Kupfuudzira Kwamasimba Anotonga Akare

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinosimbisa gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yenyika. Masimba anopiwa hurumende yehurumende yehurumende anorongwa nokungwarira muZvikamu I, II, uye II, zvinorondedzera nenzira inotevedzana mitemo, mukuru mukuru, uye mapazu okutonga. Kunzwisisa aya masimba anokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende asi nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anobatanidzwa muupenyu hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Chimiro chechiremera chehurumende chakachinja kupfurikidza namazana amakore okududzira, kutonga kwedare, uye kudikanwa, bva nheyo yemitemo inoramba iripo nokuda kwechisaririra choutongi hweAmerica.

Masimba Akavapo

Masimba anodudzwa ndiwo ayo akarongwa zvakajeka muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Masimba aya akagadzirirwa kupa hurumende yenyika maturusi anodiwa kuti ashande zvinobudirira apo anenge achichengetera mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu pasi pePendezho yeChigumi. Masimba anorongwa anosanganisira:

  • Mitero inobhadharwa[ - Congress ine simba rokuisa nokuunganidza mitero, mabasa, mapost, uye mabudisi. Iyi mari yemari yehurumende, dziviriro yenyika, uye mabasa avose. Dare reSwechi 16 gare gare rakabvumira mutero wemari pasina kugoverwa pakati penyika.
  • Kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwedzimwe nyika - The Commerce Claus rinopa zviremera zveGungano kudzora kutengeserana pakati pehurumende, namarudzi okumwe, uye namarudzi eIniversite. Simba iri rakadudzirwa zvikuru kufukidza mubato wemari uyo unotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika.
  • Kuzivisa hondo nokuchengeta mauto akashongedzwa - Dare roga rinogona kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta mauto ehondo, uye kuita mitemo nokuda kwehondo. Purezidhendi, somutungamiriri mukuru, anotungamirira mabasa ehondo asi haagoni kuzivisa hondo pasina tendero yesangano.
  • Kuronga mari nokudzora ukoshi hwayo – Hurumende yehurumende inodzora mari, inogadza ukoshi hwemari nemari yepepa, uye inoranga kunyepedzera. Ikoku kunovimbisa gadziriro yemari yenyika yakatsiga.
  • Kushambadzira mahofisi epositipo nemigwagwa yeposve – Simba reposvo rinogonesa hurumende yeUnited States kushandisa Postal Service uye kuvaka gadziriro dzezvokufambisa.
  • Kupa kodzero dzokuita zvinhu uye zvinyorwa zvekodzero dzokuburitsa mashoko – Kusimudzira fambiro mberi yesayenzi nounyanzvi, Congress inogona kupa kodzero dzakatsaurwa kuvagadziri navanyori kwenguva dzakaganhurirwa.
  • Kuzivisa matare ehurumende - Chikamu III chinoumba Dare Rapamusorosoro ndokubvumira Congress kugadza matare ehurumende akaderera.

Masimba anodudzwa anobatanidzawo chiremera chokurondedzera nokuranga zviremera, kudzora Ruwa rweColumbia, uye kuita kuti mitemo yose iri madikanwa neyakafanira nokuda kwokuita masimba akarongwa. iyi mipiro chaiyo yakanga iri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati paavo vaida hurumende yorudzi yakasimba naavo vaitya chiremera chikuru.

Masimba Akashandiswa

Masimba anoshandiswa haana kunyorwa zvakananga muBumbiro reMitemo asi anowanwa mu Nacissary naFact Claus (Mashoko, Chikamu 8, Claus 18), anopa Dare chiremera chokupfuudza mutemo upi noupi uri “unokosha uye wakafanira" nokuda kwokuita masimba awo anorongwa. Mhaka yechiratidzo chapamberi pedare MCulloch v. Maryland[FLT:] [18]) yakatanga dzidziso yamasimba anorehwa. Chirevonetso Chikuru John Marshall akarangarira kuti murairo haugoni kuronga sezvinobvira masimba ose angadikanwa; naizvozvo, Congresss angagona kushandisa kusaratidzira nenzira inorambidzwa kusvika zvinangwa zvebumbiro remitemo.

