Amendeji Yechigumi Nechina: Mudziyo Wokuenzana weAmerica

Kusimbiswa muna 1868, Mutemo we 144 weMitemo yeMitemo yeUnited States unomira sechimwe chegadziriro hurusa dzinovapo uye dzinogarotaurwa mumutemo weAmerica. Nepo chinangwa chayo chapakarepo chakanga chiri chokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vaichimbova varanda pashure peHondo yeChivirimunisi, kugadziriswa kwakura kupfuura mavambo ayo okuzvigadzira. Zvino inobatira sechishandiso chikuru chemitemo chokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu nevimbiso kurapa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Nyanzvi dzemitemo, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vakaronzeve vakaro, kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro ye 1446t Amend Isitement inokosha sei kunzwisisa kuti tsika yemitemo inobvumiranwa, muitiro wapamutemo, unofanira kudzorwa, uye kuva mugari wemo. Nyaya ino inogovera kufamba kwakazara munhau, zvikamu zvayo, zvitsarudzo, mativi azvo zvapamutemo, uye kurangarira zvazvinopesana zvazvinopfuurira kupfuurira kureva.

Nhoroondo: Kubva Pakuchinja Kusvika Pakuvimbisa Kutevedzerwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Makore mana eHondo yevagari vemo (1861-1865) akagumisa uranda hwechibvumirano chenhau, asi nzvimbo yapamutemo yavaAmerica vachangobva kusunungurwa vaAfrica yakaramba isina chokwadi nenzira ine ngozi. Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln aEmpication Proclation ya1863 yakanga iri chiyero chenguva yehondo, uye Hurumende ye138 (yakatenderwa muna December 1865) (yakatenderwa nenzira yepamutemo kubvisa uranda. Zvisinei, nyika dzokuMadokero dzakakurumidza dzakaita “Mitemo yeMitemo yeMatema” (8) mitemo yakarongedzerwa kuganhurira rusununguko rwavanhu vechitema, inovaramba kodzero yokuvhotera, zvinhu zvavo, kana kuti vapupurire mudare, uye zvinovadzosera zvakanaka kuti vasave mudare.

Mumhinduro, Republican Congress yakapfuudza Civil Rights Act ya1866, iyo yakazivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States vaiva vagari vemo uye vakafanirwa nedziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Asi Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson akaisa mutongo, uye nepo Congress yaipfuura vhu, vaiti vemitemo vazhinji vakanetseka kuti chiito chacho gare gare chaigona kubviswa kana kuti kuziviswa kuti hachisipo. Kuisa nheyo idzi panheyo yemitemo isingadzivisiki, Congress yakanyoresa zviitiko zvinokosha zvenhau zvakaumba iyi chinobatanidza:

  • Kupera kweHondo yevagari vemo (1865) - yakaita kudikanwa kwokukurumidzira kurondedzera mugariro wapamutemo wavanhu vachangobva kusunungurwa vane mamirioni mana.
  • Chiratidzo cheChibvumirano cheKodzero dzaCivil cha 1866 - chakaratidzira chido chomutemo nokuda kwokuenzana asi chisina pamutemo.
  • Kukwira kwamasimba masimba avachena echichena [[FL:1], zvikurukuru Ku Klux Klan, iyo yakatyisidzira nzanga dzavatema ndokusekesa rusununguko.
  • [ Military reconstruction – South yaidzorwa nebasa rehurumende, kuchigovera mashoko akapoteredza ezvamatongerwe enyika kuti irutsiridze.
  • Kutya kuti nyika dzokuMadokero dzingadzorera maruramiro avagari vemo nokukurumidza apo dzaibvumirwa kuUnion.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakapfuudzira Dare reHurumende muna June 1866 uye kwakabvumirwa nezvinodiwa munyika nhatu ne4 muna July 1868. Vagadziri varo vaida kuti rive vimbiso yakasimba yokudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzehurumende pakodzero dzevanhu dzinopindira munyika.

