Chii Chiri Electoral College uye Nei Iripo?

Purezidhendi weUnited States haasarurwi zvakananga nevhoti yenyika. Panzvimbo pezvo, mugumisiro wacho unosarudzwa neElectoral College, muitiro unotangwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye wakanatswa nePramende ye12. Mutsika ino, nyika imwe neimwe inogamuchira chiverengero chamavhoti edare anowirirana zvikuru nechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye mutendi anofanira kudzivirira voruzhinji veizvi zvivhoti — zvino 270 kubva muna 538 — kuti awane presition.

Vavambi vakaitwa vanaBaba vakaita Electoral College sekubvumirana pakwakasarudzwa purezidhendi nevhoti muCongress uye kumusarudza kupfurikidza nevhoti yakakurumbira. Vainetseka pamusoro pokupa simba rakawanda zvikuru kuCongress, uko kwaigona kutungamirira kuushati, uye vakanetsekawo kuti vavhota munyika huru, yakasiana------ siyana vangava vasina mashoko akakwana pamusoro pavadaviri vaibva kunyika dziri kure kuti vaite chisarudzo chakakurumbira. Vareveri vairangarirwa savazivi vemiteveri vaizoita chisarudzo chokuzvimirira. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva yakati, tsika yakabva muchakaita nhasi: kuhwina kukunda kwose muzvinhu zvose mumitauro yakawanda uko E anobudisa chinyorwa nguva dzose maererano nevhotinotekisi yakakurumbira munyika yavo.

Kugoverwa Kunoitwa Mabasa Okuzvifadza kuHurumende Imwe Neimwe

Hwerengedzo yamavhoti akasarudzwa i 538. Nhamba inoenzana nehwerengedzo yakabatanidzwa ya 435 vamiriri veU.S., 100 U.S. Sator, uye 3 vareversi ve District yeColumbia (kubva kuPendedzerwa kwechi23, uko kwakaita kuti D.C. imiririre musarudzo yapurezidhendi). Chitsama chimwe nechimwe chehurumende chinosarudzwa nevagari vemo chayo chinoshumwa mudecgamenderol U.S.C. CVS.

Kushandisa Fomula

Nyika iri yose inogamuchira vhoti mbiri dzevasarudzi vayo vaviri, uye chiverengero chinosiana chavavhoti vakasarudzwa chakaenzana nechiverengero chamaruwa eDzimba ainawo. Maruwa edzimba anokohwiwa makore gumi ari ose zvichitsamira pamadenderedzwa avagari vemo. Somuenzaniso:

  • [[[FOL:0] California, nyika ine vanhu vakawanda zvikurusa, ine maruwa edzimba 52 pamwe chete na2 Sanisi = 54 vhoti dzinosarudzwa.
  • Wyoming, nyika ine vanhu vashoma zvikuru, ine uwandu hweImba 1 pamwe na 2 Senator = 3 vhoti dzinosarudzwa.
  • [ TECAS ine maruwa 38 edzimba pamwe chete na 2 Senator = 40 mavhoti akasarudzwa.

Nemhaka yokuti hurumende iri yose inovamba namavhoti maviri akasarudzwa pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo, nyika duku dzine pesvedzero yakati duku zvikuru ine chokuita nechiverengero chadzo chavagari vemo. Muvhoti muWyoming ane simba revhoti remuvhoti muCalifornia nekanenge katatu apo rinoyerwa namavhoti akasarudzwa nevoti.

Ruwa rweColumbia

Washington, D.C., haisati iri nyika asi inogoverwa mavhoti 3 akasarudzwa pasi pe 23 Amendment. Ikoku kunopa D.C. nhamba imwe cheteyo yamavhoti savanhu vashomanene, kunyange zvazvo chiverengero chavagari vayo chikuru kupfuura nyika dzinoverengeka. D.C. chisingagoni kuva namavhoti akawanda kupfuura nyika ine vanhu vashomanene, zvisinei, naizvozvo inoramba iri pa3.

Muwine Anoita Zvese

Mune 48 joini neD.C., mutsigiri anowana vhoti dzakakurumbira zvikurusa munyika iyoyo anogamuchira all yamavhoti enyika iyoyo. Iyi ndiyo "mitambo yewinner-all" mutoo. Haisi kurairwa neU.S. Constitution; mitemo yakasarudza uku kusvika mukuvamba kwama1800 senzira yokuwedzera nayo pesvedzero yavo murusarudzo. Muuyo ndewokuti muteveri anogona kuwina mugariro kupfurikidza nomucheto mutete — chirevo 51% kusvikira ku 49% — uye zvinowana 100% yevhoti yake inovhotera.