  • Kuzivisa bhangi renyika – Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi mabhangi, Congress yakanyoresa Mabhangi okutanga neeChipiri eUnited States mumasimba ayo anorehwa. Dare rakatsigira ikoku mu Mcloch[, richitaura kuti bhangi rakanga riri chishandiso chakakodzera nechinobetsera chokutarisira mari yomubatanidzwa.
  • inopa masangano ehurumende – Congress yakashandisa masimba awo anorehwa kuparira masangano akadai seEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), Department of Homeland Security, uye Federal Reserve. Masangano aya anoshandisa mitemo uye anodzora nzvimbo dzisinganyatsonangi muBumbiro reMitemo.
  • Kudzora pfuti – Nepo Second Amendment ichidzivirira maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, hurumende inodzora kutengeswa kwepfuti munyika, inorambidza zvombo zvakati, uye inoda kunzverwa kupfurikidza neBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemars and Explosives (ATF).
  • inoita mitemo yemibhadharo mishomanene [ – The Fair Labor Standard Act inogadza mutezo wakaderera wehurumende musimba reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nechiremera chayo chinorehwa chokusimudzira garikano yose.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti tsananguro huru dzinorerekera padzikamo yehurumende nehurumende, nepo vatsigiri vachiomerera pakuti vanobvumira hurumende kuchinjira kuzvinetso zvazvino uno.

Revo Yamasimba Anotonga

Masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende haasati ari mashoko ebumbiro remitemo asingazivikanwi nemutemo — — anotapura zvakananga chengeteko, upfumi, uye maruramiro emunhu ari wose weAmerica.

Kuchengeta Chengeteko Yorudzi

Hurumende yehurumende ine mutoro mukuru wokudzivirira United States patyisidziro dzokunze nokutarisira zvinhu zvokumwe. Ikoku kunobatanidza:

  • Mibato yokubatira mauto [ - Dhipatimendi reNjouni reU.S. raitarisira Uto, Air Force, Marine Corps, uye Space Force. Purezidhendi, somutungamiriri mukuru, anogona kutumira mauto, asi Congress anofanira kutsigira nokubvumira kubatanidzwa kwakaresa kwehondo. Chibvumirano cheWar Powers Resolution cha1973 chinoraira purezidhendi kuzivisa Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto nezvombo neganhuriro kusvikira kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo yehurumende.
  • Kusashanda nokudzivisa ugandanga – Masangano akadai seCIA, NSA, uye FBI basa rokuunganidza ungwaru, kudzivisa denho dzamagandanga, uye kudzivirira zvakavanzika zvenyika. USA PATRIOT Act yakakudziridza masimba okunzvera pashure pedenho dzinosvika 9/11, ichisimudzira itiro hanya dzakavanzika idzo matare anopfuurira kutaura.
  • Kuchengeteka kweBorder nokubuda - The Department of Homeland Security inomanikidzira mitemo yokutama, inodzivirira miganhu, uye inotarisira zviteshi zvengarava zvokupinda. matare eFederal anovimbisa kuvanda, kuendesa mhaka, uye kukumbira kuva mugari wemo.
  • [[NHAU]] – The Cybersecurity and Infractive Security Agency (CISIA) inoronga nhamburiko dzokudzivirira mibatanidzwa yehurumende negadziriro dzinodenha kubva mukuvhozhokera kwekombiyuta.

Masimba echengeteko erudzi ari pakati pegadziriro inokosha zvikurusa yechiremera chehurumende.

Kudzora Kutengeserana

Claus weChommerce ndirimwe remasimba ehurumende ari kuresa.

