Hurumende yeUnited States yakaumbwa pamapazu matatu akasiyana - siyana(_gsiglative, mukuru mukuru, uye mutongi) imwe neimwe inoshandisa masimba chaiwo anotapura zvakananga maruramiro evagari vemo vose. Uku kuparadzana kwemasimba, kwakapinzwa muBumbiro remitemo, kunoparira gadziriro ine simba umo kodzero dzinogona kugadzirwa, kupfuudzwa, kutsanangurwa, uye kukudzwa. Kunzwisisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinobetsera sei mukugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzako haisi nhau yezivo yehurumende asi chishandiso chinoshanda chokudzivirira nokufambisira mberi rusununguko rwako umene. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kune udzame, kwepesvedzero yebazu rimwe nerimwe, yakakwana nenhau, mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika chaiyoiyo, uye nzwisiso yezviito nokuda kwavagari vemo.

Bazu Romutemo: Kunyengera Mitemo Inotsanangura Kodzero

Bazu remitemo, rakaumbwa neImba yaVamiriri neDare, rine simba rokunyora, kurukurirano, uye kuisa mitemo. Iyi mitemo inoumba mavambo ekodzero dzakawanda dzeAmerica dzinofarikanya nhasi (8) kubva padziviriro dzokuvhota kusvikira kumipimo yekotsekano yebasa. Muitiro wemitemo unobvumira vamiriri vakasarudzwa kuita chimwe chinhu kuzvinodikanwa zvenzanga, kuchiita nzira yakananga zvikurusa iyo vanhu vanogona kuumba nayo maruramiro kupfurikidza navakuru vakuru vavo vakasarudzwa.

Kugadzira Kodzero Itsva Nemitemo

Congress ine chiremera chokuita maruramiro matsva chose chose kupfurikidza nemirau. Mienzaniso yeLandmark inobatanidza Civil Rights Act ya 1964, iyo yakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika, uye [[FLT] maruramiro ekodzero dzechiNgezi a 1965[FLT], iyo inorambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Iyi mitemo haina kuvapo muBumbiro remitemo yapakuvamba; yakasikwa nebazu remitemo yemitemo kuti itaure nokunzwisisa kuenzana. [FLT:] . nguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi] .[FLT] .[FLT] Act (AD) ya195]

Mitemo Yakanaka uye Inodzokororwa

Kodzero hadzina kusiiwa. Congress inogona kudzorera mitemo iripo yokuwedzera kana kuganhura kodzero. Somuenzaniso, Kuvhota kodzero dzekodzero yakagadziriswa kanoverengeka, zvikurukuru muna 1975 kubatanidza dziviriro dzomutauro muduku uye muna 2006 kutambanudza gadziriro huru. Zvikapesana, Masangano anogonawo kuganhurira mitemo inoganhurira kodzero, yakadai sedzoro ye Han's Dot Tell muitiro mu 2010, unobvumira vatano nevatano navanhu vamwe navamwe kubatira pachena muhondo. Simba rokudzokorora mitemo inoreva kuti dzvinyiriro yavose neyamagariro igoguma nemitemo inoita kuti iwire.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora

Kupfuura mitemo yokunyora, Congress inoitisa kutonga uye kuongorora kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti mitemo iripo inoitwa zvakanaka. Matare akadai seDare reDare reVatongi kana kuti House Overseast and Reform Committee anogona kuongorora magwaro nezvapupu kana masangano makuru achiremekedza kodzero dzevagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, pashure pemishumo yokukundikana kwegadziriro muFederal Bureau of Prisons, Congress akaita kuti pave nokunzwa kwakatungamirira kugadziridza kodzero nemigariro yevasungwa. Basa iri rokutarisira rinoshanda secherekedzo pabazi revakuru uye rinobatsira kudzivirira kodzero dzehurumende.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vagari Vemo Bazi Rine Mitemo

Vagari vanogona kupesvedzera zvakananga kupfurikidza nokukurukura navamiriri vavo, kutora rutivi mukutongwa kwavose, uye kuvhota muvhota. Muitiro wemitemo unogadzirirwa kuva anogamuchira($[FLT: 0] Conreg. gov[ website inogovera mukana wokuwana zvikwereti, mavhota, uye zviito zvedare, kubvumira munhu upi noupi kunzvera kuti vamiririri vavo vari kuita sei panhau dzine chokuita nekodzero. Mapoka anowanzoridzira Misangano kuti izivise kana kuti ishore zvikwereti, uye zvirongwa zvouswa zvinogona kuparira dzvinyiriro yakakwana kubudisa chibharo kana kuti kumisa mumwe.