Zvikamu Zvisina Kufanira: Maine naNebraska

Maine naNebraska vanoshandisa mutoo wakasiana unonzi mutoo woruwa woruwa unowana uvhoti hweruwa. Muidzi nyika mbiri, mukundi wevhoti yakakurumbira yehurumende yose anowana vhoti mbiri dzevoti (yavaviri vaSantenator). Muwino wevhoti yakakurumbira muruwa rumwe norumwe runowana vhota reruwa rimwe nerimwe. Iyi tsika inoreva kuti vhoti dzevoti dzinogona kutsemuka pakati pevatengi pakati pehurumende imwe. Somuenzaniso, muna 2020, Joe Biden akawina vhoti yavose muMaie uyewo akawinawo puroti 1 dare reruwa, nepo Donald Trup akawina puroti 2 yeBhooki. Main 3 knatina purotete na1 Brute Brute Brune.

Nzira Ku270: Nzira Iyo Mutungamiriri Anohwina Nayo Mutungamiriri

Mutevedzeri anoda mavhoti akasarudzwa 270 — ruzhinji rwehwerengedzo ya568 — kuva purojekita. Nhimbe yacho inovakirwa chose chose panhamba iyi. Zvitsama zvinonangidzira mari pa "maruwa anokweva" kana kuti "masangano eBattlettelotte" — zvinotaura apo mugumisiro usingavi nechokwadi uye apo tsinhano duku zvikuru mutsigiro yaigona kubvisa zvivhoti zvehurumende yose. Nyika dzakakotsekana (avo vanowirirana neDemocratic kana kuti Republican) vanogamuchira ngwariro shoma.

Chikonzero Nei Nhau 270

Chikumbaridzo 270 chinoreva kuti mutendi anogona kuwina vhoti youtungamiriri pasina kuwina vhoti yenyika yakakurumbira. Ikoku kwakaitika kashanu munhau yeU.S., nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikurusa muna 2016 (Mudard Trump akawina mavhoti 304 kuvavhoti vavhoti vakasarudzwa kuna Hillary Clinton's 227, nepo Clinton akawina vhoti yakakurumbira neanenge mamiriyoni matatu evhoti) uye muna 2000 (Genhorie W. Bush akahwina mavhoti 271 kuAl Gore's 266, apo Gore akawana vhoti yakakurumbira ne540 000). Rutiviso rweElctoral College ndirimwe rama renharo dzinopfuutsa mufambiro dzayo dzinopfupikisa zvikuru uye rakatungamirira kukurukurirano pamusoro pekuchinja.

Nguva Yokusarudza: Kubva muna November kusvika muna January

Kusarudza purezidhendi kunozaruka kwemwedzi inoverengeka, Electoral College iri pakati penhano huru dzinoverengeka.

Nhano 1: Kusarudza Kukuru — Chipiri Chokutanga Pashure PoMuvhuro Wokutanga muna November

PaZuva reSarudzo, vavhoti muruwa rwuri rwose vanokanda mabhorati nokuda kwomudanho wavo anodiwa wapurezidhendi. Apo unovhota nokuda kwomudari mukuru, uri zvomenemene kuvhota nokuda kwe [[FLT: 0] mutengi weErectors uyo akavimbisa kutsigira mutevedzeri. Mazita avaErecter angaoneka kana kuti angasaoneka pabhorati inotsamira pamutemo wehurumende. Mumuitiro, vavhotera vanoona mazita apurezidhendi uye vateveri vakuru vakuru vakuru.

Nhano 2: Mutambo Wakakurumbira Unoratidza Varavi

Pashure pokunge mavhota averengwa (muitiro unogona kutora mazuva kana kuti mavhiki zvichitsamira pamaposi mumabhuku namadzinza okupedzisira), gavhuna mumwe nomumwe wehurumende anoisa miuyo. Mukuwana nyika dzose, mutsigiri anowana vhoti zhinjisa muhurumende iyoyo anowana kusarudza vatengi vehurumende. Vareveri ivavo vanamati veboka rakavimbika zvamagariro, vakasarudzwa vakuru vakuru vakuru, kana kuti vatsigiri vakasarudzwa nebato rehurumende.

