo, gadziridzo dzechiverengero chavagari vemo, kana kuti kurongwazve kwenyika.

Kutsoropodza Nenharo

Zvisinei, vadziviriri vanotaura kuti Purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga anogona kurwisana noMutungamiriri weHurumende anorayira voruzhinji muParamende, zvichiita kuti pave nokusagadzikana. Sangano rakagadzirwa rinovimbisa kuti Purezidhendi arambe ari pamusoro pematongerwe enyika asi achimiririra kubatana kwenyika.

Imwe gakava yakapoteredza kushandiswa kwemipimo yevhoti ya1971. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rakatanga kubatanidza ukoshi hwevhoti kuchiverengero chavagari vapasi chazvino uno, Pendement yechi42 (1976) inodzosa kushandiswa kwenhamba dzeminunguro ya1971 kutozosvikira paChiverengero chokutanga pashure pa 2026. Iyi nhare yakatapura zvikuru nyika dzavagari vapasi seUtar Pradesh naBihar, sezvo vagari vemo vazvino vari vakuru zvikuru kupfuura muna 1971, vachideredza uremu hwavo hwakaganhurirwa. Vatsoropo vakadana nokuda kwegadziridzo pashure pe2031 Censues.

Electoral Process Nhanho Nhanhando (Hofisi Dzose dziri mbiri)

  1. Kuisa pachena: Commission yeSarudzo inopa chiziviso pasi peChikamu 4 chePresidential and PacePriciensations Esact, inoratidzira rudungwe.
  2. Chitsama chamapepa echiNgezi: pepa rokudzosa pepanhau nemukuru mukuru anodzokera (yaMandiro, Munyori Wese weLok Sabha; nokuda kwoMutungamiriri weProfesi, Munyori Wese weRajiya Sabhaha). Mapepa okunatsa anofanira kuperekedzwa nenzvimbo inochengetedzwa (Rs15 000) ndokusainwa nenhamba inodikanwa yavaroyi.
  3. [[FT:0] Scrutiny: Mukuru anodzoka anonzvera mapepa okuisa mashoko pasi. Kudzokororwa kusingashandi kunorambwa.
  4. [[[FRAT:0] Kutora: Madayati angabviswa mukati menhambo yakatarwa.
  5. Kupasa: kana vanopfuura vanopfuura mumwe vasara, zuva rimwe rinogadzwa nokuda kwokuvhota. Chivhoti chakavanzika chinoitiswa pazviteshi zvokuvhotera zvinenge zvasarudzwa (paParamende uye munzvimbo dzeMagungano eHurumende).
  6. Kuverenga: Mitemo inoverengwa mutarisiro yeKomishoni yeKusarudza. Nokuda kwaPurezidhendi, mipimo yevhoti inoverengwa ichishandisa nzira yakanyorwa. Nzira yokuverenga nayo inoshandiswa.
  7. Kuziviswa kwomuuyo: Mutarisiri anodzokera anozivisa muwinwi.
  8. [[FOL:0] shoo yebasa: Mutongi anopika pamberi poMutongi Mukuru weIndia; Mutongi woMutongi Mukuru anodzora pamberi paPuerce.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzesarudzo dzaPrezidhendi naMutungamiriri weIndia dzakasanorongwa miitiro yebumbiro remitemo inodzikamisa kumirira kwenyika nesangano reUnion, kuchengetedza kusatora rutivi kwemahofisi akakwirira, uye kuva nechokwadi chokururamisira kupfurikidza neredhireji yapachivande uye kuiswa mumireza. Kunzwisisa iyi miitiro kunopa vagari vemo vavanhu kunzwisisa kuti basa rehurumende yedemocracy yeIndia rinoshanda sei pamweroro wakakwirira, uye kunosimbisa ukoshi hwevhoti iri yose – kana kuti ingave inoiswa zvakananga nokuda kweMLA kana kuti MP, kana kuti nenzira isiri yakananga kupfurikidza nekoreji inorema. Sangano yakava neapurosi vamabhishopi navapurezi vehurumende vanobva mumigariro yakasiana nemigariro yakasiana-farati, kuratidzira ukoshina uye vatsi vehurumende veRepubliccate.

Zveimwezve chinyorwa chakazara cheBumbiro reMinistry of Law and Justice chinowanika panzvimbo yepamutemo yeUnistry of Law and Justice.Mazita anorondedzerwa pamusoro pesarudzo yapurezidhendi yekare anogona kuwanwa paEcomtion Commission yeIndia’s portal pasi pechikamu chaPrezidhendi Econstruction.

[[[FT:0] Mabatanidzo:[