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru: Kutsigira Nokuwedzera Kodzero Nokushanda

Bazi iri rinewo simba rakazvimirira rokuumba kodzero kupfurikidza nemirairo yevakuru vakuru, kugadza utongi, uye kugadzwa kwevatongi nevakuru vakuru. Nepo Purezidhendi asingagoni kuita mitemo mitsva oga, kutsanangura kwavo uye kudzikamisa zvisarudzo zvinotapura zvakananga kodzero dzevanhu vokuAmerica.

Kumanikidzwa Kwemitemo

Bazu guru rinotarisira masangano ehurumende akafanana ne Kubviswa kweRuramisiro (DOLT), [[FLT:]] , [[FLT]]] Actal Prooctuation Commission (EOK)[FLT]], uye Kubviswa kweUtano neHS (HS)[[FLT]]. Masangano aya anoisa mitemo ine chokuita nekodzero dzevagari vemo, kodzero dzebasa, koreshi, uye zvakawanda. Somuenzaniso, kodzero dzeChibvumirano cheChivi chemo chemo chemo yeUNIc inogona kubvisa mamiriro ezvinhu okuvhotera kana kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinorega, apo EOC inoongorora kunyunyuta tsvikidzana kwebasa. Simba kana kuti kuneta kukanganisa kunenge kuripo pakati pekuzivikanwa neupenyu hwezuva.

Mirayiridzo Inotungamirira: Chishandiso Chine Simba

Mapurezidhendi anogona kubudisa mirairo yakananga kuti masangano ehurumende anoshanda sei, kazhinji kazhinji achipesvedzera maruramiro pasina kumirira Congress. Mienzaniso isingacherechedzwi inobatanidza Purezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Dective Order 906, yakabvumira kubatanidzwa kweJapanese muHondo Yenyika II (kuganhurirwa kwakakomba kwekodzero), uye Purezidhendi Barack Obama’s Deferected Action for Childhoowales [DACA], [FLT], iyo yakadzivirira chinguvana vatamikidzi veAmerica vapangi vakaunzi veU.S. sezvo vana vachibva mukudzingwa.Grogiramugo haa vanogona kudzosa, sezvo Purezidhentedhendi DRUKA anoonekwa seridhendernerali inopedza kupfurikidza nokuedza nokuda kwekuedza kwekodzero dzoukuru.[F.]

Simba Rokugadza Nejeri

Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare reHurumende repamusorosoro, avo vanosimbiswa panguva iyeyo neDare. Ava vatongi vanobatira mifungo youpenyu, kureva dudziro dzavo dzeBumbiro remitemo dzinogona kuumba maruramiro kwezvizvarwa. Somuenzaniso, kugadzwa kwaPrezidhendi Ronald Reagan naAnton Scalia kwakapesvedzera kuchinja kwetsika mukududzira dare, nepo kugadza kwaPrezidhendi Joe Biden kwaKetan Brown Jackson kwakaunza murangariro wakasiana pakodzero dzavagari vemo. Pepabazi rechiremera pajatisipiary ndiimwe yetapurodziso yaro inogara zvikuru pakodzero dzavanhu.

Kuumba Kutonga Kunodzora

Masangano eFoderal anopa mirau ine simba romutemo. Somuenzaniso, Environal Protection Agency (EPA)] inoisa mipimo yokushatisa inotapura maruramiro emhoteredzo yakachena, uye Kubviswa kweDzidzo [[FLT:] inobudisa mitemo pamusoro pokuti zvikoro zvinofanira kugarisa vadzidzi nezvinorema sei. Iyi mirau inopfuudza nhambo yavose, ichipa vagari vemo mukana wokuzviumba. Zvisinei, bazu rezvokutungamirira rinogonawo kushandisa mitemo kukodzero dzisina kutsarukana, zvakadai apo Department of Home Security rikachinja miitiro yokuchengetedzwa kuti ivere zvakaoma kuti vapoteri vazvipo kuti vawa vazvitendere.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vanogona Kushandisa Nayo Bazu Rine Chiremera

Vagari vanogona kutora rutivi mumuitiro wokuita mitemo kupfurikidza nokupa tsinhiro pamirau inokarakadzwa pa Refeance.gov. Vanogonawo kuonana neWhite House, kukumbira Purezidhendi, uye kushandisa Freedo of Information Act (FOIA) kukumbira magwaro pamusoro pezviito zvechiremera. Kunyorera Purezidhendi inzira yakananga zvikurusa kupesvedzera nhungamiro yebazu guru, asi kupfuurira kupfurikidza namapoka echikwata chavose zvinogona kusunda kuiswa mumugariro wapamutemo kuti pave nekodzero dzakati.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Nokudzivirira Kodzero Kupfurikidza Nomutemo Woutsotsi