  • Gibbons v. Ogden (11824) – Dare Gurusa rakarondedzerwa zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika yose kubatanidza kufamba nemitsetse yezvokutengeserana. Uku kutonga kwakavamba ukuru hwehurumende pamusoro pemitemo yehurumende inoremedza kutengeserana kwenyika.
  • Wickard v. Filburn (1942) – Dare rairangarira kuti murimi anorima gorosi nokuda kwokudya kwomunhu oga aigona kudzorwa nemhaka yokuti mubato wake, wakaiswa murutivi navamwe, wakatapura zvikuru musika wegorosi. Iyi nhau yakakudzwa zvikuru yemubatanidzwa.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995]) – kwenguva yokutanga mumakore anoda kusvika 60, Dare rakaganhurira simba rokutengeserana Claus, richiputsa mutemo wakarambidza pfuti pedyo nezvikoro nemhaka yokuti harina kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT] (202) – Dare rakatsigira chirevo chomunhu oga cheAffordhable Care Act semutero, asi simba reChurch reCherrent rakaganhurirwa kupfurikidza nokurangarira kuti harigoni kusunda vanhu kutenga inishuwarenzi youtano pasi peChommer Claus.

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa simba rayo rokutengeserana kudzora misika yokuchengeteka (SEC), kudzika mitemo inorwisana nevimbiso (DOJ neFTC), kugadza mipimo yekotsekano yezvokudya (FDA), uye kutarisira chokufambisa (FA, DOT). iyi mirau inoparira mhoteredzo yemari yakafanana iyo inopfavisa kutengeserana uye inodzivirira vatengi.

Kusimudzira Kugadzikana Kwemari

Masimba akarerekeranwa ane chokuita nemitero, mari, uye muitiro wemari zvinokosha nokuda kwokukura kwezvemari nokuterama:

  • .Kubhadharisa – Hurumende yehurumende inounganidza mitero kuti itsigire dziviriro, mapurogiramu enzanga, zvirongwa zvemanyuko, uye nzvero. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) inoshandisa bumbiro remitemo yomutero, iro rinoshandiswa kuisa mufambiro wakati (mh., kuva muridzi wemusha, mari yakachengetwa pamudyandigere) kupfurikidza nezvikwereti.
  • [ Ndyiko yemari [[FLT: 1] – Congress yakakodzera mari kupfurikidza negadziriro yemari yokushandisa mari. Ndyiko huru dzinobatanidza Social Security, Medicare, Médicaid, dziviriro, uye fariro pachikwereti chenyika. Congregational Ballet Office (CBO) inogovera kunzvera kwakazvimirira kwomuitiro wemari.
  • Muitiro weMonetary[ - The Federal Reserve System inodzora mugove wemari ndokugadza mwero wemubereko kuti udzore kukwira kwemitengo nokusimudzira basa rakawanda. Nepo Fad yakazvimirira, yakatangwa neCongress uye mishumo kwairi. Mitemo yeMonetary inotapura mwero wechikwereti chemari, bhizimisi, uye mari inotengwa.
  • Rusununguko rwemari nenyanduro - Munguva dzenjodzi (mutoo, njodzi yemari ya2008, denda reCHOVID19), hurumende inoita zvirongwa zvokupa yamuro zvinosanganisira mari yokubatsira vanhu, mibhadharo yokushaya mabasa yakawedzerwa, zvikwereti kumabhizimisi, uye yamuro kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Mano ehurumende yehurumende okukwereta mari ndokushandisa pamwero wenyika yose ibetsero yechienzi yomubatanidzwa wacho.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Nepo hurumende dzoruwa nedzemunzvimbomo dzichibata nenzira yegamuchidzanwa mutemo wavagari vemo napautsotsi, hurumende yehurumende inoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Reconstructon Amendments(kusunungurwa kwouranda kwe 1350), ye145 (dziviriro yakaenzana, muitiro wakafanira), uye yechigumi namashanu (kodzero) . Chikuru chekodzero dzehurumende chinobatanidza:

