Mavambo Echiuto muHurumende yeAmerica

Federalism, yakagadzwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., inoparira mukaha wechienzi wouchangamire pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzinosvika makumi mashanu. Ichi chivako hachisati chiri gadzirirowo zvayo yerondedzero asi gadziriro inoshanda inoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwemiraudzo nokuchengetwa. Tenuth Amendramendment inochengeta masimba ose asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti vanhu, achiisa mavambo oukama hune simba uye pane dzimwe nguva hunokakavara. Kunzwisisa iyi fandesheni kunokosha kusanonzvera kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inoitwa sei, uye inodzorwa sei kupfurikidza namasimba.

Mhindumupindu yenhau yehurumende yeAmerica yakafamba nomumadanho anoverengeka. Kubva mukusimbisa kwapakuvamba kwehurumende mbiri dzinodzora nyika ̬ uko masimba ehurumende nehurumende zvakachengetwa zvakaparadzana zvikuru ̬ kubatira pamwe yesangano reNew Deal nhambo, uye kupinda munhambo yazvino uno yakaratidzirwa nokuwedzerwa kwesunungurwa kwehurumende nechekutsamira pachinhu, tsika yacho yakachinja kuva kuchinja zvinodikanwa zvorudzi. Uku kuchinjika, zvisinei, kunoparirawo kuoma nerwisano yenhambo nenhambo.

Kubatana Kwouchangamire: Kugoveraniswa Kunoitwa Simba

Pasi peBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzine chiremera chakazvimirira chokudzora mukati memativi adzo akasiyana. Gadziriro dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinoronga masimba anowanwa zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, kubatanidza simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, mari yemari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutanga mahofisi epositi.

Urwu uchangamire huviri hunoreva kuti mubato mumwe unogona kuiswa pasi pedzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mugadziri wenzvimbo anofanira kuwirirana nemipimo yekotsekano yebasa yehurumende inogadzwa neOSHE, mitemo yekotsekano yenzvimbo yehurumende, mitemo yemhoteredzo yehurumende inodzorwa neEPA, uye mvumo yemhoteredzo. Muuyo wacho inzvimbo inodzorwa iyo inogona zvose zviri zviviri kuva yakakwana uye, padzimwe nguva, inochinjika.

Chiremera Chokutungamirira: Nzvimbo Dzokunetseka Kwerudzi

Hurumende yehurumende ’ dare rinopa tarisiro kunhau ipi neipi ine tapuro huru pakutengeserana kwenyika, dzidziso yakatsanangurwa zvikuru neDare Rapamusoro. Nharaunda huru dzemirairo yakakwana kana kuti ine simba zvikuru yehurumende inobatanidza:

  • Utengesi hweIntertate nokutengeserana [[[FLT: 1] - The Commerce Classias inoita kuti Dare reClassica ridzore mubato wezvoupfumi wokuyambuka nyika, kubva kungarava kuenda kumisika yemari.
  • [[[NHAU]] dziviriro yetsika - Mitemo yakadai seCease Air Act neClean Water Act yakagadza mipimo yenyika iyo nyika dzinofanira kusvitsa kana kuti kupfuura.
  • Kodzero nekusasarura[[FL:1] mirau yeFederal yakadai seCivil Rights Act ya 1964 inotsiva mitemo yenyika inochinja.
  • Mitemo yebasa nemitemo yebasa - The Fair Labor Standard Act inogadza mubhadharo muduku nemitemo yomuraudzo munyika yose.
  • Zvokudya nekotsekano yemirimo - The FDA inodzora mishonga, maturusi okurapa, uye zvokudya zvakakotsekana munzvimbo dzose dzehurumende.

