Chii Chiri Fungidzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika?

Pfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika iboka rezvitendero, mipimo, uye nheyo zvinoumba nzira iyo chaunga chinofanira kurongwa nayo nokudzorwa. Inogovera gadziriro yokunzwisisa basa rehurumende, upfumi, uye maruramiro nemabasa zvavanhu. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikuva, uye kunyange nzira iyo vagari vemo vanodudzira nayo zvinoitika. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa iyi mifungo inokosha mukunzvera zvinoitika zvenhau uye kubatanidzwa nenharo dzazvino uno dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhema hadzina kubatana; dzinochinja nokufamba kwenguva mumhinduro kumigariro yenzanga, yemari, uye yetsika. Dzinovapowo mumativi akasiyana - siyana panzvimbo pemabhokisi akaoma. Kunzwisisa nheyo huru dzepfungwa imwe neimwe kunobetsera kujekesa chikonzero nei mapoka akasiyana - siyana achitsigira miitiro yakasiana - siana panhau dzinovambira pamitero noukoshi hwoutano kusvikira kukodzero dzavagari vemo nedzokumwe nyika.

Kushamisa Kwepfungwa Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinowanzorondedzerwa mumativi akasiyana - siyana kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi, kunyange zvazvo uku kudzora kune ganhuriro.

  1. LIBIALIS - zvinosimbisa kodzero dzevanhu, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kuenzana.
  2. [[FON:0] Chitendero - tsika, kutsiga, uye chinjo yapashoma napashoma.
  3. Chitendero [ - vatsigiri nokuda kweboka kana kuti uhu hwehurumende hwemitoo yokubudisa nokuparadzirwa kwakaenzana zvikuru kwezviwanikwa.
  4. [ Chibharo [ - zvinoisa pakutanga rusununguko rwomunhu kupfuura zvose, kazhinji kazhinji kuchitsigira nokuda kwokupindira kuduku kwehurumende munhau dzose dziri mbiri dzomunhu oga nedzemari.
  5. ChiFascism – pfungwa yebumbiro remitemo inorumbidza nyika uye kazhinji kazhinji inodzvinyirira kusabvumirana kupfurikidza nesimba.

Imwe neimwe yeiyi mifungo ine misiano yomukati nezvikoro zviduku zvemifungo. Somuenzaniso, madiro azvino uno anosiana zvikuru nerevomhosi, uye coratist inosiana mumativi ose enyika. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinonzvera madiro nechengeteko muudzame, sezvo idzi ndangariro mbiri dzinomirira mapango makuru muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzaMadokero dzakawanda.

Rusununguko: Mavambo, Nheyo, uye Mhindumupindu

Chitendero cherebrali chakabuda mukati meKujekeswa muzana ramakore rechi17 nerechi18 semhinduro kuhurumende yapamutemo neyamakurukota. Vafungi vakadai saJohn Locke, uyo akarwira kodzero dzomusikirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma, vakaisa nheyo youzivi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Jean-Jacques Rousseau akapa pfungwa pamusoro pechibvumirano chenzanga nouchangamire hwakakurumbira, nepo gare gare gare vatsigiri vezvorudzidziso saJohn Stuart Mill vakatsigira rusununguko rwomunhu norusununguko rwakasununguka. Iyi mifungo yakapesvedzera zvakananga American Declaration of Independement and the French Declaration of Man and the Fakist.

Rusununguko rwakachinja chifo chifo chaicho kuva mihove miviri yakafara: rusununguko rwapakare napakusununguka kwazvino uno. Chipo cheClassical respecial chinosimbisa misika yakasununguka, hurumende yakaganhurirwa, uye mutoro womunhu oga. Rusununguko rwazvino uno, urwo rwakawana utanhamari muzana ramakore rechi 20, runotsigira basa rinobatira zvikuru mukuita nokusaenzana kwenzanga, kutungamirira upfumi, uye kupa mabasa avose akadai sedzidzo nezvoutano. Dzose dziri mbiri dzinogoverana kuzvipira kukodzero dzavanhu nehurumende yedemocratic , asi dzinorevedza panzvimbo yokupindira kwehurumende.