  • Kudzosa maruramiro okuvhota – The Voting Rights Act ya 1965 inorambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota, kunoda masimba akati kuti kuwana tendero yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yesarudzo (chikamu 5, chakarova [[FLT:]] Shelby County v. Raker[ 2013], uye kugovera vacherechedzi venyika nemhosva.
  • Kuzivisa rusaruro – Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha 1964 chinorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mumabasa, pokugara pavose, uye mapurogiramu anotsigirwa nehurumende.
  • Kudzivirira kusvika kwokuvhota – The National Voter Regatoriation Act (1993) neHelp America Vote Act (2002) yakagadza mipimo yokunyoresa muvhoti nokutarisira sarudzo. Department of Justice inogona kukwirira kumanikidza iyi mitemo.
  • Mitemo yetsotsi inovenga pamutemo yeutsotsi - Mitemo yakadai seMatthew Shepard naJames Byrd Jr. Veta Crimes Prevention Act (2009) inobvumira kukwidziridzwa kwemhosva dzoruvengo dzinoitika panzvimbo yehurumende, kana kuti inobatanidza kufamba munyika kana kuti kutengeserana.

Kazhinji kazhinji kwakapindira apo hurumende dzakakundikana kudzivirira mapoka maduku, asi nharo pamusoro peganhuriro dzakakodzera dzokupindira kwehurumende munzvimbo dzakadai sokuvhota, mapurisa, uye dzidzo.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Vagadziri vamaFrames vakaronga gadziriro umo bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende yehurumende rinogona kudzivisa vamwe, kuchidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kutonga. Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakavakirwa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica.

  • Nzvero dzebazu dzinodzorwa pa - Congress dzinogona kukurira vhoti yapurezidhendi netutatu tuviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri; mutongi ari mumwe ndokubvisa purezidhendi, muteveri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi vehurumende; dzora bhajeti neapprication; simbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi; uye nzvera zviito zvoutungamiriri kupfurikidza nokunzwa uye zvipurisa.
  • Nzvero dzebazu dzemitemo padare - Congress dzinogona kumisa vatongi vehurumende, kuchinja chiverengero chevatongi veDare Gurusa, kukarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kushandura matare edare, uye kuganhurira chiremera chematare ehurumende yakaderera.
  • Bazu reBazu reBasa rinonzvera mutemo - Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mabhiri anopfuudzwa neCongress; anogona kuronga marusando ekurumidziro eCongress; uye anogona kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru iyo inotungamirira masangano ehurumende, kunyange zvazvo iyoyi inogona kuchinjwa nemitemo kana kuti zvinetso zvedare.
  • Bazu reBazi reBasa rinonzvera padare - Purezidhendi anotonga vatongi vomubatanidzwa, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Gurusa, vanopiwa rumbidzo neDare; uye purezidhendi anogona kupa kanganwiro nokuda kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, idzo dzinogona kutapura miuyo yokutonga.
  • , kunzvera kwebazu reJudicial pamitemo napamutungamiriri – matare ane simba rehwirudzuro yedare, yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison [183], kuputsa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvechiremera zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Vatongi vehurumende vanobatira kwoupenyu, vanoadzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo ine simba uye inowanzova inokakavadzana. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi angaisa mutongo, asi kuuona usingagamuchiriki; Dare ringaramba kusimbisa mumiriri; kana kuti Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa ringazivisa mutemo wakakurumbira usiri wehurumende. Uku kusawirirana kunoitwa namaune (h) inomanikidza kutaurirana, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kurangarira.

Tapuro Pasimba Rehurumende

Ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende hunoratidzirwa nezvose zviri zviviri batira pamwe nerwisano. Supremacy Claus (Article VI) inosimbisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, kureva kuti mitemo yehurumende nezvibvumirano zvinoshanda zvinokurira mitemo inorwisana.

