Mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupota nyika, chisarudzo pakati pesarudzo chakananga nechakananga chinoumba sei vagari vemo vanoshandisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika uye maumbirwe anoitwa nehurumende. Nepo mitoo yose iri miviri ichivavarira kushandura zvichada kudzora, inosiana zvikuru mugadziriro, kuzvidavirira, uye revo nokuda kwokumirira. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti anonzvera utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nyaya ino inopa kunzverwa kukurusarudzo yakananga neisina kunanga, kubatanidza mashandire adzoro adzo, midzi yazvo yenhau, mano avo akasiana nemifungo, uye gakavadzano dzazvinovapo panguva inopoteredza kushandiswa.

Kusarudza Chaiko Chii?

Sarudzo yakananga mutoo wokuvhota nawo umo vagari vomunyika vanoisa mavhota avo zvakananga nokuda kwomudaviri kana kuti mubato wavanoda kuva nawo. Miuyo inosarudzwa namavhoti evagari vemo vamwe navamwe, pasina mutumbi unotsiva unoita chisarudzo chokupedzisira. Iyi tsika ndiyo chimiro chokuberekwa nahwo zvikurusa chokutora rutivi kwedemokrati: muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anofanirwa ane chirevo chakananga uye akaenzana mukuvamirira.

Mienzaniso inozivikanwa zvikuru yesarudzo inobatanidza makwikwi ezvigaro zvemitemo munyika dzakawanda, zvakadai sasarudzo kuUnited States House of Declaimers, United Kingdom’s House of Commons, uye German Bundestag. Mahofisi omunzvimbomo akafanana nameya, mitezo yedare reguta, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vedare rechikoro vanowanzosarudzwawo kupfurikidza nesarudzo yakananga. Mudzimwe nyika, marendendium namabasa okuvhota akananga zvivhota zvemiitiro, vachipa vagari vemo vanotoota, vachitopa kunyange basa rapa nokukurumidza zvikuru mukugadzira mutemo.

  • Mutori weMubato: Muvhoti ari wose akakodzera anogona kutora rutivi, achiita kuti muitiro wacho uve wakabatanidzwa zvikuru.
  • Miuyo yakakomba: Miuyo inoverengwa nokuziviswa nokukurumidza pashure pokunge kuvhota kwapera, kuchigovera mhinduro yokukurumidza.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Vakuru vakuru vanoregeredzwa vanogona kuzvidavirira zvakananga kuvamiriri vavo nokuda kwebasa ravo.
  • Chaizvo: batano pakati pevhoti yemugari wemo nomuuyo wesarudzo yakananga uye inonzwisiswa nyore nyore.

Zvisarudzo Zvakananga Chii?

Sarudzo dzisati dzataurwa dzinobatanidza muitiro wezvikuva zvakawanda umo vavhoti vanosarudza boka ravamiriri, avo vanozosarudzawo mumiriri wokupedzisira kana kuti kusarudza muuyo wemiitiro. Iyi gadziriro inoparira kuparadzana pakati pomugari wemo nechisarudzo chokupedzisira. Sarudzo dzinowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwenzvimbo dzinoda kubvumirana kwakafara, kutsiga, kana kuti kurangarira kwounyanzvi.

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa ndi United States Electoral College, uko vavhoti munyika imwe neimwe vanosarudza vavhoti, uye vavhoti ivavo panguva iyeyo vakavhota pamutemo nokuda kwapurezidhendi nomuteveri wapurezidhendi. Gadziriro zhinji dzeparamende dzinoshandisawo kusarudza kusina kunanga kusarudza mukuru wehurumende: vagari vemo vanovhota mitezo yeparamende, uye mitezo iyoyo ipapo inosarudza mutungamiriri wehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, munyika dzakadai seIndia neGermany, purezidhendi anosarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga napamutemo nemitezo inoumbwa yedare rehurumende nemimwe mitumbi.

  • Chisarudzo chinomirira: Votor vanosarudza nhume kana kuti vavhoti, avo ipapo vanoshandisa chisarudzo chavo vamene mukuvhota kwakatevera.
  • Miuyo yakanonoka: Muuyo wokupedzisira ungatora mazuva kana kuti mavhiki kuziva, kuchitsamira pamutsetse wevhoti yomumiririri.
  • [ Derect: Vazivisi kana kuti vamiriri vanofungidzirwa kuva vane nguva namashoko kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziva zvikuru kupfuura vanhu vose zvavo.
  • Kushanda: Sarudzo dzakananga dzinogona kudzivisa kuchinja kwakamwe kamwe mumurangariro wavanhu uye kuderedza utungamiriri hwevakuru vakuru.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pezvisarudzo Zvakananga Nezvisina Kunanga

Nepo masangano ose ari maviri achishandiswa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kupota nyika, anoderera munzira dzinoverengeka dzakakomba.