Chiremera Chehurumende Chinodzora: Misangano Yehurumende Inotonga

Mutongi Louis Brandeis anorondedzera nenzira yakakurumbira maruwa se "masangano edemokrase," anogona kuedza mitoo mitsva. United States inochengeta chiremera chikuru pamusoro:

  • [ Tsika [ mipimo yeCurricuum, chitupa chomudzidzisi, uye mari inopirwa mari yechikoro mitoro yenyika neyomunzvimbomo.
  • [ Kupfuudzwa kwemari yezvokurapa [[FLT: 1] - Kudzorwa kwenyanzvi dzezvokurapa, kutarisirwa kwemisika yeinishuwarenzi, uye kutarisirwa kweMedicaid zvinodzorwa pamwero wenyika.
  • Kuchengeteka kwePublic nomutemo woutsotsi mitemo youtsotsi zvikurusa, kubatanidza iyo ine chokuita nokuba, kudenha, uye mhaka dzemirimo, inhau dzehurumende.
  • Nyika inoshandiswa nenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo murairo weProcument, mabumbiro emitemo okuvaka, uye udzori hwehurumende hunowa pasi pamasimba ehurumende amapurisa.
  • Kuvhota uye sarudzo - States kunotungamirira sarudzo, kugadza maawa okuvhota, uye kuisa maruwa emitemo, pasi peganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende.

Dzidziso Yokusunungurwa: Apo Mutemo Wehurumende Unosimbisa Mutemo Wehurumende

Rutivi runodenha rwehurumende iSupremacy Claus, urwo runosimbisa mutemo iwoyo womubatanidzwa ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti apo mitemo yehurumende neyehurumende inorwisana, mutemo womubatanidzwa unotekeshera. Mufungo wokusunungurwa une revo dzinokosha nokuda kwemirau nokuchengetwa.

Njodzi inogona kuva inoratidzira, apo Congress inotaura zvakajeka vavariro yayo yokupinda munda, kana kuti inorehwa, uko gadziriro yehurumende inobatanidza zvakawanda kwazvo zvokuti inosiya pasina nzvimbo yokuwedzera kwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Federal Food, Drug, uye Cosmetic Act yakaitwa kuti ipedze zvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvokuisa zvinodhaka, kuvimbisa mipimo yenyika inowirirana. Matare nguva dzose anorwisana noukuru hwekudzivisirwa, anodzikamisa kudikanwa kwemibatanidzwa yorudzi mukurwisana namasangano e̱ masimba amapurisa egamuchidzanwa. Zviitikodzero zvazvino unobatanidza kudzorwa kwekubuda munyika ([[FLT:]]]] Azorabhai.[FLD]][FLD]1]]]) uye masangano emitemo ([FT]

Kushandira Pamwe Mumuitiro: Kushandisa Michina Kuchibatanidza

Mutemo wazvino uno unowanzoshanda kupfurikidza nesangano rehurumende rinobatira pamwe, apo hurumende yehurumende inogadza mipimo yakafara uye hurumende dzinoitarisira ndokuigombedzera nokutarisira kwomubatanidzwa.

Pasi peCeador Air Act, EPA inogadza National Awabient Air Security Services, asi nyika imwe neimwe inoumba gadziriro yeHurumende yeIdefault Plan (SIP) inodonongodza kuti ichasvitsa sei mipimo iyoyo. EPA inofanira kutendera SIPS uye inogona kupinda kana hurumende ikatadza kuwirirana. Nenzira yakafanana, Occupational Safety and Health Act inobvumira nyika kuti dzishandise gadziriro dzadzo dzizvichengetedze dzogaro dzehurumende, chero bedzi dziri "dzinoshanda" sepurogiramu yomubatanidzwa wehurumende. Uku kufambidzana kwounyanzvi nohumwe upfumi kana kuti zvisave nepfuma zvichichengeta zvisaririra zvorudzi.

Zvisinei, kubatira pamwe kwehurumende kunoparirawo kusawirirana. United States ingadzivisa murairo wehurumende wainorangarira sedzisina kutenderwa, kuchitungamirira kukupesana pamusoro peganhuriro dzesimba remari rehurumende (NFIB v. Sebelius[), 2012. Dzikamo yebatira pamwe yokumanikidza inorwisana inhau inodzokororwa muukama hwehurumende.

Fiscal Frederalism: Simba Rechitoro

Hurumende yehurumende inowanzoshandisa simba rayo rokushandisa kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvenyika. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza migariro kuzvipo zvehurumende, Congress inogona kuparira nyika kugamuchira mitemo yadzingaramba neimwe nzira. Kushandiswa kwemipimo kwave kuchishandiswa kusimudzira zera rokunwa kusvikira ku 21 (kupfurikidza nemigariro yokutsigira migwagwa mikuru), kukurudzira kugamuchirwa kweMédicaid pasi peAffordble Care Act, uye kuparira dzidzo kuvandudza kupfurikidza neAll Students Resueve Act.