Nhano 3: Eletor Vote — Muvhuro Wokutanga Pashure peChitatu Chechipiri muna December

Pazuva rino, varevereri vanosangana mucapitol imwe neimwe yehurumende (uye muD.C.) kuti vakande mapepa avo — rimwe raPrezidhendi uye rimwe raPrezidhendi weVice. Vanosaina magwaro matanhatu evhoti, ayo anotumirwa kuVice Purezidhendi weDare reSangano), National Archesar, munyori wehurumende, uye dare reruwa. Mudzimwe nyika, mune mitemo inoda kuti vateveri vavhoti vakakurumbira, uye "Vasarumbidzi vokutenda" vanogona kutarisana nefaro kana kuti mutsivi. U.S. Dare gurusa renhau rakasimbisa muna 2020 iro rinogona kusimbisa uye kubvisa vavhoti vasina kutenda.

Nhano 4: Dare Rinoverenga Mitambo — January 6

Pana January 6 pashure pekusarudza, purogiramu yeCongress inosangana pa1 p.m. Kuverenga vhoti dzevavhoti. Mutungamiriri weSanihe, saPurezidhendi weDare, anotungamirira pakuverenga. Vhoti dzinovhurwa uye dzinoraviwa zvinonzwika munhevedzano yemabhii enyika. Kuramba kupi nokupi kwokuvhota kwehurumende kunofanira kuitwa mukunyora nokusainwa nenhengo imwe yeImba uye imwe yeSanitor. Mitengo inokakavarwa uye inovhotera panzvimbo imwe neimwe. Mahofisi acho ose ari maviri anofanira kubvumirana kuti atsigire kuramba kuti ibudirire. Iyi ndiyo yakanga iri denho yezvirongwa zveFortary 6, 201, paU. Capitol.

Nhano 5: Mukundi Anosimbiswa

Pashure pokunge kuverenga kwapera, Mutungamiriri wehurumende anozivisa kuti mukundi ndiye anenge apedza kukunda uye Purezidhendi anokunda pamutemo sarudzo.

Chii Chinoitika Kana Pasina Kuda Kunyora Kuchisvika 270?

Kana pasina muvhoti wechisarudzo 270, sarudzo inosarudzwa ne U.S. Imba yavamiririri mumuitiro unonzi "sarudzo yapamutemo" uyu mugariro wakaitika kaviri munhau yeU.S.: muna 1800 (ipo kwakatungamirira kuFiripitimende) uye muna 1824 (apo John Quncic Adams akasarudzwa neImba).

Kushanda Kunoita Kusarudza Kunoita

  • Imba yacho inosarudza Purezidhendi kubva kuvatatu vapamusoro vaikwikwidza nokuvhota kwakasarudzwa zvikurusa.
  • Nhume imwe neimwe yehurumende inovhota chinhu chimwe, pasinei zvapo nenhamba yavamiriri vayo.Izvozvi zvinopa nyika duku simba guru.
  • Munhu anoda kukwikwidza anoda nhume dzakawanda dzehurumende (zvino dzinosvika 26 kubva mu50) kuti ahwine.
  • Dare rinosarudza Mutungamiriri weHurumende akaparadzana, Mutongi mumwe nomumwe achiwana vhoti imwe.
  • Kana Imba isingagoni kusarudza paZuva Rokuzvitutumadza (January 20), Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi anova Mutongi Kusvikira Imba yasvika chisarudzo.

Kubvira kwokusarudzwa kweganda kwakakurukurwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura apo vanoda kutora chikamu chechitatu vakatyisidzira kusveta vhoti ndokudzivisa vapi navapi kusvitsa 270. Kutenderera kwokusarudza kwa 2024 kwakamutsidzira fariro muuyu mugariro wakapiwa sarudza rakakamuraniswa zvikuru.

Electoral College Reformation: National Interstate Community

Chimwe chezvikarakadzo zvechinjo zvakatanhamara zvikurusa i National Popular Vote Interstate Community (NPVIC)]. Ichi chibvumirano pakati pehurumende kunzvimbo dzose dzezvivhoti zvavo zvinovhota zvakasarudzwa kukuhwina vhoti yakakurumbira yenyika, pasinei zvapo nokuti ndiani akawina munyika imwe neimwe. Kota yacho inoshanda bedzi apo nyika dzine hwerengedzo dzine inenge 270 dzevhota dzinovhota vavhoti vavhoti. Sapa 2024, rinomirira mavhoti 205 akasarudzwa akabatana nevhotaroro, inosiya mavhotera 65 akasarudzwa akaitwa pasina kushandiswa.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti boka racho raizova nechokwadi chokuti vhoti iri yose inova inokwana zvakaenzana munyika yose uye kuti mutsigiri anokunda mavhoti akawanda munyika yose anova Mutungamiriri wenyika yose.Vashori vanotaura kuti kwaizosekesa vavariro yavatangi, kuderedza pesvedzero yenyika duku, uye kuisa ngwariro panhimbe munharaunda huru dzomumaguta.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvinochinja zvakakarakadzwa zvinosanganisira kubvisa Electoral College zvachose kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo (inoda kukunda kwematatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress uye kuparadzwa nemapoka matatu ehurumende), kugamuchira mutoo woruwa wedare rinovhota munyika yose, kana kuti kushandisa kuvhota kwakarongwa kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti mukundi ane tsigiro hurusa.