Bazu rokutonga, rinotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro namatare ehurumende akaderera, rinotsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yehurumende. Magadi ane simba rokuparadza mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo, zvichiaita nzvero yakakomba pamamwe mapazu maviri. Kupfurikidza nenheyo yehwirudzuro yedare, yakagadzwa mu Madison [1803] , matare anosarudza miganhu yesimba rehurumende uye mwero wekodzero dzavanhu.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kududzira Bumbiro Romutemo

Apo chiito chomutemo kana kuti chokutungamirira chinodenhwa sechisina kubvumirwa, matare anosarudza kana kuchiputsa maruramiro chaiwo. Mhaka dzewarks dzakarondedzera maruramiro munharaunda dzakadai sevedzega (]Griswold v. Connecticut[, 1965, yakabvisa kurambidza kudzivirira pamuviri, muchato ([[[FLT]]]...OGenese bvu. Hodges[FL]][FLT]]], 2015, inonyoreswa muchato mumwe chete wetex munyika yose), uye muitiro woutsotsi ([[FLT:] Manda.[FLD] v [FLD]], 1966, inodikanwa kuzivisa kodzero dzawo).

Basa Remberi

Matare anowanzotevera muenzaniso (stare decisis), kureva kuti zvisarudzo zvomunguva yakapfuura zvinotungamirira munguva yemberi. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosa rinogona kuchinja mienzaniso yaro rimene, sezvarakaita mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo (1954), iyo inogumisa kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro, kushandura dzidziso ye “kamwe” kubva Plettes v. Ferguson [18696]. Kudzikama nokuchinja kwemienzaniso kunotapura kuti kodzero dzinodzivirirwa sei, (-96] zvinogona kutsamira pamutemo wakagadziriswa, asi zvinofanirawo kuziva kuti Dare rinogona kuchinja.

Kusvika Kururamisiro: Dare Senzvimbo Yamaruramiro

Dare rinopa nzvimbo nokuda kwavanhu kuti vapikire kutyorwa maruramiro. Kupfurikidza nokukwidziridza matare, vagari vemo vanogona kutsvaka mirairo yokumisa mitemo inokuvadza, kuvadziko dzemari nokuda kwekuvadziko, kana kuti rutongeso rwokubvisa runojekesa maruramiro avo. Sutu dzezviito dzinobvumira mapoka makuru avanhu kuisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa uye kuputsa mitemo inodenha, zvakadai semu brown v. Board kana kuti munhau dzinorwisana namakambani efodya. Zvinodikanwa zvokumira (kuratidzira kuvadziko yekongi) zvinovimbisa kuti matare apedze kuvadziko chaidzo, asi mhoshoro dzakafanana nendyiko.

Kupindira Kunoita Vagari Vemo Nebazu Rokutonga

Nepo vagari vazhinjisa vasati vachizoitirana nharo mhaka pamberi peDare Gurusa, vanogona kutora rutivi mumuitiro wedare kupfurikidza nokubatira pamadare amatare, kuzviisa pasi peaameni (“shamwari yedare”) kupfupikisa kupfurikidza namasangano, kana kuti kunyora mhaka dzavo vamene. Supreme dare redare rinogovera kusvika kunharo dzinotaurwa, mirangariro, uye purogiramu. Kunzwisisa bazu redare kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva apo kodzero dzavo dzakaputswa uye nzira yokutsvaka nayo zvigaro.

Makero Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Kunoita Mapazu Mumwe Nomumwe

Gadziriro yeNhengo yeBumbiro reMitemo inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora uye kuti kodzero dzinodzivirirwa pakutsoropodzwa nehurumende. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine nzira dzokuongorora dzimwe, richiparira kunyanduka kukuru uko kunogona zvose zviri zviviri kudzivirira nokuomesa maruramiro.

Kunzvera Murayiro Pamapazi Ane Chiremera Neanotonga

Congress inogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nembiri mbiri-tatu, mutemo unopfuura ungagona kurwisana naPurezidhendi nejenaguru ungaedza kuganhurira maruramiro omukuru mukuru. Congress inodzorawo masangano emari uye inogona kubvisa masangano anoputsa kodzero. Kuwedzera, Congress ine simba rokushayisa muteveri womutemo ndokubvisa mutongi wetsika dzisina kururama (Artle II, Chikamu 4). Dare rinosimbisa kudzorwa kwedare nezvibvumirano, richipa nzvero pamiganhuro yomukuru webasa.