Chishandiso ichi chine simba asi chinomutsa nharo. Mu South Dakota v. Dole (1987), Dare Gurusa rakatsigira mamiriro ezera rokunwa, richiwana kuti raiwirirana nefariro yenyika mumugwagwa mukuru. Bva Dare mu NFIB v. Sebelius[[FLT]] yakaganhurira kushandiswa kwemigariro inomanikidza nenzira inobudirira, kuderedza tyisidziro yokurasikirwa nemari yose yeMidio. Fiscalism nokudaro inoramba iri nhandare yakakwikwidzana apo mugariro nerongedzero dzehurumende dzinovhozhokedzana.

Matambudziko Anokonzerwa Nokuchinja Nokumanikidza

Kunyange zvazvo hurumende ichibvumira kuita nokuedza zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa, inopawo zvinetso zvikuru kuvakuru vakuru nemasangano anotungamirirwa zvakafanana.

  • Zvisingachinji mumativi enyika - A bhizimisi rinoshanda munyika dzakawanda rinofanira kushandisa mitemo yakaganhurirwa inodzora chinhu chiri chose kubva pamubhadharo muduku kusvikira kuvari voga. Ikoku kunowedzera ndyiko dzinoteererwa uye kunogona kuparira kusadzikama kwamakwikwi.
  • Mipata yokumanikidza [ - Apo masangano ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende ane udzori hwehurumende hunodzorwa, kuchengetwa kwakarongwa kunogona kuva kwakaoma. Kuganhurirwa kwemanyuko pamwero upi noupi kungatungamirira kukumanikidzirwa kana kuti kupedziswa kwenhamburiko.
  • `Kukakavadzana kwechiJUriscian' - Mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti nhau iri muhurumende kana kuti nyika inowanzoguma mudare, zviito zvokuita kuti mutemo uitwe uye kuparira kusaziva. Kusatora rutivi pambure kunopa muenzaniso wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wemibato yehurumende inochinja.
  • Rinoparira kumusoro [ - Munharaunda umo nyika dzinokwikwidzana nokuda kwebhizimisi, pane ngozi yokuti dzichanetesa mirau (mutoo, mipimo yemhoteredzo) kukwezva maindasitiri, kuchisekesa nharidzano dzemiitiro yenyika.
  • Kukundikana kuisa muganhu panzvimbo imwe [ - Interstate] zvinetso zvakadai seshatiso yemhepo, shangu, uye kodzero dzemvura zvinoda chiito chakabatana icho chirongwa chehurumende chinogona kuoma. Mhinduro dzehurumende dzakasiyana- siyana kuCHOVAD dzinoenzanisira zvose zviri zviviri betsero dzokuedza kwomunzvimbomo uye ndyiko dzemiitiro yakakamuraniswa.

Basa Regadziriro Dzehurumende Mukumanikidzwa

Masangano eFoood and Drug Administration akadai seEnvironmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Federal Trade Commission, uye Food and Drug Administration anoita mabasa anodenha mukusimbisa mitemo yenyika. Anogadza mitemo, kunzvera, kuisa zvirango, uye kushanda nehurumende kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti iteedzero.

Aya masangano anopindawo mukuita mitemo iyo inodudzira mirau uye inozadza udzame hwemitemo. Ukuru hwechiremera chesangano hwave huri nhau yekurukurirano huru, zvikurukuru pashure pedare gurusa ’ maWest Virginia v. EPA[FLT] [2002] [2022]) yakaganhurira EPA̱ mano okugadza mipimo yokubudisa pasina kubvumira kwakajeka kwedzidziso ye [Fognor , NW] yenhau mu [FLT] ne" inoda masangano kunongedzera kuchiremera chakananga chemitemo nerevoreshi yezvemari kana kuti yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi inoganhurira migariro yokushandisa kwamasangano esangano enyika yose uye muganhu yesimba pakati pehurumende.