Muitiro Wokufambisa Magwara

Musarudzo yakananga, muvhoti anosarudza zvakananga kuti ndiani anokunda makwikwi. Mukusarudza kusina kunanga, muvhoti womuvhoti anosarudza mumiririri uyo ipapo anoita chisarudzo chokupedzisira. Uyu musiano unotapura kuti vavhoti vanonzwisisa sei pesvedzero yavo uye kuti nhimbe dzinorongwa sei.

Kuzvidavirira Nemienzaniso

Vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa nenzira yakananga vanotarisana nokuzvidavirira kwapakarepo kuvamiriri vavo; vanogona kuvhoterwa musarudzo inotevera kana vakakundikana kugutsa nzvimbo yavo. Vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa zvakananga kana kuti masangano anganzwa dzvinyiriro shoma inobva kuvanhu vose nemhaka yokuti vakasarudzwa neboka duku ravamiriri.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Sarudzo dzakananga dzakapfava kunzwisisa uye dzinojeka zvikuru: muvhoti anohwina zvikurusa. Sarudzo dzinowanzobatanidza mitemo pamusoro pokuti vasarudzi vanogoverwa sei (mutoo, vanohwina vavhota vabve. muwirirani), iyo inogona kuvhiringidza vhoti ndokudzikamisa ukama pakati pevhoti dzakakurumbira nemigumisiro yokupedzisira. Somuenzaniso, muvhoti anogona kuwina U.S. union pasina kuwina vhoti yakakurumbira yenyika, rutivi runonyandura gakava.

Pesvedzero Yemapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Sarudzo dzakananga kazhinji kazhinji dzinosimbisa basa ramasangano ezvematongerwe enyika. vatungamiriri veboka vangashandisa udzori hukuru pamusoro pouyo anobatira somuvhoti kana kuti mumiriri, uye chirango chebato chinogona kuumba vhoti yokupedzisira. Musarudzo yakananga, mapati achiri kunetsa, asi vanoda kukumbira zvakananga zvikuru kuvhota zvivako zvebato kunze.

Nhoroondo Yezvakaitika Uye Zvinonyatsosarudzwa

Mavambo esarudzo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu anodzokera shure kuAtene yakare, uko vagari vemo vakavhota zvakananga pamitemo navatungamiriri (8a chimiro choubati ushe hwakananga hwehurumende yavanhu). Zvisinei, sezvo mativi enyika akakura, kutora rutivi kwakananga kwakava kusingashandi, kuchitungamirira kukutangwa kwemiitiro yavamiriri.

Sarudzo isingatenderwi ine nhau refu mugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Vagadziri veElectoral College vakagadzira Electoral College sekubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati paavo vaida Congress kusarudza purezidhendi naavo vaida vhoti yakakurumbira yakakurumbira. Vakasavimba nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye vakadavira kuti boka ravavhoti vakadzidza richaita zvisarudzo zvakachenjera zvikuru. Nenzira yakafanana, miitiro yakawanda yeparamende yakashanduka nenzira isina kunanganira: pakuvamba vafundisi vakagadzwa, asi pashure penguva yakati, vafundisi ivavo vakava vanozvidavirira kumitemo yakasarudzwa, vachiita jambwa napamusoro pezvisarukota vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Sarudzo dzapachivande dzakawana utanhamari mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 sezvo masangano edemocracy anosundwa nokuda kwokutora rutivi rukurusa. Kukura kwechipfuva, kutanga kwechipameso chakavanzika, uye chinjo dzakafanana nedzisingajekerwi dzakananga muUnited States zvose zvakaratidzira chinjo kukupa vavhoti udzori hwakananga zvikuru. Nhasi, mitumbi mizhinjisano yemitemo muhurumende inosarudzwa zvakananga, nepo mitoo isina kunanga inochengeterwa zvikurukuru misoro yenyika mumasangano eparamende kana kuti nzvimbo dzakafanana navatongi munyika dzakati.

Betsero Dzezvisarudzo Zvakananga

Vatsigiri vesarudzo yakananga vanosimbisa betsero dzakawanda dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Simba Negoverano

Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kusarudza zvakananga kunogona kuwedzera muvhoti uye kuvimbisana nehurumende nokuti vanhu vanoona kubatana kwakajeka kuri pakati pokutora kwavo uye mugumisiro wacho.