Mukuru Mukuru Anonzvera Mapazi Apamutemo Neanotonga

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, achidzivisa mitemo inodzongonyedza maruramiro kuti asashande. Purezidhendiwo ane simba rokukanganwira vanhu vamwe navamwe (Article II, Chikamu 2), icho chinogona kudzorera maruramiro akarasika kupfurikidza nokupwiswa(wnzvero inokosha mukurwisana netongero dzinonyanyooma. Kupfuurirazve, bazu rinoshandisa mirau yedare; Purezidhendi asingabvumirani nechisarudzo anogona kunonozeka kudzika mutemo werwe, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchigona kudenhwa mudare.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mapazi Ane Mutemo Neane Simba

Dare rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo, sezvarakaita mu United States v. Windsor (2013) apo Dare Gurusa rakarova rutivi rweNhevedzo yeMutemo woRufu. Vanogonawo kuraira zviito zvechiremera, sezvinoonekwa mumirairo yedare yakawanda inodzivisa dare rokufambisa kusvikira Dare Rapamusoro pakupedzisira ratsigira shanduro yakahwirudzurwa. Gadziro ichekedzo ine simba zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti inogona kuderedza zvechigarire chiito chehurumende chinoputsa maruramiro.

Muenzaniso Wenyika Chaiwoiwo: Hondo Pamusoro Pekodzero Dzevanhu

Rangarira nhau yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yekodzero dzokuvhota. Vandering Rights Act, bazu guru (va DOJ) rinomanikidzira gadziriro dzaro, uye matare anodudzira kuti itsikai dzokuvhota dziri dzokusatendeuka. Mu [[FLT:]] Shelby County v. Ramer (2013) , Dare rapamusoro rakarovanya gadziriro inokosha inoda kuti chinjo dzakati dzenguva yokutanga yokuvhotera dziitwe nehurumende yemubatanidzwa. Iyi chisarudzo nenzira inobudirira chakachinjirwa kumitemo mitsva yokuvhotera. Mukuita, yakamutsa mutemo mutsva ([FLT] [FF:]] [FFF][FF][5] Active Active] Active]

Basa reHurumende Nerezvokurwira Kodzero

Nepo nyaya ino ichinangidzira ngwariro pamapazu matatu ehurumende, kunokosha kucherekedza kuti mabazu ehurumende anewo mitemo yawo amene, anotungamirira, uye anotonga anopesvedzera maruramiro. Masimba e10 ePramendement asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende, kuchitungamirira kubasa retaudzo dzekodzero munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yeroorano imwe cheteyo yakatangwa norudzi neDare Rapamusoro, asi nyika dzichiri kudzora miitiro yeroorano inoisa maruramiro eroorano. Nenzira yakafanana, kodzero dzedzidzo, dzidzo yezvoutano, uye kunaka kwemhoteredzo zvinoumbwa zvikurukuru navanogadzira mutemo nehurumende. Vagari vemo vanofanira kuziva zvose zviri zviviri mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende nehurumende kuti vanzwisise zvizere kodzero dzavo.

Kubatana Kungaita Vagari Vemo Nemapazi Ose

Kuva mugari wemo kunokosha pakuumba maruramiro.

  • Vamiriri vakabatana [ pamusoro pomutemo wakamirira kuiswa, foni, kana kuti kupinda horo dzetaundi. Mawebsite akafanana USA.gov akasarudzwa navakuru vakuru vamasangano [ anobetsera kuwana vakuru vakuru vako.
  • Particate mutsinhiro yapachena pamirau yomubatanidzwa (Reguments.gov) kupesvedzera kuiswa kwebazu rapamusoro.
  • Chirevo kana kuti kukumbanira masangano ezvoubereki zvapamutemo zvakadai seAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kana kuti NAACP Econficial Defense Fund, iyo inounza nhau kudare rejaji.
  • Muwane nokuda kwehofisi pamwero upi noupi(nzvimbo, nyika, kana kuti hurumende) kuumba zvakananga kodzero kupfurikidza namapazu ewirirano kana kuti ehurumende.
  • [ Shandisa matare kupfurikidza nokurangarira nyunyuto pamusoro pokuputswa kwamaruramiro namasangano akadai seEOC kana kupfurikidza nokupinza mugweta kukwirira mhaka.

Mutoo unobudirira zvikurusa ndewokubatanidzwa namapazu ose matatu panguva imwe cheteyo.

Mugumisiro: Kodzero Dzako Igwaro Ripenyu

Mapazu matatu ehurumende haashandi mukuparadzaniswa; kufambidzana kwavo kunoparira gadziriro mhenyu nokuda kwamaruramiro anochinja nesarudzo imwe neimwe, kutonga kwedare, uye nhevedzano yavakuru vakuru. Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana ewirovhiri, vakuru vakuru, uye vatongi kunokupa simba rokuva mutsigiri anoshingaira mutsika ino. Kana uri kutsigira mutemo mutsva, kutsinhira pamusoro pomutemo, kana kuti kuisa dare, uri kushandisa maruramiro ayo zvizvarwa zvisati zvarwa kuti zviwane. Gara wakaziviswa, unoramba uchivimbisa, uye yeuka kuti nzvero yesimba rehurumende injo inoziviswa uye ibasa ravagari vemo.