Nheyo Huru Dzorusununguko

  • Kodzero dzemunhu oga: Munhu ari wose ane maruramiro omuzvarirwo asingagoni kubviswa nenzira yokuzvidira. iwaya anobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, gungano, uye muitiro wakafanira pasi pomutemo.
  • Ukungana: Vanhu vose vanofanirwa nokubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo uye banza rakaenzana rokuronda nharidzano dzavo. Iyi nheyo inovakira mitemo inorwisana neshanje nemirairo yenzanga yakananga kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Hurumende inofanira kuva inozvidavirira kuvanhu kupfurikidza nesarudzo dzapachena nedzakarurama, masangano avamiriri, uye dziviriro nokuda kwamaruramiro maduku muudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji.
  • Mabhizimisi erusununguko: Sangano rezvemari rinofanira kubvumira nokuda kwamakwikwi nebhizimisi, kunyange zvazvo masangano azvino uno anowanzotsigira murairo kudzivisa udzori humwe, dziviriro dzavatengi, uye kutaura zvinhu kunze seshatiso.
  • Sacial Progress: Chirevo chinowanzobatanidza chinjo nemutsva sezvishandiso zvokuvandudza nzanga. Ikoku kunobatanidza tsigiro yamasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo, kuenzana kwevatano, uye fambiro mberi yesayenzi.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pekukura kwenhau kwomufungo wakasununguka, Santford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inopa kupetwa kwakakwana kwereplasm ̱ inopa ndangariro huru nemirangariro.

Kureurura Mumuitiro: Kuongorora Varwere

Pesvedzero yepfungwa dzakasununguka inogona kuonwa munhano huru dzemiitiro mumazana amakore 20 ne21. New Deficial muUnited States, yakagadzwa naPrezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt mukupindura kuKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, yakawedzera hurumende ’ rutivi mumitemo yemari, garikano yenzanga, uye mabasa avose. Miitiro yakadai seSocial Security, inishuwarenzi youro, uye dziviriro dzavashandi dzakaratidzira misengwaro yazvino uno yakasununguka kugovera mambure okudzivirira vagari vemo.

Nenzira yakafanana, sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rama 1950 nama 1960 rakashandisa zvikuru nheyo dzakasununguka dzekuenzana nekodzero dzevanhu. Mutemo weWallmark wakadai seCivil Rights Act ya1964 neVoting Rights Act ya1965 yakananga kubvisa rusaruro rwedzinza uye kuva nechokwadi chedziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo. Idzi nhamburiko dzinoratidzira kuti pfungwa inogona kuparira chinjo yenzanga kupfurikidza negadziriro dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu enguva ino, hurumende dzakasununguka dzinowanzotsigira nokuda kwokutarisirwa kweutano munyika yose, chiito chemamiriro okunze, uye mitero inofambira mberi senzira dzokugadzirisa kusaenzana uye kusimudzira kusaenzana kwenzanga.

Kudavira: Tsika, Nhevedzano, uye Chinjo Inowedzera

Chitendero chakamuka murutivi sechiito chechinjo huru dzakaparirwa neChinjo yeFrance nokupararira kunokurumidza kwepfungwa dzakasununguka. Mutungamiriri wehurumende weBritain neIri ainzi Edmund Burke, anowanzorangarirwa sababa wezvokuchengeta kwazvino uno, akataura kuti nzanga chinhu chakaoma kunzwisisa chakavakirwa pauchenjeri hwakaunganidzwa, tsika, uye masangano. Iye akanyevera pamusoro pechinjo dzinoparadzanyangaidza idzo dzinogona kuvhiringidza dzikamo yenzanga uye kutungamirira kunyonganiso. Nokuda kwaBurke, kuchengeta magamuchidzanwa akatangwa uye zvishoma nezvishoma, chinjo yezvinhu zvipenyu yakanga iri yakavanzwa kuva yakanaka kurondedzero dzenhando dzakatangwa nemhindu.

Chitendero hachisi chishoro bedzi chokuchinja; uzivi hwakanaka kuti nhevedzano yemipimo, chiremera, nzanga, uye kupfuurira. Nepo masangano echengetedza anosiana munyika dzose, anowanzogoverana panikiro kuinjiniya yenzanga yezvokuchinja uye kuda masangano akabvumikiswa akadai semhuri, masangano orudzidziso, uye nzanga dzomunzvimbomo. Muzana ramakore rechi20, kunamata kwakarongwa kukurukura kumuka kwehurumende yegarikano, nenhamba dzakafanana naRonald Reagan muUnited States naMargaret Thacher muUnited Kingdom anotsigira mitemo yamazar, kubvisa, uye basa rakaderedzwa nokuda kwehurumende.