Kufurwa uye Kusunungurwa

Mudzidziso yokusunungurwa, mutemo womubatanidzwa unogona kubvisa mutemo wehurumende munzira nhatu:

  • Kusunungurwa - Congress inotaura zvakajeka kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa unotora nzvimbo yokutanga pamutemo wehurumende, senoMushandie Infonso Security Act (ERISA) inoputsa mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inodzora gadziriro dzinobetsera.
  • Yakashandiswa rudzikinuro - Kunyange pasina mutauro wakajeka, kana mutemo wehurumende uchinakisa kwazvo zvokuti unosiya pasina nzvimbo yomurairo wehurumende (kusunungurwa kwemunda), kana kuti kana mutemo wehurumende uchirwisana nomutemo womubatanidzwa (kusunungurwa kwechimurenga), mutemo wehurumende haushandi.
  • Kusunungurwa[ - kududzira kweDare kunosarudza kuti mutemo wehurumende unomira semhinganidzo kuzvinangwa zvomubatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, mu Arizona v. United States [20202], Dare rakarova mitemo inoverengeka yokuita kuti vanhu vapinde munyika yeArizona vapinde munyika yavo nemhaka yokuti rakadzongonyedza purogiramu yehurumende yokupinda munyika.

Kuparadzwa kunovimbisa kufanana munharaunda dzakadai sedzokutamira, kutengeserana kwepasi, uye zvinhu zvoungwaru, asi kunogonawo kuganhurira kuedza kwehurumende. dzimwe nguva nyika dzinopa hurumende mhaka kudenha kusunungurwa, dzichitaura kuti mutemo unopfuura masimba anodudzwa eCongress kana kuti unoputsa Amendement yeChigumi.

Kushandira Pamwe Nemasangano Anoshandira Pamwe

Urongwa hweAmerica hausi mutambo wedoum.

  • Majekiseni-in-aid - Hurumende dzinokodzera mari inowirirana nemitemo inogona kushandiswa nokuda kwamadonzo akati, zvakadai sechokufambisa (mari yakakwirira), dzidzo (Musoro I), kana kuti kurapa. Iyi mhindu inowanzouya nemigariro(masvomhu) anofanira kuwirirana nemipimo yehurumende kuti agamuchire mari.
  • [ Kuchengetwa kwapachikamu – The Clean Air Act inobvumira EPA kugadza mipimo yorudzi yemhepo, asi hurumende inoshandisa mipimo iyoyo kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvekushandisa hurumende (SIP). Kana hurumende ikatadza kuita chiito, EPA inogona kuita kuti itete nenzira yakananga.
  • Mibatanidzwa yenhau - The Department of Homeland Security inoshanda nemauto ehurumende neomunzvimbomo pamabasa; FBI vakwanyina vehurumende namapurisa ehurumende pakunzvera; uye FEMA inotsinhirana nemhinduro yengwavaira namasangano anotarisira njodzi.

Kushandira pamwe kwehurumende kwakakudza pesvedzero yomubatanidzwa munzvimbo dzakachengeterwa gamuchidzanwa nyika, dzakadai sedzidzo noutano hwavanhu vose. Ikoku kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pezvidzo zvehurumende nemitoro yemari, zvikurukuru apo mirairo isina kunyorwa inoda hurumende kushandisa mitemo yehurumende pasina kutsigira kwakakwana kwehurumende.

Kusawirirana uye Kutonga Kwedare Repamusorosoro

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rinowanzopedza kakavadzano pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende.

  • United States v. Lopez (1995) – Kuderedza Gun-Free School Counter Act, kusimbisazve kuti masangano ane chiremera chikuru pautsotsi hwomunzvimbomo.
  • Printz v. United States (1997) – gadziriro dzakashaikwa dzeBrady Handgun Police Prevention Act idzo dzaida vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoona nezvemitemo yehurumende kuti itungamirire, vachirangarira kuti Congress haigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kusimbisa mutemo womubatanidzwa.
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202) – Payaitsigira murairo weAffordal Care Act, Dare rakatonga kuti Dare raisagona kutyisidzira kunyima mari yose yeMedicaid iripo kubva kunyika dzakaramba kukudza Medicaid; wedzero yacho yaifanira kuva chisarudzo chokuzvidira.
  • [[NK:0] Murphy v. NCAA (2017) – Kuderedza Professional and Ammetur Sports Providection Act (PASPA) nemhaka yokuti yakarambidza migariro yokubvumira kubhejera kwemitambo, ichiputsa dzidziso inorwisana nemirairo.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti Dare rinongwarira sei miganhu yesimba rehurumende, richiva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende yehurumende haipfuuri ganhuriro dzayo dzebumbiro remitemo ichiri kuziva ukuru hwomutemo wehurumende une simba.