Masangano ehurumende, akadai semadhipatimendi ezvakatipoteredza, utano, uye basa, anowanzobatira savatsigiri vapamberi vezvose zviri zviviri zvirongwa zvehurumende nehurumende zvinopiwa. Mabhajeti avo, vashandi, uye zvinoiswa pakutanga zvinotapura zvakananga kuchengetwa kunoshanda kwemitemo. Somuenzaniso, kushanda kweCeac Mvura Act kunotsamira zvikuru pakutariswa kwemvura nekubvumidza zvirongwa, zvinosiyana zvikuru mukuoma.

Fundo Dzenhau: Chirefu Chinoratidzirwa Mhiri Kwenzvimbo Dzinokosha

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo yenyika kunotibatsira kuona kuti urongwa hwokutonga hunochinja sei migumisiro yokutungamirira.

Clease Air Act neCalifornia & # 8217; Waiver

Musi weCeac Air Act, California ine chidzoreso chechienzi chinoibvumira kugadza mipimo yayo imene inobudisa motokari, yakatsiga zvikuru kupfuura iyo yehurumende, nemhaka yezvinetso zvayo zvakakomba zvokushatiswa kwemhepo nenhau youtungamiriri. Dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kutevera mipimo yeCalifornia. Iyi gadziriro yakatungamirira kuderedza hurumende dzinodzora, California nedzimwe nyika gumi nemiviri dzinoronda dzinoronda kuderedza kwedzinotapira kwegasi kupfuura zvinodiwa nehurumende yehurumende. Kuoma kwemipimo yehurumende nemutengo wenyika ichibereko chakananga chehurumende.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo: Federal-State Conflict

Pasinei zvapo nokurambidzwa kwehurumende kwembanje pasi peGuefed Substances Act, nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa kurapa kana kuti kushandiswa kwenhandaro. Mukaha unovapo unoita kuti pave nezvinetso. Masangano eFoderal akadai seDrug Enforcement Administration angagona, murondedzero, vatambi vehurumende, asi pasi peTrump naBiden, nhungamiro yakadai seCole Metriransum abvisa mutemo wakadaro. Mamiriro emamiriro ezvinhu aya anomanikidza mabhizimisi, mabhangi, uye madzoro ehurumende kuti adzorezve nzvimbo dzemitemo dzinopesana. SAFEBanking Act, yakaziviswazve muCollemp nenhau idzi kupfurikidza nokubvumira mabhangi kuti ashande mabhizimisi akadaro pasina chirango chehurumende, kuratidzira kuti chiito chehurumende chiteshiviso chehurumende chitsa muganhu chehurumende chibvumirano chehurumende.

Kurapwa Kunodzorwa uye Muitiro Wokutarisira Usingatapurwi

Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakatsamira zvikuru pahumwe huwandu hwehurumende. Hurumende dzakapiwa chisarudzo chokutanga tsinhano dzadzo dzoutano nokuwedzera Medicaid. Dare Gurusa & #8217; chisarudzo mu NFIB v. Seberius akaita Mdhicaids ine personal, inotungamirira kumukaha wepfuudzo unopfuurira mugweta usiri wemari. Mukuwedzera, zvinodikanwa nokuda kwebetsero dzoutano dzinokosha nedzokororo dzenzvimbo dzinosiiwari dzenzvimbo nokuda kwechinjo yenyika. Muuyo wacho muuyo wokuwanazve miuyo yokufukubatanidza nokukwira nokukwira nokukwira kwemitengo yeinishuwareshi inosiyaniswa kubva kunyika inosiyaniswa.

Kupa Kodzero Nemitemo Yechisarudzo cheHurumende

Federalism inotapura zvakananga murairo wokuvhota. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza chiremera chokuita sarudzo, pasi peganhuriro dzehurumende kufanana neVoting Rights Act ne 144th Amendment. Pashure pokunge Dare Gurusa raparadza gadziriro huru yeRevoting Rights Act mu Shelby County v. Horer[[FLL:1] [2013], nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaisa mitemo yezvivhoti zvechivhoti cheIdro, yakaderedza kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye yakabvisa mavhotabheti. Iyi chinjo yakadenhwa mudare, netanho inopfuurira pamusoro peprefreplaglance neration. Kudzo dzapamutemo kwevhotera kwamatongedzero, kukwidza kukuru muvhota, kukwidza kukuru mukwidza kunopisa munhau yenhau yeAmerica.

