Kunzwisisa Zviremera zveHurumende: Ndiani Ane Mhaka Yechii?

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunotsamira pavagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei nokushandiswa. MuUnited States, kukamukana kwechiremera muhurumende dzose dzomubatanidzwa, hurumende, uye dzomunzvimbomo kunoumba chinhu chiri chose kubva mumitero yaunotera kusvikira kukotsekano yemvura yako yokunwa. Iyi nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana kwemitoro yemwero mumwe nomumwe yehurumende, kuti inofambidzana sei, uye nei nhau idzodzo dzoupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva. Kupfurikidza nokujekesa kuti ihurumende ipi inobata mabasa akananga, unoshongedzerwa zviri nani kuvhotera, kutsigira, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvi vazvidavirire.

Hurumende Inotonga Nyika: Chiremera Chenyika

Hurumende yehurumende inogara pamusoro pedare ravafundisi, ichiita kuti masimba aipiwa naIslative yeU.S. Anobata nhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose uye hadzigoni kudzorwa nenzira inobudirira nokuita masangano oga. Simba rayo rakafara asi rakaganhurirwa munhamba $56, namamwe masimba ose anochengetwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu.

Mitoro Yako

  • Kudzivirira kwenyika nemuitiro wokumwe: Hurumende yehurumende inochengeta mauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo, mufambiro wokukurukurirana, kupinda zvibvumirano, uye kudzora kutengeserana kwamarudzi ose. Department of Defense, Department of State, uye nzanga yamanomano inoshanda chose chose pamwero wenyika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutora nokuisa musikirwo:[[FT:1] mutemo weFederal unodzora uyo ungapinda munyika, kuti inogara nguvai, uye nzira yokuenda kuvagari vemo. U.S. Unigationship neImmigation Services (USCIS) naImmigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) masangano ehurumende.
  • Muitiro wemari negadziriro: Hurumende yehurumende bedzi inogona kukwereta mari ndokudzora ukoshi hwayo. Federal Reserve inoronga mwero yemubereko uye inodzora mugove wemari kudzora kukwira kwemitengo nebasa.
  • Utengesi hweInterstate nohwemarudzi ose: Simba reCongress pasi peChommerce Claus inobvumira murairo wezvokutengeserana unoyambuka mitsetse yenyika kana kuti miganhu yenyika. Ikoku kunofukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva kukotsekano yendege kusvikira kumuitiro weInternet.
  • [ Mitero yemari nokushandisa: Mitero inobhadharwa, mitero yemakambani, uye vadzori vanobhadharisa mapurogiramu enyika, kubatanidza Social Security, Medicare, dziviriro, uye gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvakafanana nemugwagwa mukuru wepasi.
  • Kodzero nedziviriro: mitemo yeFederal yakadai seCivil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, uye vaAmerica vane Hurema Act vanogadza mipimo miduku nokuda kwokuenzana munyika dzose.

Chivako cheHurumende Inotonga Nyika Yakabudirira

Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa mapazi matatu akaenzana:

  • Risiti (Chornati): Yakanyorwa neDare neImba yaVamiriri, Congress inonyora mitemo, inozivisa hondo, uye inotarisira bazu revakuru.
  • Executive (Mutungamiriri uye masangano): Purezidhendi anomanikidzira mitemo yehurumende, anoraira mauto, uye anotungamirira gadziriro huru yamadhipatimendi namasangano (mutoo., Department of Education, EPA, FDA).
  • Judicial (Dare reChirevo nematare akaderera): matare eFederal anodudzira Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yehurumende, achipedza gakava rinobatanidza mibvunzo yomubatanidzwa kana kuti mativi anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana.

Uku kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunovimbisa kunzvera nedzikamo, kuchidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora.

Kutsigira Kutsigira

Hurumende yehurumende inounganidza mari zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitero yemari inowanwa pamunhu oga (inenge 50% yemari yose inowanwa), inobhadhara mitero yemitero yemitero yesocial Security and Medicare, uye mitero yemari yemakambani. Inounganidzawo mitero inokweva papeturo, zvinwiwa zvinodhakisa, uye fodya. Kupfurikidza nokutengeswa kwemitero yeTreasureal inofukidza chikwereti. Mugore ra2023, kupedza mari kwehurumende kwakapfuura $6,1 miriyoni.