Gakava Razvino Pamusoro Pesimba Rinotonga Rinotonga Nenyika

Nheyo dzakawanda dzinoratidza kurwisana kuri kuita simba rehurumende uye kuzvitonga kuri kuramba kuchiitika.

Kuchinja Kweutano

Dare reAffordble Care Act (ACA) rakadzora kurapa kwevatungamiriri venharo dzehurumende. mutemo wakakudza Medicaid, wakaita misika yeinishuwarenzi youtano, uye wakaisa murairo womunhu mumwe nomumwe wokutenga inishuwarenzi. Pasinei zvapo nedenho dzinopukunyuka dzebumbiro remitemo, mibvunzo inopfuurira pamusoro pebasa rehurumende mukutarisira utano.

  • Medicaid - Panenge pa 2025, maruwa 40 eColumbia akudza Medicaid pasi peACA. Nyika dzakasara hadzina, dzichiramba kuti kuwedzera kunodhura kana kuti misengwa yemari yehurumende haizivikanwi. Ikoku kunoparira purofiti yakaganhurirwa inotapura mamirioni avakuru vakaderera.
  • trapluging - mitemo yeFederal me Medicare Prectical Drug, Reconfied, and Modertive Act (2003) uye Indactiation Reduction Act (20022) Act (2002) inopa Medica ichiremera chokukurukura mitengo yemirimo nokuda kwemishonga yakakwirira yemari. United States yakapfuudzawo mutengo wadzo umene wokuona zvakanaka, pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kurwisano.
  • migariro yeutano yePublic - CHOVID-19 yakava netapuro huru yehurumende muCDC, FDA, neHHS, kubatanidza mirairo yokudzivirira kufamba, uye nhungamiro youtano hwavanhu. Gavhuna nemirairo yehurumende kazhinji kazhinji zvaipesana nenhungamiro dzehurumende, kududza Pentegerment yeTenuth nechiremera pamusoro poutano nekotsekano.

Muitiro Wemhoteredzo

Kudzikamiswa kwemhoteredzo ndiimwe nharaunda umo masimba ehurumende nehurumende anowanzobonderana. EPA inogadza mipimo yenyika nokuda kwesimba remhepo nemvura, asi nyika dzinogona kutevedzera mipimo yorumano zvikuru. Nzvimbo huru dzinobatanidza:

  • Chirongwa cheProgram Place Trust - mutemo weObama wokuderedza kubudiswa kwecarbon mumiti yemagetsi wakachengetwa neDare rapamusorosoro uye gare gare kutsiviwa nomutemo muduku zvikuru pasi poudzori weTrump. Vatarisiri veBiden vakaronda mitemo mitsva inodenha methane nemotokari zvinobudisa purofiti.
  • Mipimo yemotokari yokubudisa – Pasi peDec Air Act, California yakagamuchira murambidzi wokugadza mipimo yayo amene yezvipingamupinyi zvemotokari, iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kutora. Vatarisiri veTrump vakabvisa chikanganiso, asi vatarisiri vaBiden vakachidzorera. Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakaramba kunzwa denho kuchiremera cheCalifornia muna 2024.
  • State vs. chiito chomugariro wemhoteredzo chehurumende - United States seNew York neMassachusetts vakapomera makambani makuru eoiri pasi pomutemo wehurumende nokuda kwekuvadziko yemamiriro okunze. Hurumende yehurumende pane dzimwe nguva yakataura kuti kutaura kwakadaro kunopinzwa mungozi nomutemo womubatanidzwa kana kuti kunodzongonyedza muitiro wokumwe.

Mitemo Yokudzora Pfuti

Kudzivirira kweTsamba Yechipiri maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, kwakadudzirwa zvikuru neDare Rapamusorosoro mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008) uye New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruten[FL:3] [2022]), rine mutezo wakaoma wehurumende nowehurumende.