Nheyo Huru Dzokudavira Magariro Akaipa

  • Tsika, mipimo, uye masangano zvakatsigira muedzo wenguva zvinorangarirwa sezvitsama zvouchenjeri hunoshanda. Vanopikisa kuti gamuchidzanwa rinogovera dzikamo nepfungwa yokuzivikanwa izvo kurangarira kusinganzwisisiki kusingagoni kutevedzera.
  • Ukuru: Chiremera chapamutemo muhurumende, mutemo, uye masangano enzanga zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta nhevedzano. Masangano anotsigira masangano akasimba akadai sejaji, mapurisa, uye chiuto kutsigira mutemo.
  • Chinjo yemagariro avanhu: kuchinja kunofanira kuva kwokungwarira nokuwedzera. Chinjo dzechimbichimbi kana kuti huru zvikuru dzinova nengozi yemiuyo isingakarirwa uye dzingaparadza murakatira wenzanga. Iyi nheyo pane dzimwe nguva inonzi “ accultiner yenzanga ̵ mukupesana nenjo yokuchinja.
  • Vanhu havasi vanhu vamwe navamwe asi mitezo yemhuri, nharaunda, uye nyika. MaConservative anosimbisa misengwa, mutoro wenzanga, uye ukoshi hwenzanga yavagari vemo kupfuura gadziriro dzomunhu oga.
  • [ Kodzero dzenzvimbo dzakakotsekana dzinoonekwa senheyo yerusununguko rwemari, mutoro womunhu oga, uye nhevedzano yenzanga. Vane maruramiro anoshora mitero yakanyanyisa kana kuti murairo unodzongonyedza zvinhu zvapachivande.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kukuru kwemufungo wetsika, Encyclopedia Britannica pauzivi inogovera kunzvera kune udzame kwenhau nohuzivi.

Kuongorora Vane Chete

Reagan zera muUnited States (1981-1999) rakaratidzira nheyo dzakawanda dzetsika dzakatsiga mukushanda. Reagan akaronda kutemwa kwomutero kwakatanhamara, kubviswa kwemitero kwemaindasitiri, uye kuderedzwa kwemari inoshandiswa munzanga. Vatarisiri vake vakatsigirawo kudzivirira kworudzi kwakasimba uye chimiro chokukwikwidzana kuSoviet Union, vachiratidzira simbiso inowirirana pauchangamire hworudzi uye mipimo yegamuchidzanwa. Mudzimba, Reagan ̱ mitemo yakarongedzerwa kunyandura kukura kwepfuma kupfurikidza nokuderedza mutoro wehurumende pamabhizimisi navanhu vamwe navamwe.

MuUnited Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher ’ hurumende (1979-1990) yakaronda miitiro yakafanana yokubvisa, kubvisa, uye uzivi hwezvokuzvinyima. Iyo yakazivisa zvakakurumbira kuti “ hakuna chinhu chakadai sechaunga ̵ mupfungwa yeboka risinganzwisisiki, richiita nharo panzvimbo pebasa romunhu oga nemipimo yemhuri. Chinjo yake yakavandudzazve upfumi hweBritain uye yakapesvedzera masangano ezve.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, masangano anochengetedza tsika akanetseka nemibvunzo yokutama, kuzivikanwa kwenyika, uye basa remasangano enyika dzakawanda. Kukura kwesangano rezvokuchengeta mari muma20 ne2020 kwakaunza kusawirirana kutsva mutsika dzinoramba dziripo, kuchitsigira kutsigira upfumi nevemagamuchidzanwa.

Kuenzanisa Rusununguko Nekupindirana

Kunyange zvazvo kusununguka uye kuchengetedza mari zvichiwanzopesana nemibvunzo ine chokuita nemitemo, kuenzanisa nokungwarira kunoratidza misiyano mikuru uye nguva nenguva yokubatana.

Itai Kuti Musiyane

Dimension Liberalism Conservatism
View of Human Nature Optimistic; people are capable of reason and improvement through education and reform. Realistic or pessimistic; humans are fallible and need established institutions to guide behavior.
Role of Government Active in promoting equality and protecting rights, especially for marginalized groups. Limited in scope, focused on maintaining order, security, and economic freedom.
Attitude Toward Change Embraces progressive reform to address social injustices and adapt to new circumstances. Cautious; prefers preserving existing institutions and changing only when necessary.
Individual vs. Community Prioritizes individual autonomy, rights, and personal fulfillment. Emphasizes social bonds, duty, and the well-being of the community.
Economic Approach Supports regulation, redistribution, and public investment to reduce inequality. Favors free markets, low taxes, and minimal government interference.

Nzvimbo Yakagoveranwa

Pasinei zvapo nemisiano yazvo, madiro nedzoudzori zvinogoverana mipimo inoverengeka inovasiyanisa nedzidziso dzakanyanyisa. Magamuchidzanwa ose ari maviri anowanzozvipira kuudzori hwedemocracy, mutemo, uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwezvinhu zvomunhu oga. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinoziva ukoshi hwokutanga kwomunhu oga nomutoro, kunyange kana zvichipa uremu hwakasiana kuiyi mipimo. Muhurumende dzamademocracy yakawanda yokuMadokero, mirangariro miviri inoshanda se ̵ rwisano yakavimbika ̵ iyo inogamuchira gadziriro huru yemitemo yemitemo apo inoramba mipimo yakati.