Hurumende: Kutarisira Mibatanidzwa Yenhau Yomunharaunda

Hurumende dziripo muTenth Amendment, iyo inochengeta kuhurumende (kana kuti vanhu) masimba ose asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene, chimiro chayo imene chine mativi matatu, uye udzori hukurusa panhau dzomukati. Nepo mutemo wehurumende uri mukurusa, masangano anochengeta basa guru mukudzora upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vawo.

Mitoro Yako

  • Trashi: United States inogadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, vadzidzisi verezenisi, uye kugovera mari nokuda kwezvikoro zvavose zveK --12. Zvinoshandisawo mayunivhesiti avose namakoreji enzanga. Ruzhinji rwedzidzo runobva kuhurumende namanyuko omunzvimbomo, kwete hurumende yomubatanidzwa.
  • [[FT:0] Kuendesa zvinhu:[ Madhipatimendi eHurumende okugadzira nokuchengetedza migwagwa yehurumende, mabhiriji, nezviteshi zvengarava. Anotarisirawo gadziriro dzokufambisa dzavose uye anoita kuti motokari dzinyoreswe uye kuti mutyairi anyorese.
  • Kutarisira noutano hwavanhu vose:[[FLT: 1] Masangano anotungamirira mapurogiramu eMedicaid (mubatira pamwe nehurumende yehurumende), anotarisira zvipatara nemisha inochengeterwa vakwegura, uye anoshandisa madhipatimendi outano anotarisira zvirongwa zvokuongorora hosha uye kudzivirira nhomba.
  • Kuisa mutemo neruramisiro youtsotsi: mapurisa ehurumende anotenderera migwagwa mikuru uye anomanikidzira mitemo yehurumende. matare ehurumende anobata ruzhinjisa rwemhosva dzoutsotsi nedzevagari vemo. Matorongo namasangano anobvisa mhaka adzo anenge ari ehurumende.
  • Sarudzo: United States inogadza mitemo yevhota , kubatanidza miganhu yevhoti, maawa okuvhota, uye miganhu yoruwa (zvinozviisa pasi peganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Zvinoita sarudzo huru, sarudzo dzavose, uye perenda.
  • Kupa mari nenyanzvi dzokuronga:[[FL: 1] makambani ehadhi eStates, vanachiremba veraibhurari, magweta, vamiriri venzvimbo, uye nyanzvi dzenzvimbo nenzvimbo, uye kudzora inishuwarenzi nezvinoiswa mumiganhu yayo.

Kuvakwa Kwehurumende Dzehurumende

Hurumende yose ine bazu ravakuru vakuru rinotungamirirwa nagavhuna, bazu remitemo (kazhinji kazhinji mutezo wemitemo webhikameral, kunze kweNebraska iyo iri unicameral), uye bazu rokutonga rine dare guru rehurumende. Gavhuna vane simba pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende, vanodzora bhajeti rehurumende, uye vanogadza vakuru vesangano. Hurumende dzinopa mitemo panhau dzisina kupiwa mhaka neDare.

Kutsigira Kutsigira

Nyika dzinovimba nomuvhenganiswa wemari: mitero yokutengesa (manyuko makurusa enyika zhinjisa), mitero yemari yomunhu oga yemari (mumitengo 41), mitero yemari yebhizimisi, mitero yemari (kunyange zvazvo iyoyi iri inozivikanwa zvikuru yomunzvimbomo), uye mipiro yehurumende (iyo yemari yehurumende inenge 30%). Kusafanana nehurumende yehurumende, masangano mazhinjisa ane zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo kuti adzikamise bhajeti rawo.

Urugero: California, nyika ine vanhu vakawanda zvikurusa, inoshanda nebhajeti yemari inopfuura mabhiriyoni $300. Inopa mari imwe yemiitiro yedzidzo yakakwirira zvikurusa munyika yose kupfurikidza nemiitiro yeUniversity yeCalifornia neCalifornia State University.