Kuona bhaisikopo

Izvi zvinoderedza mikana yokudzvinyirirwa nevakuru vakuru uye zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vanobudisa nhau nenzanga vaone migumisiro yacho.

Kutsigira

Vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa zvakananga vanogamuchira zvikuru murangariro wavose. Vanofanira nguva dzose kutarisira zvinodikanwa nemirangariro yavagari vavo kuti vachengete chisarudzozve, icho chinogona kutungamirira kukuteerera zvikuru nokudzora kunochinjika.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzezvisarudzo Zvakananga

Pasinei zvapo nokukurumbira kwazvo, sarudzo dzakananga hadzina zvikanganiso.

Populism Nezvikoro

Sarudzo dzakananga dzinogona kuita kuti vatsvaki vebasa asi vasina kukwaniriswa vawane basa nokukwidziridza mirangariro uye kutaura kwakapfava. Ngozi yokuti vatungamiriri vepopulist vawane simba iri huru apo zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nokuvhota vakawanda panzvimbo pokubvisa mitumbi.

Kuparadza Kukuru

Munzanga dzakasiyana - siyana, sarudzo dzakananga dzinogona kuderedza mapoka mashoma. Boka gurusa ringasarudza nguva dzose vanofuratira kana kuti kukuvadza fariro dzevoruzhinji.Iyi iitiro hanya huru murondedzero yedemokrasi, uye vamwe vanotaura kuti miitiro isina kunanga kana kuti yakaenzana inodzivirira zviri nani manzwi mashomanene.

Kuneta Nemashoko

Sarudzo dzemahofisi akawanda dzinoda kuti vavhoti vatsvakurudze vakawanda, izvi zvinogona kuita kuti vavhoti vanzwe vaneta uye vasarudze zvavanenge vasarudza zvichibva pamashoko akaganhurirwa, akadai sokuziva zita kana kuti kuva nesonganiro pane kuongorora zvinzvimbo zvemitemo.

Betsero Dzezvisarudzo Zvakananga

Sarudzo dzakananga dzinogovera betsero dzokuvaka idzo vamwe vanotaura kuti dzinoparira udzori huri nani.

Kugadzikana Nouchenjeri

Kupfurikidza nokunatsa murangariro wavose kupfurikidza neboka ravamiriri vakasarudzwa, sarudzo isina kunanga inogona kudzivirira hurumende pakuchinja kwenhambo pfupi mumurangariro wakakurumbira. Vamiriri vanofungidzirwa kuva vane nguva yakawanda nounyanzvi hwokunzvera vada kutevera, sezvinobvira kuchisarudzo chokuchenjera. Somuenzaniso, Electoral College yeU.S. yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa simba rokumwe kana kuti muvhoti kuti asarudze sarudzo yakananga.

Mufananidzo Muduku

Dare reUnited States (rakatosarudzwa nehurumende dzehurumende) uye Electoral College zvose zvinopa uremu husingaenzaniswi kunyika dzine vanhu vashoma, zvichivimbisa kuti zvinetso zvavo zviri kunzwiwa.

Kubudirira Mugadziriro Huru Dzezvinhu

Sarudzo dzakananga dzinogona kuita kuti basa rokuvhota kuve kuduku - duku nokuderedza nhamba yevavhoti vanosarudza kana kuti vaiti vemitemo vanokwanisa kudzora.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzezvisarudzo Zvakananga

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura nezvezvipingamupinyi zvakakura zvinoverengeka.

Kudimburirwa Pachinhu Chimwe Nokunyengedzwa

Apo chisarudzo chokupedzisira chinoitwa nomuvhoti kana kuti muiti wemitemo, vagari vemo vanganzwisisa kuti chisarudzo chavo chakananga chinofuratirwa. Uku kuparadzana kunogona kuodza mwoyo ndokusekesa kutenda muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokuvhiringidzika

Sarudzo dzakananga dzakaoma kutsanangura nokunzwisisa. vaAmerica vazhinji havanzwisisi zvizere kuti Electoral College inoshanda sei, kuchitungamirira kuvhiringidzika pamusoro pechikonzero nei mutendi achigona kuwina purezidhendi pasina kuwina vhoti yakakurumbira. Uku kushaikwa kwokuona kunogona kuparira kusavimba.