Gadziriro Huru Dzokuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kune zvikamu zvishanu, asi chikamu chokutanga chine zvikamu zvitatu zvinokosha zvikurusa: Chisaririra choMubatanidzwa, Chirongwa chaClaus, uye Kudzivirira Kunowirirana. Mamwe magiramu anokamuranisa, kubvisa vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vehurumende, chikwereti chavose, uye simba rokutarisira dare.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo

Chikamu 1 chinovamba nokutaura kwakananga kwokuchinja: “Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vari pasi poudzori hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara.” Ichi chitsama chakadzivisa zvakananga chisarudzo chine mbiri cheDare Gurusa reDare mu Scott. Sandford [FLD] [1] [1857], apo Mutongi Mukuru Roger Taney akadavira kuti vagari veAfrica, vangava varanda kana kuti vakasununguka, havatongogoni kuva vagari veU. kupfurikidza nokutanga kuva vagari vemo voga vemo, chitsamagaro chakagovera rondedzero inoshanda yogariro inovapo. Chifo chakaitwa kuva pakati pekurukurirano pamusoro pokutama, zvikurukuru mugariro wavana vakaberekwa kuvabereki vasina kubereka kubuda muBoudickadhikia, uye chinoramba chiri shongwe chomutemo worudzi rweAmerica.

Maitiro Akakodzera aClaus

Nhevedzano yeChibvumirano chaVaSangano rinorambidza dare ripi neripi kubva ku “munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Pakutanga yakanzwisiswa sevimbiso yemiitiro yakarurama($notice, mutongo usingasaruri, dare(chikamu) chakadudzirwa nedare rokusasarura). Chikamu chedare (chinodzivirirawo kodzero dzeSupreme Court kudzivirira kusarongwa kwekodzero dzisina kurongwa kwakarongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nedzidziso ye “incorporation,” Dare rashandisa zvikurusa zvikurusa reRevo rekodzero dzekodzero dzeChosting, kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, uye dziviriro kusinganzwisisiki. Chinyorwa chakavawo chikonzero chikuru chamagariro, sechinozivikanwa mu [FL:][5][5]

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana

Zvichida gadziriro inochengetwa zvikurusa, Expand Protection Claus inoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha “kudzorwa nomunhu upi noupi mukati moudzo hwake dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Haisi kudzivisa kutsauranisa kwose. Mitemo inogona kuisa vanhu mumapoka nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakarurama( asi kunoda kuti kurongwa kupi nokupi kune chokuita nevavariro yehurumende inobvumirwa. Apo kurongwa kwacho kunobatanidza“ boka respect” rakadai sedzinza kana kuti dzinza, kana kuti kutapura “maruramiro echinzvimbo,” matare ashandise kunzvera kukurusa, achiraira kuti mutemo uitwe wakapfumbaniswe zvishoma kuti ubatire fariro yehurumende inogombedzera. Iyi yakanga iri chombo chapamutemo icho chakabvisa [FLT:] [FLD] [F:1] mu [FLT] [FFROR] [B] .[3] Miteko yedzidzo yedzidzo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo inodzosodoka, inopfudza migariro yevatano, inopfuumbirira kudarika, migariro yevatano, inopfuto, inopfuumbidza maruramiro, inopfumisa maruramiro, ino

Chiratidzo Chenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinoshatisa Mhedziso

Mutauro usinganzwisisiki weKinaith Amendment wakapiwa revo chaiyo kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvinokosha zveDare Gurusa.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Kugumisa Secords

Chisarudzo chakabatana mu Brown chakazivisa kuti paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose yakaputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana Claus. Dare rakaramba “dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana” inobva Pnegny v. Ferguson[FLT] [1896]), yakabata nzvimbo dzedzidzo idzodzo dzakaparadzana nemhindu. Iyi chisarudzo yakava nheyo yapamutemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo ndokutungamirira kukubvisa zvivako zvose zvavanhu.