Hurumende Dzomunzvimbomo: Masangano Anotarisirwa Nenzanga

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo ndidzo dziri pedyosa navanhu uye dzine tapuro yakananga zvikurusa paupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Dzisingadudzwi muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. asi dzinosikwa nehurumende dzehurumende. Mitemo inodzipa mirau inorondedzera masimba adzo nemitoro. Kune marudzi matatu makuru ehurumende yomunzvimbomo muUnited States: nhamba, maruwa (maguta, mataundi, misha), uye maruwa chaiwo (kubatanidza maruwa echikoro).

Maturage

Maodha izvombo zvinodzora zvehurumende, zvine mutoro nokuda kwemibato inodarika miganhu yemanisiparati. Mibato yenyika inobatanidza kuyera mitero yenzvimbo neunganidzwa, kuchengetwa kwomutemo (dhipatimendi redare), majeri, matare, kuchengetedzwa kwezvinyorwa (kuberekwa, rufu, roorano, zviito zvezvinhu), kugadzirirwa kwemigwagwa nokuda kwenzvimbo dzisina kubatanidzwa, uye makiriniki outano.

Mabhazi

Maguta nemataundi anobatsira vanhu vakawanda. Mitoro inowanzoitwa nekambani inosanganisira:

  • Kukotsekana kwePublic: Madhipatimendi amapurisa, madhipatimendi omwoto, mabasa okurapa ekurumidziro.
  • [ Kuzivisa uye kushandisa nyika: kusarudza chinogona kuvakwa apo, kupa mvumo dzokuvaka, uye kusimbisa mitemo yedzimba.
  • Nheyo dzenzvimbo yapasi: migwagwa, nzira dzomumugwagwa, mwenje yomumugwagwa, mugove wemvura, gadziriro dzetsvina, uye marara.
  • Mapaki nenhandaro: mapaka avose, nzvimbo dzenzanga, madziva okushambira, uye nzvimbo dzemitambo.
  • Mariri nemasangano etsika: raibhurari dzavose, mamiziyamu, uye zvirongwa zvounyanzvi zvomunzvimbomo.

Maruwa Echikoro Nemaruwa Chaiwo

Maruwa ezvikoro mahurumende akazvimirira ane masangano akasarudzwa enzvimbo. Anoshandisa mitero yezvikoro zvehurumende zvechipo, pakati, uye zvepamusoro. Maruwa chaiwo anogovera basa rimwe, rakadai semvura, utsanana, dziviriro yomoto, kana kuti kudzorwa kwoumhutu. Kune maruwa chaiwo anopfuura 38 000 munyika yose, achiaita rudzi rukurusa rwehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Kutsigira Kutsigira

Hurumende dzemo dzinotsamira zvikuru pamitero yezvinhu, zvichiteverwa nemitero yokutengesa, mitero yemari (maguta mashomanene akadai seNew York nePhiladelphia levy), mitero yemabasa (muchine muenzaniso, mari yemvura, mvumo dzokuvaka), uye kutamiswa kwehurumende kunobva kuhurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzenyika nehurumende.

Muenzaniso: Guta reNew York rine chiverengero chavagari vemo chinopfuura mamirioni 8 uye bhajeti yegore negore ye $100 mabhiriyoni. Inobata gadziriro hurusa yechikoro chavose chorudzi, chiremera chikuru chedzimba dzavanhu, uye NYPD(rimwe ramauto makurusa amapurisa munyika.

Kupindira Nokudarika - darika

Kunzwisisa ukama uhwu hwehurumende kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti muitiro unoshanda sei chaizvoizvo.

Kushanda Muboka uye Kuedzwa

Chiziviso cheSupremacke yeBumbiro reMitemo chinoreva kuti mutemo wehurumende unoisa mutemo wehurumende unorwisana. Apo hurumende yehurumende inosarudza kugara mumunda(say), chengeteko yendege @states haigoni kudzora nharaunda iyoyo. Asi nharaunda zhinji dzinowirirana: dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzinogona kuita, semurayiro wemhoteredzo. Mitemo inogadza mipimo inodzorwa zvikuru kupfuura inodzorwa nehurumende, sezvinoita California nemotokari inobudiswa pasi pedesikito chairo reEcon Air Act.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakatarisana Nevanhu