  • Mitemo yeFOL – The National Firemars Act (1934), Gun Control Act (1968), uye Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1993) inoisa ganhuriro pakutengesa pfuti, inorambidza mapoka akati avanhu vanobva mupfuti dzavo, uye inoda nzvero dzekare kuvatengesi vakanyoreswa. Biparstan Saver Communique Act (202) yezvero yepashure yavatengi iri pasi pe 21 uye inopfiga “chipfurati choushamwari choujaya."
  • Mitemo yeruwa[-S States inosiana zvikuru. Mimwe, seCalifornia neNew York, ine zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvinobvumidza, kurambidza zvombo, uye mitemo mitsvuku. Mimwe, seTexas neArizona, inobvumira kutakura uye kuva neganhuriro shoma. Painoita mirau yakasimba zvikuru kupfuura mutemo womubatanidzwa, inowanzobvumirwa kutoti ikapesana nemirau yehurumende.
  • Zvinetso zveCunistigation - Pashure Bruen], matare akarova ganhuriro dzakawanda dzehurumende nepfuti dzehurumende, kubatanidza ganhuriro dzokutakura pfuti muruzhinji, ganhuriro dzakavakirwa pazera, uye zvirambidzo papfuti dzakati. Muuyo weidzi mhaka ucharondedzera miganhu yehurumende nepfuti.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Muitiro wokubvisa zvinhu mutoro womubatanidzwa, asi nyika dzakatsvaka nenzira inowedzera kupesvedzera kuchengetwa. Dare Rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji rakatsigira ukuru hwehurumende munharaunda iyi nepo richibvumira batira pamwe yehurumende mumigariro yakati.

  • Maguta okusarudza anobva mumavs. ICE - maguta mazhinji nehurumende zvinoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvokupinda nokupinda. Department yeRuramisiri pasi poudzori yeTrump yakatyisidzira kurega kupa mari kubva kuzviremera zvenzvimbo tsvene, asi matare akavhara mutemo. Kutarisira kwaBiden kwakashandura zvitedzo zvakawanda zvokuchengeta murairo.
  • Mitemo yokutama kwesango - Marato akafanana neSB yeArizona 1070 (2070) akaedza kubvumira mapurisa ehurumende kumanikidza mitemo yokubuda kwevanhu. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira gadziriro inoda vakuru vakuru kunzvera mugariro wokupinda munyika mukati mokumira kwapamutemo asi rakaputsa dzimwe gadziriro dzokudzongonyedza nokudzika mutemo kwomubatanidzwa.
  • Zviito zvehurumende zvehurumende – Texas neFlorida zvakabhadharira vatami kumaguta okuchamhembe, kuvaka miganhu yemuganhu, uye kupa mitemo inoita kuti kupinda kurege kubvumirwa. Zviito izvi zvakatarisana nemhosva dzehurumende dzinotaura kuti hurumende yehurumende bedzi ndiyo inogona kudzora kubuda kwevanhu mumisha.

Kuda kubuda kwevanhu vachibva kune dzimwe nyika kunoramba kuchiitwa kunoratidza kusawirirana kukuru pamusoro pehurumende, kuzivikanwa kwenyika, uye kuganhurirwa kwesimba rehurumende munzvimbo ine mubatanidzwa wakajeka.

mhedziso

Masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende huru, asi haana kuganhurirwa. Masimba akaumbwa namazana amazana edudziro yebumbiro-siseko, anobvumira hurumende yorudzi kugovera chengeteko, kudzora kutengeserana, kusimudzira dzikamo yemari, uye kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo. Gadziro yechekero nedzinoyera dzinova nechokwadi chokuti hakuna davi rimwe, nepo kuva nenheyo yesangano rinochengeta chiremera chakatanhamara kunzvimbo. Masangano ehurumende anoumbwa nehurumende inotonga. [F1][F1][10] Magariro avanhu anoramba kupfuurira kupfurikidza nenhau, vanhu vamwe navamwe, kugona kubetsera kuenzana nokuyera kwomugariro mumugariro wehurumende. Kudzidza pamusoro pezvisaririra pamusoro pezvipo, [5]