[[NUMBO:0] Roe v. Wade[[FLT] [1073]) – Kuva kwako woga neChiito chapamberi

Mu , Dare rakaziva kuti Gadziriro yeChiitiko Claus inodzivirira maruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kuva napamuviri, kuchiisa mukati memaruramiro makuru kumunhu oga. Iyi mhaka yakamutsa makumi amakore ehondo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzepamutemo, achiguma nechisarudzo Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization , iyo yakadzosa [[[FLT:]] Roe uye yakadzorera muganhuro wokubvisa mimba kumashoko.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – Ukuenzana kweroorano

Muchisarudzo 5-4, Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti Dare reMitemo reMitemo reMiremo reMineth reda nyika kubvumidza nokuziva roorano dzevatano. Chisarudzo chakavakirwa pazvose zviri zviviri Gwendero reClaus (kudzivirira maruramiro makuru okuroora) uye Exct Protection Claus (kusarura kunotenderwa kwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano). Obergefell yakamirira rukundo rukuru nokuda kweLGBTQ+ kodzero.

[Citens United v.FEC (2010) – Kutaura kweCorporate

Nepo yakabatana zvakananga norusaruro, Citamisés United inoratidzira kushanda kwePurection Expandment kuvamwe vanhu vapamutemo. Dare rakaramba kuti dziviriro dzakasununguka dzeFirst Amendment, dzakabatanidzwa mukurwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza neMbengo ye14, dzinodzivisa hurumende kuganhurira ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakazvimirira namasangano. Chisarudzo ichi chakachinjazve mutemo wemari.

Kutapura Masangano Ane Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo

Chibvumirano che 14th Amendment chave chiri chiteshi chapamutemo nokuda kwounodokuva sangano guru rekodzero dzavagari vemo rose munhau yeAmerica. Mukati mema 1950 nama 1960, NaACP’S Legal Defense Fund yakashandisa Expact Claus Erecte kudenha dziviriro yapachivande, ganhuriro, uye rusaruro rwedzimba. Chinjo yakapawo simba remitemo yehurumende, zvakadai sechiCivil Rights Act ya194649 neVol Rights Act yeChibvumirano cha 1965, icho Congresssions yakaita pasi pechiteshingirity yaro. Muma 1970 na 1980, maremiglainst aiends akakumbira kudzosa mitemo iyo yakatsaura pahwaro yevatano yevatano yevatano yevatano, kudzivirira dziviriro kunokosha mu [FOct: 0] uye kudzivirira mapurisa muboka renyika dzechipokarongeripo yezve.[F.1] [2] [2]

Matambudziko Acho uye Nyaya Dzichamuka

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, Iweth Amendment haisati iri mushonga. rusaruro runopfuurira muzvimiro zvakawanda, uye matare kazhinji kazhinji anokamuraniswa pamusoro pokuti kugadziridza kwacho kunofanira kutsanangurwa zvikuru sei. dzimwe dzenhau dzinotambudza zvikurusa dzapanguva ino dzinobatanidza:

  • Mitemo yeID neVoting Discrition: vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mitemo inozivisa inodzivisa kubiridzira, asi vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi mitemo inoremedza nomutoo usingaenzaniswi, vakwegura, uye vawani vemiuyo yakaderera, ingagona kuputsa Dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus. Matare akasvika miuyo inorwisana kutsamira paufakazi hwedonzo redhisikito kana kuti muuyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Act Act Afligitive[[FLT: 1] Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richidavira kuti miitiro yokubvuma dzinza inoziva mudzidzo yakakwirira inofanira kuongororwa zvikuru. Nhamba dzeMirayiro yaFair v. Harvard [2023], Dare rakaganhurira zvikuru kushandiswa kwedzinza mubvumiro dzekoreji, richitonga kuti mapurogiramu akadaro anofanira kuva anoganhurirwa nguva uye anogadziridzwa zvishoma. Iyi chisarudzo chinozarurazve gakava pamusoro pezvi kana dziviriro inowirirana ichida kuva bofu kana kuti nhamburiko dzinoshanda dzinoita kuti dziwane.
  • Kutora nokubereka kusingashandiswi kunoitwa nemunhu : Chigarwa chave chipfupiso mugadziriro yokupinda munyika yazvino uno. Vamwe vezvamatongerwe enyika vakapikisa kuti vana vanoberekwa muU.S. kuvabereki vasina kunyorwa havafaniri kuerekana vagamuchira kuva vagari vemo, nzvimbo ingada zvimwe kugadziriswa kwemitemo kana kuti kutsanangurwazve kwemashoko okuti “pasi pevhu.” Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinobvuma zvikuru kuti kududzirwa kwakadaro kungava kunopesana nerevo yapakuvamba uye kupfuuta makore zana.
  • Kusawirirana kwemari noutano: Kudzivirira kwakaenzana hakuna kuvimbisa miuyo yakaenzana yemari, uye matare kazhinji kazhinji akadavira kuti rusaruro rwemari runodzorwa bedzi nehwaro hune mufungo. Ikoku kunosiya kusawirirana kwakawanda kwemitengo yakadai sokusawirirana mumari yechikoro, kusvika kwoutano, uye njodzi dzemhoteredzo (panze pekusvika kwokupera kwemipimo kutoti muganhu unofungidzirwa (mt. dzinza) zvinobatanidzwa.
  • Chiratidzo chorusarura uye Misa Inciceration: Gwendero reChibvumirano Claus rakadudzirwa kudikanisa miedzo yakanaka, asi vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kusawirirana kwedzinza mukusunga, kuranga, uye kukumbira kunokarakadza chinetso chikuru chedziviriro yakaenzana. Kururamisa kunopfuuridzirwa pamusoro pokuti kugadziridzwa kunogona kupedza tsveteko neurudzi mutsika yeruramisiro.

Muitiro Wokusawirirana: Kuunza Bhizi Rekodzero KuUnited States

Rimwe reMitemo ye 144th Amendments inoshandura zvikurusa idzidziso. Pamberi pa1868, Bill of Rights yakashandiswa bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, seinochengetwa mu . Balmore[. Dare Gurusa rakavamba kupinza maruramiro avanhu mudanga reChiitiko chamazana a1900, asi masangano anokosha zvikurusa akaitika mukati mezana ramakore rechi20: rusununguko rwokutaura ([[FLT:]] griw. New York[FLT], 1925], inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo ([FL:]]]]][5], [4]],[FL], [5], h3], uye Hurumende dzeruwa (10], h4], h4],[9], kana kuti ipfuuresa , muganhu yeYa.[3]

mhedziso

Gemende re14th Amendment inopfuura zvikuru kunyora kwenhau. Igwaro mhenyu, rinofema rinopfuurira kuumba nzanga yeAmerica nomutemo. Kuvambira pakusikwa kwayo mumadota eHondo yevagari vemo kusvikira kukushanda kwaro mukurukurirano dzanhasi dzinoparadzanisa, kugadziridzwa kunopa wirirano yemitemo nokuda kwezvido zvedu zvose zvemitemo zvekodzero dzenyika dzose dziri mbiri kukuva norusununguko, uye ruramisiro. Zvikamu zvayo zvitatu zvinoumba , Batestro, uye Procementation (Udzivisi) zvinosimbisa kuti zvishandiso zvikuru izvo zvinodenha kusarurana uye kukurira simba rehurumende. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa maruramiro emitemo eAmerica ose ari maviri ekodzero yokudzivirira nokukwana, chibvumirano cheGeneth reRemendementation iri chinhu chinokosha.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvero Nhevedzo yeNational Constitution Center inokurukura , Oyez yezvinoitika zveKinayiti zvePramende , uye [[FLT] Cornell LII’S rugwaro rwakanyorwa.