Kupfuurirazve, pfungwa dzose dziri mbiri dzakachinja mukupindurana. Unani hwazvino uno hwezvokuchengeta mari hwakapinza mifungo yakasununguka pamusoro pemisika yakasununguka nekodzero dzevanhu, nepo kusununguka kwazvino uno kwakabatanidza nzwisiso dzechero pamusoro poukoshi hwechengeteko yenzanga nenzanga. Muuyo wacho inzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika ine simba umo miganhu pakati pemifungo inowanzokwikwikwidzanwa.

Nzvimbo Yakafara Yezvemhoteredzo

Kunyange zvazvo kusununguka uye kuchengetedza zvichidzora hurukuro yezvematongerwe enyika munyika dzakawanda, dzimwe pfungwa dzinoitawo mabasa makuru.Socialism, somuenzaniso, inosimbisa kuva neboka uye kuenzana kwezvemari uye yakapesvedzera mapoka enzanga muEurope nokune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Kunzwisisa idzi dzidziso dzinotsiva kunobetsera kuisa pamugariro nzvimbo dzerusununguko nedzokuchengeta. Somuenzaniso, apo vatsoropodzi vanorondedzera muitiro se ̴ wenzanga, ̵ vari kunyora pagamuchidzanwa rakasiana repfungwa iro rinosiana nedzose dziri mbiri dzezvitendero nedzokuchengeta. Nenzira yakafanana, kukura kwamasangano echipulism muzana ramakore rechi 21 kwakadzika mitsetse pakati pechiteshi chenyika nedzidziso dzenyika dzechimubatanidzwa chenyika, kuchiparira mitsetse mitsva mukurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nokuda kwomurangariro mukuru pamusoro penzira iyo pfungwa dzinobatira pamwe nayo namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, Oxford Bibliographies papfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika inopa chiono chedzidzo chenzvimbo yacho.

Chikonzero Nei Tichinzwisisa Nhau Dzepfungwa Nokuda Kwavadzidzi Navadzidzisi

Kudzidza nezvematongerwe enyika hakusi chinhu chinongoitwa nomunhu chete, asi kunoshongedzera vadzidzi nematurusi okuongorora nharo dzezvematongerwo enyika, kuongorora zvikarakadzo zvemitemo, uye kunzwisisa simba renhau rakaumba nyika yazvino uno.

Somuenzaniso, gakava pamusoro pokuchinja kwezvoutano rinogona kunzwisiswa zvikuru apo vadzidzi vanoziva misengwa yepfungwa iripo: Madiro angasimbisa kuwana kwepasi pose senhau yechakarurama, nepo vanodavira kuti zvinhu zvagara zviripo vangasimbisa mutoro womunhu oga uye kubudirira kwezvokutengeserana.

Nokudzidza kuziva uye kunyatsoongorora zvinhu izvi, vadzidzi vanobva vava vanhu vanoziva uye vanofunga zvikuru muupenyu hwevanhu.

mhedziso

Dzidziso dzezvamatongerwe enyika irenzi apo nzanga dzinodudzira nguva yadzo yakapfuura, dzinoshandisa nzira dzadzo dzadzo dzazvino uno, uye dzinofungidzira ramangwana radzo. Rusununguko netsiye nyoro, sepfungwa mbiri dzinopesvedzera zvikurusa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno, dzinopa zviono zvakasiyana zvorusununguko, nhevedzano, uye fambiro mberi. Ruparalist runotsigira maruramiro avanhu, kuenzana, uye chinjo, nepo kudzivirira rudzidziso kuchitsigira tsika, dzikamo, uye chinjo.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi zvakafanana, kutanga kunzwisisa pfungwa idzi kwakajeka rutivi runokosha rwedzidzo yehurumende.Kunobvumira kunzvera kukurusa kwezvinoitika zvenhau, kubatanidzwa kwakanangana kworuzivo rukuru nekurukurirano dzemitemo, uye kunzwisiswa kukuru kwemhatsa yemifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Sezvo mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika unopfuurira kuvapo, mano okunzwisisa nokuremekedza misiano yendangariro acharamba ari musimboti wougari hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira imwe fundo, [[FLT: 0] nyaya yeNational Affairs pamusoro pepfungwa dzinoumba kuzivikanwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika inopa nzwisiso yokuwedzera mukushanda kusingaperi kwokufunga kwepfungwa mune zvematongerwe enyika zvenguva ino.