Ngozi Yokubatwa NaErite

Mitevedzeri inogona kupesvedzerwa navamiriri vebato, vagamuchiri, kana kuti vafariro chaidzoidzo. Muitiro usina kunanga unoparira mikana yezvirongwa zvenzvimbo dzokushandira nokushandisa zvingagona kushatisa kuda kwakakurumbira. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza “vavhotisi vasingatendi” muU.S. vanovhotera mukurwisana nomukwikwikwi wavo, kunyange zvazvo vasingawanzowanzorangwa uye kazhinji kazhinji vanorangwa.

Makakatanwa Apanguva Ino uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Chisarudzo pakati pesarudzo dzakananga nedzisina kunanga chichiri mubvunzo upenyu wezvematongerwe enyika munyika dzakawanda.

Electoral College Reformation muUnited States

Pashure pesarudzo mbiri dzapurezidhendi muzana ramakore rechi21 umo mukundi akarasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira yorudzi (2000 na 2016), kwave kune danidzo dzakasimba dzokuparadza kana kuti kuvandudza Electoral College. Zvirongwa zvakasiana kubva National Popular Vote Intstate Convention , izvo zvingavimbisa mutsigiri wehurumende kuvhotera zvikurusa munyika yose, kugadziridza pamutemo nokuda kwokuvhota. Vatsoropoteri vakananga vanoramba kuti kwaizoderedza pesvedzero yenharaunda duku nemiruwa, neyokutsigira kutaura kuti kwaizoita chivhoti iri yose yakaenzana. Rava zvikuru pa [FLT:] National Relicture College [F]

Zvirongwa Zveparlema uye Musoro Wehurumende

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzeparamende, mutungamiriri wehurumende anosarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzakaenda kukusarudza kwakananga zvikuru vatungamiriri. Somuenzaniso, Israel akatanga sarudzo yakananga yegurukota guru muma 1990 (pashure pakare vakasiyiwa), uye Italy yakakakavadzana chinjo dzakafanana. Kushambadzira pakati peteramo nerokuzvidavirira kwakananga kunopfuurira kukurukurwa. Nokuda kwehwirudzuro yemiitiro yeparamende, ona [[FLT: 0] International IDEA: Palameral Sys.

Zviito Zvepasi Rose: Utongi Hukuru Hworuzhinji

Kupfuura kusarudza kwokuda kusarudzwa, kushandiswa kwemiitiro yedemocracy yakananga (kutsiva, kutanga, uye kuyeuka) kwakawedzera munyika yose. Nyika dzakafanana neSwitzerland nehurumende dzakawanda dzeU.S. dzinobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota zvakananga pamitemo uye kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Iyi komba kudikanwa kuri kuwedzera kwokubatanidzwa kwevagari vemo kupfuura kungosarudza vamiririri. Zvisinei, ngozi dzekutsiva nokutonga kwakawanda dzinowedzerwa muaya mashoko akapoteredza. Kubatanidza pakati pezvinhu zvakananga nezvisina kunanga ichinhu chinokosha pakugadzirwa kwedemocracyicracyism. Kuwedzera kurava pademocracyism kunogona kuwanwa pa [[FT:0]

mhedziso

Sarudzo dzakananga nedzakananga dzinomirira uzivi huviri hwakasiana hwemireza yedemokrasi. Sarudzo yakananga inoisa nzvimbo huru kutora rutivi muvagari vemo, kupfava, uye kuzvidavirira kwapakarepo. Sarudzo dzakananga dzinosimbisa dzikamo, kurangarira, uye dziviriro yefariro shomanene kana kuti dzenharaunda. Hakuna gadziriro imwe neimwe inokunda nenzira yomuzvarirwo; imwe neimwe ine simba rinokodzera mamiriro ezvinhu enyika neutera zvinogona kusekesa mifungo yedemokrati.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzwisisa aya masangano kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwokunzvera nzira iyo hurumende dzinoshanda nayo asiwo nokuda kwokuyera zvikarakadzo zvokuchinja miitiro yokusarudza. Sezvo hurumende dzinotonga dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinochinja, kunyanduka kuri pakati pemitoo yakananga neyakananga kucharamba kuri musoro mukuru mukurukurirano pamusoro pokuti kuda kwavanhu kunoshanda sei uye kuri kwapamutemo.

Pakupedzisira, kusarudza kwakananga kana kuti kusina kunanga kunoratidza mipimo yakadzama pamusoro pebasa remugari wemo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Mugari wemo ari wose anofanira kuva neshoko rakaenzana nerakananga, kana kuti kuchenjera here kuchenesa kuda kwakakurumbira kupfurikidza neboka ravamiriri? Mhinduro inosiana nenyika, tsika, uye nhau yacho, asi mubvunzo wacho wakare soutongi hunosarudzwa navanhu pachahwo.