Hurumende yehurumende inounganidza mari yakawanda kupfuura yainoda nokuda kwepurogiramu dzayo imene dzakananga. Inoparadzira mari iyoyo kuhurumende nenzvimbo kupfurikidza nezvipo. Iyi mipiro inovapo mumavara makuru maviri: shooric giviti (nokuda kwemadonzo chaiwo, kufanana nerokuvaka mugwagwa kana kuti Medicaid) uye inopa mari inopa [[[[FLT]] mipiro yakapararira yenharaunda, kufanana nokubudirira kwenzanga). Mukudzosera, inofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yomubatanidzwa yemitemo yehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kacho inodanwa kuti “tsaurwa." somuenzaniso, kuti [FLT] mari yomumugwagwa inofanira kugadza mari yokunwa pazera ra21.

Kupunzwa Kwemitemo Yomunzvimbomo

Kungofanana nomutemo wehurumende unogona kubvisa mutemo wehurumende, matauriro anogona kubvisa mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Iyi inharaunda inokura yenyanduko. Mamwe matare okugadza mitemo akaisa mitemo inodzivisa maguta kukwidziridza mibayiro yakakwirira kupfuura mwero wenyika, kurambidza mabhegi epurasitiki, kana kuti kudzora kurenda kukuru. Maguta anofambira mberi kazhinji kazhinji anorwisana nehurumende dzehurumende dzinochinja pane idzi hondo dzokukunda.

Kushanda Pamwe Chete Mubasa

Nzvimbo imwe yomuitiro inowanzobatanidza mwero yose mitatu. Rangarira mhinduro yengwavaira:

  • Hurumende yepano inogovera mapeyi okutanga (mapurisa, moto, EMT) uye inoita kuti mabasa okukurumidzira ashande.
  • Hurumende yeruwa inoisa mauto, inoronga zvinhu mumitengo yose, uye kukumbira rubatsiro rwehurumende.
  • [ Hurumende yeFEderal inogovera yamuro yemari kupfurikidza neFEMA, inotumira zvinhu zvehurumende, uye inotarisira gadziriro dzokunaya kwenhambo refu.

Nei Kunzwisisa Hurumende Kuchikosha?

Kuziva kuti ndiani anoita zvinobetsera vagari vemo kunanga itiro hanya dzavo kuvakuru vakuru vakarurama. Kana uchida kuti chivara chizare mumugwagwa wako, kuonana nedare reguta rako kana kuti nedhipatimendi ravose zvinoshanda zvikuru kupfuura kunyorera gavhuna kana kuti Congress. Kana uchiitira hanya mutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika, mutezo wehurumende haugoni kuchinja mutemo wehurumende, asi mutezo wako weDare unogona kuvhota pachikwereti. Kuziva, kuva mugari wemo kunoda kuronga nhau dzako kusvikira pamwero wakakodzera.

Nzira Yokuwana Nayo Vamiriri Vako

Shandisa aya manyuko ehurumende kuziva vamiriri vako vomubatanidzwa, vehurumende, uye vomunzvimbomo:

  • USA.gov - Wana vakuru vakuru vako vomubatanidzwa nehurumende vakasarudzwa.
  • U.S Census Bureau – Kungoona bedzi marudzi ehurumende yomunzvimbomo nenhamba.
  • [[[NUMBO:0] Conferenceal of State Legislatures - mashoko eHurumende uye mashoko enhau.

Unogonawo kupinda misangano yomuhoro yetaundi, purogiramu dzedare rechikoro, uye kutongwa kwedare reguta, izvi zvinongopiwa vanhu uye zvinopa mukoto chaiwo wokuchinja zvisarudzo zvine chokuita nenharaunda yako.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kuchinja Kwakaita Simba Iri

Gadziriro yazvino yemitoro yehurumende haina kumuka kamwe kamwe. Gadziriro yehurumende yeU.S. yakanga iri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati paavo vaida hurumende yapakati yakasimba naavo vaitya udzvinyiriri. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakaronga masimba ehurumende chaiwo muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, uye ipapo vakawedzera Tenument yeTenth Depressition kusimbisa nyika. Mumazana maviri amakore, simba rehurumende rakakura kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa kwemitemo (muchirem., Pendement yechi 165 inobvumira mutero wemari inobhadharwa), Dare Gurusase (muto wezvokutengeserana, chitsauko cheTsvo), uye njodzi dzakafanana neGreat Depression and World War II, idzo dzakaraira mhinduro dzorudzi.