Ngano Dzinowanzotaurwa Nepfungwa Dzisiri Dzakanaka

Ngano: Muvhenganiswa Wakakurumbira Unoratidza Muwiri

Vavhoti vazhinji vanodavira kuti muwinwi anohwina mavhoti mazhinjisa munyika yose anova Purezidhendi. Ikoku hakuna kururama. Nepo nyika 48 neD.C. zvikasunga Erecters kuvhoti yakakurumbira iri mukati mehurumende yavo, hakuna mavhoti akakurumbira akakurumbira anotema muuyo. Muwinzveri anosvika mavhoti 270 akasarudzwa.

Ngano: Varapi Vanoramba Vachibudisa Mifungo Sezvaitarisirwa

Varairi vazhinjisa vakatendeka kumutevedzeri wavo vakapikirwa, asi "Vavhoti vokutenda" vanosvika. Muna 2016, vasarudzi vanomwe vanovhota nokuda kwavamwe vadaviri pane avo vakapikirwa kutsigira. Dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo yokuti vavhoti vasina kutenda vaishaya kutenda, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira kuva kwebumbiro remitemo rakadaro. Zvisinei, mukushanda, vasaruri vasina kutenda havana kutongochinja muuyo wesarudzo yapurezidhendi.

Ngano: Electoral College Inzvimbo

Electoral College haisi nzvimbo chaiyo. Muitiro. Varegi vakasangana muzvinopesana muhurumende yavo, kwete muchivako chimwe muWashington, D.C. shoko rokuti "College" rinonongedzera kuboka raErecter rinoshanda pamwe chete, kufanana ne "college of Cardinal" inosanangura papa.

Nguva Yemberi yeElectoral College

Electoral College ichiri chimwe chezvinhu zvinokakavadzana zvikuru zvehurumende yeAmerica.Vadziviriri vayo vanotaura kuti inodzivirira zvinhu zvehurumende duku nenharaunda dzomumaruwa, inokurudzira kuvaka kwakabatana munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana, uye inopa dzikamo kupfurikidza nokuda kuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzakawanda kwetsigiro. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti haishandi sedemocratic, inopa simba risingaenzaniswi rokuchinja nyika, inodzvinyirira muvhoti munyika dzakakotsekana, uye inogona kudzvinyirirwa nokushandisa mauto emaruwa eparamendio munyika dzakadai seMaine neNebraska.

Kuongorora pfungwa kwevanhu kunoratidza kuti vakawanda vekuAmerica vanoda kutsiva Electoral College nevhoti yakakurumbira.

Kiyi Yokutora

  • Electoral College ine mavhoti akakwana 538; 270 anodikanwa kuwina.
  • Nyika imwe neimwe inovhota vasarudzo vakaenzana nenhamba yayo yamaruwa eDhingi navaSenator vaviri; D.C. inowana 3.
  • 48 nharaunda neD.C. shandisa matapi okuhwina; Maine naNebraska vanoshandisa mutoo woruwa wekomupiti.
  • Mutevedzeri anogona kuwina purezidhendi pasina kuwina vhoti yakakurumbira yenyika.
  • Kana pasina mumiririri anosvika 270, House of Declarations inosarudza mukundi.
  • Kunyengera kweElector kana kuti "vavhoti vasina kutenda" hakuwanzoitiki uye hakuwanzochinja.
  • Kuchinja zvinhu kunosanganisira National Popular Vote Interstate Convention uye kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo.

Kunzwisisa Electoral College kunokosha kuti unzwisise sarudzo yapurezidhendi weAmerica. Nepo gadziriro yacho ingaratidzika kuva inovhiringidza kana kuti kunyange isina kururama, inzira yakasarudza sarudzo iri yose yapurezidhendi kweanopfuura mazana maviri amakore.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera zviwanikwa zvapamutemo kubva ku U.S. National Archives paElectoral College, SUSA.Gov Electoral College revolution[, [[FLT]] , Factal Evolution Commission's [, uye [[FLT:] CENUUS]