Nguva Yemberi Yechibvumirano uye Kudzorwa

Kubatanidza denho ̬ kubva pakusawirirana nekombiyuta namashoko kusvika kumugariro wokunze wokugadzira newirirano yemamiriro okunze ̵ iri kuedza simba regadziriro yehurumende yokupindura nenzira inobudirira. Nharo dziri kuwedzera pamusoro pokuti gadziriro dzokudzora dzinofanira kuva dzakadzika midzi kana kuti dzinoregwa zvikuru.

Ruzivo Nezvinhu Zvisiri Zvemunhu

Mukushayikwa kwemitemo yezvokuziva mashoko ehurumende inobatanidza zvose, inotaura saCalifornia (neCPA), Virginia, uye Colorado zvakapfuudza mitemo yavo vamene, kuparira bviro yokubvumirana nokuda kwamakambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Bviro yemutemo wehurumende yakavanzika iyo inoputsa mipimo yehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, murairo wezvikuva zvepaIndaneti nokuda kwomwero uri mukati, kudzokororwa kwechisarudzo, uye ruvengo unobatanidza mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pomugariro weChikamu 230 cheMitengo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeSangano nenhamburiko dzehurumende kuisa mhaka.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nemamiriro Okunze Emhoteredzo

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze inoda zvose zviri zviviri kuchinjika kwomunzvimbomo neganhuriro yenyika yose. Federalism inoumba mano enyika okugamuchira mipimo yecarbon prigorio, inomutsidzirwa, uye ganhuriro dzemotokari. Kutarisira kwaBiden kwakabatanazve nenharidzano dzemamiriro okunze enyika yose nepo kuchisimbisawo hurumende kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yeEPA uye kuisa mari mumitemo. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvapamutemo zvinobva panheyo dzehurumende, zvakadai sedzidziso huru, zvinotyisidzira kudzosa chiito chehurumende. Hurumende dziri kuitawo mibatanidzwa yakafanana neRegionalgiode Gastiation kutsinhirana kugura miganhuro, kuratidzira kuti urongwa hwehurumende hunogone sei kuvandudza pasina utungamiriri hwehurumende.

Nguva yemberi yehurumende sezvingabvira ichabatanidza rwisano inopfuurira pakati pekuwirirana nemhatsa, pakati pechinzvimbo chenyika nevavariro yehurumende. Kuchinja uko kunodirana muchinjikwa muyanzano yenyika, kujekesa murairo wenyika, uye kunatsiridza batira pamwe yehurumende kungagona kuderedza rwisano apo inochengeta betsero dzehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Kujeka kwakakura mumabasa okudzikamisa uye mashoko ari nani okugoverana pakati pamasangano ehurumende nehurumende kungaitawo kuti pave nokuzvidavirira.

mhedziso

Garadhendi inopesvedzera zvikuru chisiko, kududzira, uye kuchengetwa kwemirau muUnited States. Chimiro chayo choumambo chamativi maviri chinobvumira zvose zviri zviviri mipimo yenyika nemhiko dzomunzvimbomo, asi chinoparirawo kusawirirana, rwisano yehurumende, uye kuoma. Kubatanidza kukuru pakati pemitengo yehurumende nehurumende kunoshanda mumigumisiro yemhoteredzo, maruramiro ezveutano, uye dzimwe nzvimbo. Nokunzwisisa kuti urongwa hwehurumende hunoparadzira sei simba uye kuti huvake zvose zviri zviviri, vadzidzi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro vanogona kufamba zvakanaka mumugariro wapasi wenzvimbo unooma kunzwisisa weAmerica. Nokuda kwokurangarirazve, [[FLT:] .[5] , Hurumende inodzosaidzwa pagumi [FLGenetics], [5], [5], [5], EFPA8] #17; Chikamu chaMakuru eAirglection Act:[5]