Nyika dzakaita chiremera chikuru pamusoro pomuitiro wedzimba wakawanda zvikuru(*, mutemo woutsotsi, roorano, uye kutengeserana kwechimurenga. New Deal nesangano reCivil Rights rakasimudzirwa mitoro yakawanda kuWashington. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kombamiro yakachinja zvishoma: chinjo yegarikano muma 1990 yakapa hurumende kuchinjika kukuru, uye Dare Rapamusoro rine simba rehurumende pasi peChongedzero Claus mumhaka dzakafanana ne United States v. Lopez [195]). Kunyange zvakadaro, hurumende yeSangano reSangano renyika inoramba iri nesimba guru mumashoko anokosha.

Kutanga Zvinetso Muukama Hwehurumende

Nyaya dzakawanda dziripo dzinosimbisa kuoma kunzwisisa kwegadziriro yehurumende:

  • Kupasa: Act yeAffordble Care Act yakaita tsinhano dzoutano dzakavakirwa pahurumende uye dzakakudziridzwa Medicaid. Dzimwe nyika dzakaramba kukura kweMedicaid, kuchiparira mukaha wepfupi. Uku kubatanidzwa kwemari yehurumende nechisarudzo chehurumende kunotapura zvakananga mamirioni avakuru vakaderera vanowana.
  • Chinjo yemasvomhu: Hurumende yehurumende pasi pegadziriro dzakasiana - siana yakatora mitoo yakasiana-- siyana. Munguva ino, mibatanidzwa yakafanana neCalifornia neNew York yakaisa nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nevavariro, uye maguta akagamuchira mabumbiro echivako egirini omunzvimbomo ebhurasitiri nemirairo inomutsidzirwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] kuchengetwa kwokubatanidza: Mamwe “maguta okushandira pamwe” anoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvokupinda nokupinda muhurumende, kuchitungamirira kutyisidziro dzemhosva nokushandisa mari kubva kuhurumende yomubatanidzwa.
  • Kodzero dzinovapo: Pashure pokunge Dare Rapamusorosoro raparadza gadziriro huru yeVoting Rights Act muna 2013, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakapfuudza mitemo inoganhurira yavhota inodzorwa, nepo dzimwe dzakaita kunyoresa kwevoti kwoga. Hurumende yehurumende ine mabasa ose ari maviri emitemo neanotonga mukuvimbisa kusvika kumuvhoti.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa kuti ndiani ane mutoro wezvinoitwa muhurumende yose, hurumende, uye nzvimbo dzinodavirwa zvinokosha kuti unzwe inzwi rako uye ufambiswe mabasa avose. Gadziriro yacho inoiswa mumativi ose, pamwero mumwe nomumwe ine mabasa akasiyana asi akafanana. Hurumende inodzivirira nyika, purogiramu yokumwe, kubuda munyika, uye kodzero dzakafara dzevagari vemo. Hurumende dzinotarisira dzidzo, zvokufambisa, tarisiro youtano, kuchengetwa kwemitemo, uye sarudzo. Hurumende dzemo dzinogovera mabasa aunosangana nawo zuva nezuva(mapurice nedziviriro yomoto, migwagwa, mvura, mapaki, uye matura.

Iyi mwero inoshanda nguva dzose kupfurikidza nezvipo zvehurumende, kusunungurwa kwehurumende, uye kushandiswa kugoveranwa kwepurogiramu. Kuva mugari wemo akadzidza kunoreva kuziva kuti mweroi une chiremera pamusoro penhau dzaunoitira hanya uye kuziva nzira yokuonana nayo navamiririri vakarurama. Kana uri kutsigira zvikoro zviri nani, mvura yakachena, kana kuti maruramiro okuvhota akasimba zvikuru, kuvimbisa kwako pamwero wakafanira kunogona kuita musiano chaiwoiwo. Kushandisa zviwiro zvakagoverwa pamusoro apa kuvamba kutara hurumende yako. Kutora rutivi rune simba idiro yedemocracy yakasimba.